Appeal to an unmarried girl in English. Address in English
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Every day we turn to someone for some purpose. At the same time, we use appeals in speech. And how do people address each other in England or in the USA? Do they coincide with our native language or carry some new information about a foreign culture?
AT English language developed its own, special speech etiquette. Forms of address are used depending on the status and position of the addressee, the degree of acquaintance with him, gender and age. So, the official language requires strict adherence to all greeting and address formulas, a neutral style of communication (for example, with strangers, work colleagues, neighbors, etc.) can be simpler in expressions. And with friends and relatives, the British often allow a familiar style of communication, and in it the forms of addressing the interlocutor will be completely different.
Over time, any language is gradually changing: obsolete words go out of use, new modern “words” appear. So now in English the appeal to “you” is almost never used. ("thou" transcription [ðaʊ]), it was replaced by the appeal to you ( "you"). In Russia, after the October Revolution of 1917, many polite addresses left the Russian language, but not entirely pleasant ones, but clearly indicating the gender of the interlocutor “Man”, “Woman”, took firm root.
Reading books, including adapted editions in English, or watching foreign films (sometimes with subtitles or translation), especially historical ones, I have repeatedly come across various forms of characters addressing each other. The literal translation of all addresses is easy to find in dictionaries, but for some reason the impression did not leave me that there was something more behind each individual form of address. This is similar to a special kind of conditional code that is exchanged between interlocutors. I wanted to understand this issue, because, knowing the “rules” and the subtleties of references in the English language, you can see, understand the deeper thoughts that the author wanted to convey to readers in his literary work. Somewhere the addresses were used jokingly, somewhere with sarcasm or a hint, and sometimes with the aim of humiliating, insulting your counterpart - all these literary devices will remain inaccessible to us if you do not know the rules for using addresses in English.
In addition, not knowing the forms of address in a foreign language, you can easily get into an unpleasant situation yourself or confuse your interlocutor. How to address the interlocutor in English? In my scientific and practical work, I decided to explore how to address different categories of people in different situations.
Objective: establish what forms of address exist in English and Russian and how to use them in various communication situations.
Tasks:
To get acquainted with the concept of "address", to establish which lexical units are used in English and Russian when addressing an interlocutor, depending on the status and position of the addressee, the degree of acquaintance with him, gender and age;
define terms of use various forms appeals in oral and written speech in these languages;
using a questionnaire to determine what forms of address in Russian and English my classmates know and whether they use them correctly in speech and writing.
Chapter 1
Appeal- a word or combination of words that names the person to whom the speech is addressed. First of all, the names of people, the name of persons according to the degree of kinship, position in society, profession, occupation, position, rank, nationality or age, relationships of people serve as appeals. It is difficult to imagine communication without it. It is used primarily to attract the attention of the person to whom the speaker is addressing.
In speech, the appeal performs two functions, usually implemented together:
appellative (conscription) function;
expressive (evaluative-characterizing) function
In Russian, in the function of address, a noun in the nominative case or an equivalent word form is used in combination with a special vocative intonation.
The vocative case begins to die out quite early: already in the Ostromir Gospel (XI century), its confusion with the nominative is recorded. As birch bark letters show, in the XIV-XV centuries. it was preserved solely as a form of respectful appeal to persons of a higher social rank: mister! mistress! prince! brother! father!
By the middle of the XVI century. he finally disappeared from living speech, remaining only in the forms of address to the clergy (Father! Vladyko!). Until 1918, the vocative case was formally listed in grammars as the seventh case of the Russian language.
At present, the “modern vocative case” (or “new vocative”) refers to word forms with a zero ending of nouns of the first declension, like Mish, Len, Tan, Marin, Tanyush, Vanyush, grandma, mom, dad, etc., that is congruent in form with declension plural genitive case. The status of this form of the word is still the subject of controversy among scientists.
Appeal in Russian is not grammatically connected with the sentence, is not a member of the sentence, is separated by commas, can take any place in the sentence. An appeal at the beginning of a sentence can be separated with an exclamation mark.
In English, the form of address indicates that you take into account such characteristics of the addressee as gender, age, level of education, etc. In English-speaking countries, it is customary to use the safe option, namely, to immediately ask how the addressee prefers to be addressed.
In Russian, the syntactic unit - address - is also a socially significant category.
From time immemorial, conversion has performed several functions. The main one is to attract the attention of the interlocutor. This is a vocative function.
Since they are used as proper names as addresses (Anna Sergeevna, Igor, Sasha), and the names of people according to the degree of kinship (father, uncle, grandfather) by position in society, by profession, position (president, general, minister, director, accountant), by age and gender (old man, boy, girl) the appeal, in addition to the vocative function, indicates the corresponding feature.
Finally, appeals can be expressive and emotionally colored, contain an assessment: Lyubochka, Marinusya, Lyubka, blockhead, dumbass, klutz, varmint, clever, beautiful. The peculiarity of such appeals lies in the fact that they characterize both the addressee and the addressee himself, the degree of his upbringing, attitude towards the interlocutor, emotional state.
The given address words are used in an informal situation, only some of them, for example, proper names (in their main form), the names of professions, positions, serve as addresses in official speech.
A distinctive feature of officially adopted appeals in Russia was the reflection of the social stratification of society, such a characteristic feature of it as veneration of rank.
Chapter 2
Appeal to strangers can begin with the formula of an apology for the trouble: Excuse me, Sorry. Then comes a question, a remark, a request.
The most commonly used form of polite address is the use of the combination Mr., Mrs., Miss + the surname of the person being addressed: "Mr. Smith".
2.1 Formal addresses to men
In English, there are many variants of polite forms of addressing a person. In relation to a man, the forms Mr, Sir, Esq are used.
Sir- this form of address does not require the name or surname of the interlocutor after itself. So they turn to strangers, to men equal or older in age, social status or position. When referring to a group of men, it is replaced by Gentlemen.
Mr(an abbreviation of the word Mister) after this word it is required to give the name or surname of the interlocutor.
Son! Sonny! Boy!- a form of addressing older people to unfamiliar young people.
Young man, youth- this is how older people address young men.
As a synonym for Mr. in England they sometimes use the form Esq . However, it is not placed before the name, but after it, and, naturally, in this case the form Mr. missing: Michael S. Johnson, Esq. This form goes back to the word esquire. In medieval England, an esquire was a knight's squire, and later this word came to mean one of the lowest noble titles. For some time this form was used in letters, but now it is becoming less and less common.
2.2 Formal addresses to women
If you need to address a woman, use: Mrs, Miss, Madam.
madam- a polite way of addressing a man to a woman. Women usually do not address each other in this way, unless it is appropriate to address the hostess this way if you are a maid or servant.
Madame (Mesdames) when addressing several women) is the most formal address to a group of women.
Mrs(an abbreviation of the word Missus) - a form of polite address to a woman. After Mrs words the name of the woman's husband is required.
Miss- a form of address to an unmarried girl, woman. Be sure to include your first or last name after the word. Miss without a first name, surnames are a form of address for a teacher, and it has also become a common form of address for service personnel.
The form Ms. (read or) is used in relation to a woman, regardless of the fact of her marital status. This form was recommended by the UN in 1974 as a result of campaigns by various organizations for the equality of women.
Dear! Dearie! Love! Ducky!- a form of addressing older people to unfamiliar girls.
2.3 Formal addresses to a group of people
ladies and gentlemen! - perhaps the most common form of addressing people.
SirsandMesdame s is a formal address for a mixed group.
Esteemed colleagues! - a form of address to colleagues at work.
Dear friends! - less formal.
guys! - more often used in a familiar sense.
2.4 Formal addresses to people holding a position
Special address words are used to address titled persons, representatives of the church, medical workers, military personnel, and people of science.
Let's consider each of the groups.
Appeal to titled persons: to the queen, the king at the presentation - your majesty("Your Majesty"), to the Queen's husband, as well as to the heirs of the monarch - Your Royal Highness("Your Royal Highness"); in the future, these titles are replaced in circulation by Ma'am and Sir. The Duke should be contacted - your grace("Your Mightiness") ; the same applies to his wife.
To the holder of a knighthood, awarded for special merits - Sir(when titled a baronet or knight, the word Sir is placed before the name or before the name and surname: Sir John or Sir John Jones);
when titling the wife of a baronet or knight, the word is used Lady along with the husband's surname: Lady Anderson, the name can be put in brackets: Lady (Barbara) Anderson.
Appeals to the representatives of the English Church: to the archbishop (governs the diocese and his bishops) your grace or my lord("Your Eminence"); to the bishop (is the head of the church-administrative territorial unit) - my lord("Your Eminence"), to the archdeacon (in charge of the administration of the diocese) - Mr. Archdeacon; to the rector of the cathedral - Mr. Dean, to the canon (he is the senior priest of the cathedral) - Canon(appeal by title); they also refer to other priests of the English church by title - Rector(parish priest) Chaplain(a military or ship priest, as well as a priest at the parliament, hospital, educational institution, etc.); a catholic priest is addressed with the word father+ name.
The Lord Mayor in Britain is addressed with the combination my lord, to the mayor of the city - Mr Mayor.
Official address to the ambassador - Your excellence or Sir+ name or Mr + surname.
The polite way of addressing people in the medical field usually involves using their professional titles. So, going to the doctor is doctor. As for the concept of "nurse", it provides for the following synonyms: nurse used in relation to representatives of both sexes performing the duties of junior medical personnel; a female nurse in a higher position in a hospital is appropriately addressed with the word sister; appeal matron used in relation to the older sister of the hospital.
In the armed forces, addressing military personnel typically includes their rank (with or without a family name): Admiral (Smith), General, Colonel, Major, Captain, Lieutenant, Sergeant, Corporal etc. The address in the form "title + surname" is more official.
A police officer is also referred to by his rank: Sergeant("Police Sergeant") Inspector("Police Inspector") and so on. Speaking to a police officer officer.
In the scientific world, in official cases, it is customary to address by rank: Professor, Senior, Tutor, Dean etc.
Chapter 3
Appeal to familiar people is less formal and requires other forms of address. Consider the situations of informal communication and those speech clichés that are used in them in communication.
3.1 Family contacts
The British refer to family members, naming their family affiliation. Derivatives of these words are often used, which are translated with diminutive characteristics: Grandmother, Grandma, Gran, Nanny; Grandfather, Grandpa; mother; father; Mum(my) / Mom(my); dad(dy); Aunt(ie) Kate; Uncle Ben.
Appeal father(to father) continues either in this form or in colloquial forms such as dad, daddy, pa, papa etc.
At the appeal mother(to mother) there are also many colloquial options: ma, mam, mum, mamma, non, mummy etc.
Interestingly, the appeal son(to son) is more characteristic of fathers, while address daughter(to daughter) is rarely used by parents nowadays.
Twins are often referred to with the word twins.
Individually, children are addressed by personal names, household nicknames, or affectionate words can be used for this purpose.
Children traditionally address older family members (grandparents) with the help of words. grandpa, granddad, grandma, granny etc.
The latter use personal names to address their grandchildren instead of such words as grandson or granddaughter.
Appeals to other close relatives include the words uncle(uncle), aunt(uncle), auntie(aunt), sometimes combined with personal names Uncle Jack, Aunt Margaret.
Appeals between husband, wife and children are personal names, affectionate nicknames or affectionate words.
Honey(for a child, loved one, or someone younger than you)
Dear, Sweetie, Love, Darling, Babe or Baby(for a loved one)
Pal (appeal to son or grandson)
Buddy or Bud (very colloquial between friends; sometimes used with negative connotations)
Appeals brother and sister are now rare. The personal names of brother and sister are usually used. Outside of family relations, brother and sister are used more often.
3.2 Reaching out to friends and colleagues
Numerous forms of address are very popular in modern English, expressing a positive attitude of the speaker towards the addressee. Among them can be mentioned baby, boy, dearest, dear boy, dear girl, sweatheart, sweets other.
This also includes various forms of friendly treatment with my or my dear: my precious, my dear son, my dear daughter, my dear sweet, swest heart etc.
Very characteristic of friendly treatment is the formula with old: old boy, old chap, old man(old).
Dear, angel, friend, honey(the last addresses mean "dear, dear") kid, love, lovely, sweet- the most popular words with which the British turn to their loved ones and loved ones.
And, finally, a few affectionate addresses, divided by gender (see the Appendix for a complete list): Handsome - Handsome, Sweetie - Dear, Sweetie Pie - Darling, Sun, Babe (Baby Doll, Baby Girl etc.), Tiger - Tiger, Gorgeous - Beauty, Cuddles (Cuddle Cakes, Cuddle Bunny etc.) - Cutie, etc. When choosing one or another affectionate treatment, it is important to avoid excessive familiarity.
3.3 Obsolete titles in English and Russian
The word thou (a transcription of [ðaʊ]) was formerly the second person singular pronoun in English. Subsequently, it was supplanted by the second person plural pronoun you, due to the widespread appeal to "you" (a joke is known that an Englishman even refers to his dog with "you"). To this day, the form thou has been preserved in religious texts to address the Lord, now rarely used, although it is quite common in conversation in the north of England and Scotland, and also in some places in the USA. Stands in the nominative case, oblique thee, possessive form thy or thine.
Almost all verbs related to thou end in -st and -est, for example thou goest (you are going).
In early 11th to mid-15th century England, the word thou was sometimes abbreviated by substituting a small u over the Anglo-Saxon letter Þ (thorn).
The Russian language is also characterized by the rejection of some obsolete addresses. So in tsarist Russia, such title formulas were used: a respectful and official appeal was « gracious sir, gracious sir». So they turned to strangers with a sudden cooling or aggravation of relations. In addition, all official documents began with such appeals.
Then the first syllable was dropped and the words appeared « sir, sir» . So they began to address wealthy and educated people, as a rule, strangers.
In the official environment (civilian and military), there were such rules of treatment: from the junior in rank and rank, an appeal was required to the senior in title - from " your honor" before " Your Excellency»; to the persons of the royal family - " Your Highness" and " your majesty»; the emperor and his wife were addressed " Your imperial majesty»; the grand dukes (close relatives of the emperor and his wife) were titled "imperial highness". Often the adjective "imperial" was omitted, and when communicating, only the words "majesty" and "highness" were used ("To his majesty on behalf of ...").
The princes who did not belong to the royal house, and the counts with their wives and unmarried daughters were titled "Your Excellency", the most illustrious princes - " Your Highness».
Superiors addressed subordinates with the word " mister» with the addition of a surname or rank (position). People equal in title addressed each other without a title formula (for example, "Listen, Count ...".
Commoners, who did not know the ranks and insignia, used such appeals as master, mistress, father, mother, sir, madam, to the girls - young lady. And the most respectful form of address to the master, regardless of his rank, was “ your honor».
The system of appeals in the military environment corresponded to the system of military ranks. Full generals are supposed to say Your Excellency, lieutenant generals and major generals - Your Excellency. Officers, ensigns and candidates for a class position call the chiefs and seniors of the headquarters and chief officers by rank, adding the word master, for example, Mr. Captain, Mr. Colonel, other lower ranks title staff officers and captains - Your Highness, the rest of the chief officers - Your nobility (having a count or princely title - Your Excellency).
After the October Revolution, all the old ranks and titles were abolished by a special decree. Universal equality is proclaimed. Appeals lord - mistress, gentleman - mistress, sir - madam, gracious sovereign (empress) gradually disappear. Only diplomatic language preserves the formulas of international courtesy. So, the heads of monarchical states are addressed: Your Majesty, Your Excellency; foreign diplomats continue to be called sir - madam.
Instead of all appeals that existed in Russia, starting from 1917-1918, appeals citizen and comrade. The history of these words is remarkable and instructive.
Word citizen recorded in the monuments of the XI century. It came to the Old Russian language from Old Church Slavonic and served as a phonetic version of the word city dweller. Both of them meant "resident of the city (city)". In this meaning citizen found in texts dating back to the 19th century. So A.S. Pushkin has the lines:
Not a demon - not even a gypsy, But just a citizen of the capital.
In the XVIII century, this word acquires the meaning of "a full member of society, the state."
After the October Revolution, “sir”, “madame”, “master”, “mistress” was replaced by the word « comrade» . It removed differences by gender (as they addressed both a man and a woman) and by social status (since a person with a low status could not be addressed as “sir”, “madame”). The word comrade with the surname before the revolution indicated membership in a revolutionary political party, including the communists.
The words « citizen"/"citizen » were intended for those who were not yet seen as "comrades", and to this day are associated with reporting from the courtroom, and not with the French Revolution, which introduced them into the practice of speech.
Now many of these addresses are practically not used, but it is instructive to know the history of the native language and the state.
Chapter 4. Experimental part
Interestingly, the secondary school curriculum in a foreign (in particular, English) language does not include a topic devoted to studying the issue of the correct use of references in speech and the design of this lexical unit in writing. This issue is indirectly discussed when considering individual topics, and it depends only on the interest of a particular English teacher whether to focus the attention of students on this issue. However, it is obvious that the skills of the correct use of addresses in foreign languages are an integral part of literate speech.
4.1 Designing questionnaires and conducting a survey
In order to determine the level of knowledge of students of the 6th grade of our lyceum in the field of the correct use of forms of address in English, I compiled a questionnaire that, in addition to test questions on forms of address in English, also contained questions about their use of addresses in Russian in everyday speech. Questions of the questionnaire covered the area of official and unofficial appeals. The questionnaire is given in the Appendix.
I distributed my questionnaires to 57 respondents - students of my parallel - sixth graders, answers to the questions of the questionnaire took them an average of 15-20 minutes. The survey of respondents was conducted in conditions of anonymity, since the evaluation of these answers by the usual school assessment was not supposed. I considered it unproductive to use these questionnaires in the younger grades, since I decided that the lower grades do not have sufficient knowledge in the field of English in general and in the use of addresses in particular.
Based on the results of the survey using Excel, Windows7, graphs were constructed to visualize the results obtained (see Appendix).
The number of respondents who gave one or another answer to the question of the questionnaire was calculated as a percentage according to the formula:
However, in some cases it was not necessary to give percentages of responses, it was enough to analyze the simple majority or simply evaluate the variety of options proposed by respondents, especially in the case of questions that did not offer ready-made answers.
Analysis of survey results
The survey results are presented in tables with brief comments on them.
How do you address your mother?
An analysis of the answers to this question showed that the majority of respondents use the simple address "mom" or its abbreviated version "mom". For children with a native Tatar language, it is more common to call their mothers in Tatar, while none of the respondents refers to their mother by name.
How do you address your father?
It is interesting that among the answers there are no such options as "father", "dad", addresses by name. It is sad that quite a few of the respondents, 8 people, do not communicate with their fathers, but this moment lies more in the plane of seed psychology than linguistics.
I personally find it strange that some parents and grandparents want their children/grandchildren to just call them by their first names. Perhaps this version of the appeal allows the older generation to hide their age, or it seems to them that in this way they become great friends - equals to their children / grandchildren. I am convinced that when addressing elders, it is always necessary to demonstrate your respectful attitude towards them.
In this paragraph, the respondents were not given options for answers, however, the variety of appeals in the family is not so great. The reference to the position of a family member is mainly used (grandmother, mother, uncle, aunt, etc.). Unfilled questionnaires for this item may indicate that either there is no communication in the family, or the respondent has never paid attention to what kind of address he uses in relation to relatives.
What affectionate words do you say when you address each other, in the family?
For this item of the Questionnaire, 26 blank forms were received (see Appendix). This means that the wording of this question was not entirely correct and unambiguous and requires further adjustment. Apparently, survey participants are embarrassed to name these special appeals for them. It is also alarming that 5 respondents do not use, according to their confession, any affectionate words in communication with relatives and friends (see Appendix). In addition, 5 respondents consider the address "bro" affectionate.
What polite words do you use when addressing adults?
|
Answer options |
Number of respondents |
|
hello |
|
|
Sorry |
|
|
good morning/afternoon |
|
|
please |
|
|
hello |
|
|
thanks |
|
|
Could you tell.. |
|
|
please |
|
|
young man |
|
|
sorry |
|
|
let me ask |
|
|
respected |
|
|
hi |
|
|
goodbye |
|
In this question, no answer options were offered, so there is a wide range of options proposed by the respondents themselves. However, we can make sure that the guys mentioned the most common polite words.
53% of respondents admitted that they do not know how they address relatives and strangers in England and the USA, and half of those who answered yes to this question either gave incorrect answers or doubted their knowledge
Do you think the forms of address in English differ from the forms of address in Russian?
72% of respondents are sure that the forms of address in Russian and English are different, and 16% do not know if this is so. The answer to this question also shows that most students intuitively understand the differences in the forms of address in the two languages.
What forms of address in Russian do you know?
The majority of respondents named the variant “girl/young man” among the addresses known to them in Russian. Apparently, this is due to the fact that they are most often addressed in this way. At the same time, it seems surprising that 4 respondents, having lived to the age of 12, do not know any forms of address in Russian. Almost all respondents gave several answers at the same time.
What forms of address in English do you know?
To the question: “What forms of address in English do you know?” answered that 12 people did not know any, and 11 respondents noted that they knew all the variants of appeals proposed in the questionnaire. At the same time, it is interesting to note that of those who noted all the proposed options for addressing in English, 5 people previously stated that they did not know how they address relatives and strangers in England and the USA (question No. 6 in the questionnaire).
How do you figure out what it means madam?
“What do you think, what does madam mean?”: 60% of respondents think that it means “madam” and 40% that it means “woman”, while 3 respondents noted both of these options, considering them equal.
How do you figure out what it means missus?
|
Answer options |
Number of respondents |
|
|
a) madam |
||
|
b) an unmarried woman |
||
|
c) a married woman |
||
|
d) I don't know |
When asked about the meaning of the address “missus”, 57% of the respondents answered that this is an address to a married woman, and 34% - to an unmarried woman, while 2 respondents noted two options (married and unmarried) at the same time, obviously believing that such an address does not provide accurate information and the woman's marital status.
How do you figure out what it means ladies and gentlemen?
To the question "What do you think Ladies and gentlemen mean?" 56 people answered “ladies and gentlemen” and only 1 person answered “dear friends”.
How do you figure out what it means Sir?
To the question: “How do you figure out what sir means?” 60% think it's "sir" and 40% of respondents think it's a form of address for a man. At the same time, two respondents noted two of these options in the questionnaire at once - either they do not know the correct answer or they think that both definitions are suitable. The good news is that none of the respondents consider the appeal Sir as an appeal to a woman.
How do you address a man (passerby) on the street?
To the question "How would you address a man (passerby) on the street?" the majority of respondents 72% answered Mr, 26% - Sir, and the 3 most loving sixth graders plan to address passers-by Dear (Dear), or they simply do not know the meaning of this word.
How do you contact a police officer for help?
Question: "How do you get help from a police officer?" gave 92% Officer, 8% - Sir, it's good that none of the respondents answered Professor.
How do you address a teacher in England?
Unexpectedly, some difficulties were caused by the students and the question of the questionnaire: "How do you contact a teacher in England?", 31% of the respondents answered that "Teacher". In this case, the correct way to address the teacher in English can be easily trained by offering students to address the English teacher in his lessons in this way. The children will consolidate their knowledge, in addition, some will finally find out the name of their teacher.
For the last 3 questions, two respondents gave several answers at the same time. This may indicate that they consider several treatment options to be suitable at once.
Thus, the analysis of the survey results showed that the majority of the students surveyed do not have a clear understanding of the forms of address in the English language and their correct situational application, some of them did not think about the differences between the addresses used in England and the USA and the addresses in Russian, and some respondents experience difficulties in using address in speech even in their native Russian language. The results obtained in this work testify to the relevance of this study and indicate the need to pay more attention to the study of forms of addresses, as an important tool for interpersonal communication, in foreign language lessons at school.
Results and conclusions
As a result of the work, I got acquainted with the concept of “address”, learned what lexical units are used in English and Russian when addressing an interlocutor, depending on the status and position of the addressee, the degree of acquaintance with him, gender and age.
The analysis of the literature made it possible to find out the features of the use of various forms of address in oral and written speech in Russian and English.
With the help of a survey conducted by me among 57 students of the 6th grade, it was possible to establish what forms of address in Russian and English my classmates know, and whether they use them correctly in speech and writing.
It has been experimentally established that the words “dad”, “mother” with various diminutive variants of these words, as well as abbreviated versions of these words (“dad”, “mum”) are most often used as informal addresses in the family. These forms are similar to those used in informal communication in English.
In practice, it has been found that in the case of official communication in Russian, addressing by name and patronymic to familiar people prevails, which is unusual for the English language.
The vast majority of respondents do not know how relatives and strangers are addressed in England and the USA and they themselves are hesitant in using addresses in their speech.
I recommend that English teachers devote at least 1 lesson to the study of this topic, which is necessary for verbal communication. In my opinion, it is necessary that all high school students gain experience in using various forms of address in English.
Practical significance
Acquaintance with the rules of conduct, speech etiquette are important conditions for successful communication. Knowing the forms of addressing the interlocutor in English is one of the fundamental points in learning the language.
This research work allows you to get acquainted with the existing forms of address in English, as well as to establish what determines their choice in oral and written speech.
A survey of sixth-graders conducted during the work revealed a lack of knowledge of students in the field of using various forms of address in English, depending on the status and position of the addressee, the degree of acquaintance with him, gender and age.
Thus, the results of this work can be useful not only to all learners of English in order to avoid mistakes in communicating with foreigners, but also allow foreign language teachers to adjust the program of their subject, pay attention to the peculiarities of using addresses as an integral part of literate speech.
Bibliography
Baranovsky, L.S., Kozikis, D.D. Regional Studies. Great Britain: Textbook./ L.S. Baranovsky, D.D. Kozikis. - Minsk: 1990
"Polite and affectionate forms of address in English" http://www.study.ru/support/lib/note256.html
Vocal case // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907
Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M., 1990.
"People in England" http://england-today.ru/lyudi-v-anglii/
“Appeals to titled persons. Victorian England" http://www.diary.ru/~citadel-club/p188638639.htm
"Greetings in letters and e-mail" http://www.englishelp.ru/learn-english/business-english/118-letters-salutations.html
"Speech etiquette in the Russian Empire" http://masterok.livejournal.com/934832.html
"Secrets of etiquette: how to behave in England" http://lifehacker.ru/2014/08/15/sekrety-etiketa-v-anglii/
"Forms of Address in English" http://time4english.ucoz.ru/publ/interesnoe_o_jazyke/a_vy_znaete/formy_obrashhenija_v_anglijskom_jazyke/22-1-0-59
"Forms of address in English" http://www.englishelp.ru/component/content/article/214.html
"Forms of addressing the interlocutor in English" http://www.englishfirst.ru/englishfirst/english-study/articles/address.aspx
Appendix 1
Questionnaire for surveying sixth graders on the topic of the project
How do you address your father?
How do you address your mother?
How do you address close relatives (uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters)?
Do you know how relatives, acquaintances and strangers are addressed in England and the USA?
What do you think, are the forms of address in English different from the forms of address in Russian. a) yes b) no c) don't know
What forms of address in Russian do you know?
a) I don’t know b) A man, a woman c) A girl, a young man
d) By name e) You, you
What forms of address in English do you know?
a) I don’t know b) A man, a woman c) A girl, a young man d) By name e) You, you
What do you think madam means? a) a girl b) a woman c) a lady
What do you think missus means? a) mistress b) unmarried woman c) married woman
What do you think Ladies and gentlemen means? a) ladies and gentlemen b) dear friends c) guys
How do you figure out what sir means? a) mister b) form of address to a man c) form of address to a woman
How do you address a man (passerby) on the street? a) Mr b) Sir c) Dear
How do you contact a police officer for help? a) Officer b) Sir c) Professor
How do you address a teacher in England? a) Mr/Ms b) Teacher c) Professor
Annex 2
Correct answers to some of the survey questions
How do you address your father?
How do you address your mother?
How do you address close relatives (uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters)?
What affectionate words do you say when addressing each other: a) In the family: b) With friends:
What polite words do you use when addressing adults? a) To acquaintances: b) To strangers
Do you know how relatives, acquaintances and strangers are addressed in England and the USA?
What do you think, are the forms of address in English different from the forms of address in Russian. a) Yes b) no c) don't know
What forms of address in Russian do you know? a) I don't know b)Man Woman in) Girl, young man
G)By the name d)You you
What forms of address in English do you know? a) I don't know b)Man Woman in) Girl, young man G) By name e) You, you
What do you think madam means? a) girl b a) woman c) madam
What do you think missus means? a) mistress b) unmarried woman in) married woman
What do you think Ladies and gentlemen means? a a) ladies and gentlemen b) dear friends c) guys
How do you figure out what sir means? a) mister b) form of address to a man c) form of address to a woman
How do you address a man (passerby) on the street? a) Mr. b) Sir c) Dear
How do you contact a police officer for help? a) Officer b) Sir c) Professor
How do you address a teacher in England? a) Mr/Ms b) Teacher c) Professor
Annex 3
What affectionate words do you say when addressing each other, in the family?
|
Answer options |
Number of respondents |
|
Not filled |
|
|
sun |
|
|
compliment |
|
|
hello |
|
|
nothing / nothing |
|
Appendix 4
Affectionate informal addresses in English:
Handsome - Handsome
Sweetie - Darling
Sweetie Pie - Darling, Sunshine
Babe (Baby Doll, Baby Girl etc.)
Tiger - Tiger
Gorgeous - Beauty
Cuddles (Cuddle Cakes, Cuddle Bunny etc.) - Cutie
Honey Bun - Bun
Prince Charming - Prince on a white horse, handsome prince
Cookie Monster - Cookie (a character from Sesame Street)
Mr. Perfect (Mr. Amazing etc.) - Mr. Perfect
Biscuit - CookieCherry - Cherry
Honey Bear
Cupcake - Cutie
Captain - Captain
Kitten - Kitten
Lady Killer - Heartbreaker
Precious - Dear, Precious
Marshmallow - Marshmallow
Peanut - Baby
Stud - Stallion
Pumpkin - Pretty, Pretty
Teddy Bear
Snowflake - Snowflake
Sugarplum - Sweet my Sweet Cheeks - Sweet my
Superman - Superman
Dumpling - Cutie
Appendix 5
Application forms. Graphical presentation of work results.
The English language has long had its own speech etiquette. As you probably already know, there is no difference between the pronouns “you” and “you”, therefore, when referring to an interlocutor, it is important to choose not only intonation, but also the correct form; use appropriate words and constructions correctly.
In a conversation, it is necessary to take into account the style of communication - for example, the official language requires exact adherence to all greeting and address formulas, and a neutral style of communication (for example, with strangers, work colleagues, neighbors, etc.) can be simpler in expressions.
With friends and relatives, you can also allow a familiar style of communication, in which the forms of addressing the interlocutor will be completely different. Let's look at each style in more detail. Shall we?
How to contact an interlocutor
Let's start with the safest option - ask how the recipient prefers to be addressed.
What should I call you?- What should I call you?
What should I call your sister / mother / the manager?- What should I call your sister / mother / manager?
Can I call you?- May I call you [name]?
Is it okay if I call you?- Is it okay if I call you [friendly name]?
What's your name?- What is your name?
If you heard one of these questions addressed to you, then you can answer as follows:
Please call me. Please call me [name].
You can call me.- You can call me [nickname or short name].
To grab the recipient's attention, use expressions:
Excuse me Sir/Madam.- Excuse me, sir/madam.
"Pardon me, Sir/Madame."- I'm sorry, sir/madam.
We figured out the general points, now let's look at other forms of address.
To a woman
- madam A polite way of addressing a woman to a man. Women usually do not address each other in this way, unless, of course, you are a maid or a servant and wish to address the mistress of the house. In that case, this appeal would be appropriate.
- Mrs(an abbreviation for the word "Missus") - a form of polite address to a woman. After the word "Mrs" it is required to give the name of the woman's husband. It should be remembered that the words "Mr" and "Mrs" are not used without surnames in colloquial English, as this will sound vulgar.
- Miss- a form of address to an unmarried woman, a girl. Be sure to include your first or last name after the word. "Miss" - without a name, surname - a form of address to the teacher, and it has also become a common form of address to the attendants.
To the man
- Sir- this form of address does not require the name or surname of the interlocutor after himself. So they turn to strangers, to men equal or older in age, social status or position.
- Mr(an abbreviation of the word Mister) - after this word, you need to give the name or surname of the interlocutor.
- Son! Sonny! Boy!- a form of addressing older people to unfamiliar young people.
- Young man, youth- this is how older people address young men.
To a group of people
When verbally addressed to several addressees, the most suitable form appeals will be Ladies and gentlemen n!" - "Ladies and Gentlemen!". In a less formal atmosphere, you can hear such an expression as " Dear friends!" - "Dear friends!" or " Dear colleagues!" - "Dear Colleagues!", " Esteemed colleagues!" - "Dear colleagues!"
If you suddenly had the honor of meeting someone from the royal family or a high-ranking person, then you definitely need to know the correct form of address.
- Your Majesty- a form of address to the king or queen.
- Your Highness to a prince or duke.
- Your Lordship— to a Lord or a Justice of the Supreme Court.
- Your Honor to a lower court judge.
- general/colonel/captain etc. - to a military rank: with or without a surname.
- Officer, constable, inspector- to the policeman.
- Professor- with or without a surname, in the UK they refer to a person who has the title of professor. But in the United States, the address "Professor" is appropriate for any university teacher.
Speaking of informal communication, let's look at how you can contact friends and family members.
To friends
Of course, everyone knows the appeal “My dear friend!” - "My dear friend!" or "My friend" - "My friend!", But not everyone knows that there are many synonyms for the word "friend". For example:
In British English :
- Chap: "Dear old chap, I've missed you!" - "Old man, I missed you!"
- Mate(also Australia, New Zealand): "Hey, mate, do you want to hit the pub?" - “Buddy, do you want to visit the pub?”
- Pal(also popular in the US): "My most useful acting tip came from my pal John Wayne. Talk low, talk slow, and don't say too much." (c) Michael Caine - "The most helpful acting advice was given to me by my friend John Wayne. Speak in a low voice, speak slowly and speak little. (c) Michael Caine."
- Crony: "I"m going to the pub with me cronies." - "I went to the pub with my buddies."
- Mucker(Ireland): "What about ye, mucker? Are you in or out?" - "Well, buddy? Are you in business?"
In American English:
- homie: "Time to go, homie." "It's time to leave, buddy."
- home slice: "You're coming with us tonight, home slice? - Sure thing! - "Are you coming with us tonight, homie? - The stump is clear!
- Amigo: "Hey, amigo, long time no see!" - "Hey, amigo, how many years, how many winters!"
- Buddy: "I"m going to have some beers with my buddy tonight." - "My friend and I are going to have a couple of foam tonight."
- bestie: "You and I - we are the besties for life!" - "You and I - we are with you best friends for life!”
- Dawg: "Waddup, dawg? "Nothing, jus' chillin." "What's up, friend? - Nothing, I'm resting.
- Fella: "Good to see you fella!" - "Glad to see you, boy!" Most often used in the meaning of "guy, person (male)": "Who are these fellas?" - Who are these guys?
- Dude: "Dude, where's my car?" - "Where's my car, dude?"
- Girlfriend: "Hey girl!" - "Hi, slut!" This is how old close friends often turn to each other.
To family members and loved one
Affectionate appeals to close people are also very diverse. In most cases, they are used regardless of gender. Here are some of them:
- sweetheart- beloved, beloved.
- Dear/dearest- expensive, expensive / most expensive, dear.
- Darling- Dear beloved; dear, beloved.
- Honey(abbreviated " hon"") - dove; dove / cute; Darling.
- muffin- cupcake / bun / pie / favorite / dear.
- sugar(also sugarplum, sugar pie, sugar cake etc.) - sweet.
- Love- beloved / beloved / my love.
- Buttercup- buttercup.
- Sunshine- sun.
- Baby (babe, bae) - baby, baby.
To the guy
- handsome- handsome.
- sweetie-pie- dear, dear, lovely, sweet, sun.
- Tiger- tiger (a person in whom it is easy to kindle passion).
- hot stuff- sex bomb, hot stuff.
- Cuddle Cat- sweetheart. (cuddles - hugs in a prone position)
- Prince Charming- a prince on a white horse, a handsome prince.
- Mr. Perfect (Mr. Amazing etc.) - Mr. Perfect.
- honey bear(teddy bear) is a teddy bear.
- Captain- captain, commander.
- lady killer- Don Juan, womanizer, heartthrob.
- Marshmallow- marshmallow.
- Superman- superman.
To the girl
- sweetie- expensive.
- baby doll (baby girl) - baby, doll.
- Gorgeous- beauty, beauty.
- Honey bun- a bun.
- biscuit- a cookie.
- cherry- cherry.
- cup cake- beauty, honey.
- kitten- kitty.
- Precious- dear, lovely.
- Peanut- baby, baby.
- Pumpkin- my good, charm, cutie.
- sugar plum (sweet cheeks) - my sweet (the second phrase is said to emphasize the beauty of the girl's figure, or rather her fifth point).
- Dumpling- shorty (to an attractive girl of short stature and a seductive figure).
Rules for punctuation when addressing
In English, just like in Russian, appeals are separated by commas. This is taught in schools in both countries. But, in fact, all the British without exception ignore the comma in circulation if the name is at the end of the phrase. And they honestly observe it if the phrase begins with an appeal. For example:
Alice, I think you've had enough!
I think you "ve had enough Alice!
Conclusion
Now you have in your arsenal a whole set for referring to English-speaking comrades. Incidentally, the word comrade” (comrade) you will only find in communist / socialist parties, as well as in Soviet textbooks in English. In other cases, "Comrade Ivanov" is not used. Be well-mannered and friendly in communication, and the right forms of address will serve you well. Absorb English and be polite!
Big and friendly family EnglishDom
Every day we turn to someone for some purpose. At the same time, we use appeals in speech. And how do people address each other in England or in the USA? Do they coincide with our native language or carry some new information about a foreign culture?
Let's take a look at the courtesy first. The most common forms are Mr.(Mister) Mrs.(Missis) and Ms.(Miss - for a young girl or unmarried woman), to which the surname of this person is added. For example, "No, Mr. Bond, I expect you to DIE! » If you don't know the name of the person you're addressing, use Sir, madam or Miss. Very inconsistent usage Ma'am, abbreviations from madam here it is important to know the following:
- Ma'am in Great Britain it is almost not used and is considered an obsolete form.
- In the US, use " madam” is limited to very formal occasions, while “ ma'am” is very common in everyday speech in appeals to an adult woman who, as you believe, may already have a family and children, especially if she is older than you. In the South and Southwest of the United States ma'am” is an appeal to any woman or girl.
In English, there are many variants of friendly and affectionate addresses. Addresses to friends vary depending on which version of English you prefer, however, they are not limited to them.
british english:
- chap:“Dear old chap, I’ve missed you!” (Old man, I missed you!)
- mate(also Australia, New Zealand): “Hey, mate, you want to hit the pub?” (Man, let's go to the pub?)
- pal(also popular in the US): “My most useful acting tip came from my pal John Wayne. Talk low, talk slow, and don't say too much.” — Michael Caine. (The most helpful acting tip was given to me by my friend John Wayne. Speak in a low voice, speak slowly and speak little. - Michael Caine)
- crony:“I’m going to the pub with me cronies” (I went to the pub with my buddies.)
- mucker(Ireland): “What about ye, mucker? Are you in or out?” (So buddy? Are you in?)
american english:
- homie:“Time to go, homie.” (It's time to leave, buddy.)
- home slice:“You’re coming with us tonight, home slice? Sure.”
- amigo:“Hey, amigo, long time no see.” (Hey amigo, how many years, how many winters!)
- buddy:“I’m going to have some beers with my buddy tonight.” (Today my friend and I will have a couple of drinks.)
- bestie:“You and I are besties for life!” (You and I are best friends for life!)
- fella:“Good to see you fella.” Most often used in the meaning of “guy, person (male)”: “Who are these fellas?” (Who are these people?)
- dude:“Dude, where’s my car?” (classic)
Affectionate appeals to close people are also very diverse. Here are some of them, in most cases used regardless of gender:
Honey (hon for short)
Sugar (also sugarplum, sugar pie, sugar cake, etc.)
And finally, a few affectionate addresses, divided by gender:
| for a boyfriend | for a girlfriend |
| Handsome - Handsome | Sweetie - Darling |
| Sweetie Pie - Darling, Sunshine | Babe (Baby Doll, Baby Girl etc.) |
| tiger | Gorgeous - Beauty |
| Cuddles (Cuddle Cakes, Cuddle Bunny etc.) - Cutie | Honey Bun |
| Prince Charming - Prince on a white horse, handsome prince | Cookie Monster - Cookie (a character from Sesame Street) |
| Mr. Perfect (Mr. Amazing etc.) - Mr. Perfect | biscuit - cookie Cherry - Cherry |
| Honey Bear | Cupcake - Cutie |
| Captain - Captain | Kitten - Kitten |
| Lady Killer - Heartthrob | Precious - Dear, Charm |
| Marshmallow - Marshmallow | Peanut - Baby |
| Stud - Stallion | Pumpkin - Pretty, Pretty |
| Teddy Bear | Snowflake - Snowflake |
| Zeus - Zeus | Sugarplum - My sweet Sweet Cheeks |
| Superman - Superman | Dumpling - Cutie |
When choosing one or another affectionate address, it is important to avoid excessive familiarity.
A person studying a foreign language should be aware that the beauty of a language lies in its diversity. Of course, this is primarily a tool that allows us to convey our thoughts to the listener or reader, but the form is no less important than the content. Moreover, native speakers, listening to your speech, will truly appreciate your rich vocabulary. And this, you see, is a significant reason to be proud of the results of your labors. This requirement applies not only to advanced English lovers, but also to those who are just taking up English for beginners and with mute horror for the first time open a dictionary or grammar of the English language. Useful words and their synonyms should be sought out, written down, memorized and used in speech whenever possible. In this, I hope the LINGVISTOV team will provide you with all possible assistance.
I don’t know about you, but I often get bored with hackneyed “dear”, “baby”, “bro” and other platitudes. In conversational English addresses, too, there is where to expand in terms of vocabulary, which can be replenished with slang expressions heard in films in English or read in books and magazines.
But first, let's take a look at the courtesy. The most common forms are Mr.(Mister) Mrs.(Missis) and Ms.(Miss - for a young girl or unmarried woman), to which the surname of this person is added. For example, "No, Mr. Bond, I expect you to DIE!" If you don't know the last name of the person you're addressing, use Sir, madam or miss; however, the latter can cause trouble if the girl is still married (tested the hard way). Very controversial is the use of Ma'am, an abbreviation for Madam:
In the UK, it is almost never used and is considered an obsolete form.
In the US, the use of "madam" is limited to very formal occasions, while "ma'am" is common in everyday speech to an adult woman who you think may already have a family and children, especially if she is older. you. In the South and Southwest of the United States, "ma'am" is an address to any woman or girl.
There are many friendly addresses, as well as affectionate ones, in the English language. Addresses to friends vary depending on which version of English you prefer, however, they are not limited to them.
british english:
chap: "Dear old chap, I've missed you!" (Old man, I missed you!)
mate(also Australia, New Zealand): “Hey, mate, you want to hit the pub?” (Man, let's go to the pub?)
pal(also popular in the US): “My most useful acting tip came from my pal John Wayne. Talk low, talk slow, and don't say too much.” - Michael Caine (The most helpful acting tip was given to me by my friend John Wayne. Speak in a low voice, speak slowly and speak little. - Michael Caine)
crony: “I"m going to the pub with me cronies” (I went to the pub with my buddies.)
mucker(Ireland): “What about ye, mucker? Are you in or out?” (So buddy? Are you in?)
american english:
homie: "Time to go, homie." (It's time to leave, buddy.)
home slice: “You’re coming with us tonight, home slice? “Sure.”
amigo: "Hey, amigo, long time no see." (Hey amigo, how many years, how many winters!)
buddy: “I'm going to have some beers with my buddy tonight.” (Today my friend and I will have a couple of drinks.)
bestie: "You and I are besties for life!" (You and I are best friends for life!)
dawg: “Waddup, dawg? “Nothing, jus’ chillin.”
fella: “Good to see you fella.” Most often used in the meaning of “guy, person (male)”: “Who are these fellas?” (Who are these people?)
dude: "Dude, where's my car?" (classic)
Affectionate appeals to close people are also very diverse. Here are some of them, in most cases used regardless of gender:
Honey (hon for short)
Sugar (also sugarplum, sugar pie, sugar cake, etc.)
And finally, a few affectionate addresses, divided by gender:
|
Nicknames for a Boyfriend |
Nicknames for a Girlfriend |
|
Handsome - Handsome |
Sweetie - Darling |
It is important to avoid excessive familiarity here, because, as one of my good friends says: "I "m not your honey, darling, sweetheart, dear, ducky, or any other diminutive creature."
Everyone knows that the column "knowledge foreign languages” is in the resume of any serious company. And if you write “free possession” in such a column, then the chances of getting a tidbit increase many times over. And the phrase "business English" will have an almost magical effect.
As a rule, business English involves written communication. And this is good. Firstly, there is always the opportunity to think and get into the dictionary. Secondly, there are so many standard expressions that it is practically not difficult for a person who speaks English from the Pre-Intermediate level and above to write a decent letter and send it to business partners.
The main thing in writing a letter is its framing. That is the beginning and the end. As they say, people are greeted by clothes, and the last words are remembered best of all (thanks to Stirlitz). Accordingly, if you start your appeal correctly and end it just as correctly, then the very essence of the letter will be perceived better, and the overall impression of your speech in general can play a decisive role.
By adhering to certain writing rules, you will definitely achieve success. Let's start writing a business letter in English!
Greetings
As befits all polite people: any communication begins with a greeting. And in the same not tricky way, the structure of a business letter also begins with a greeting.
Dear Sir or Madame- an appeal to a person if you do not know either the name, or the title, or even whether it is a man or a woman. Important: after this greeting, no exclamation point is put! And even no punctuation mark is put at all, just the next sentence comes from a new line. You can put a comma if you really want to.
Dear Mr White(Ms White / Mrs White / Miss Catcher) - addressing the addressee by last name (after Mr, Ms, etc., the name is not put!) I hope everyone remembers that Mr is an appeal to a man, Miss - to an unmarried woman, Mrs - to a married woman, Ms - to a woman who does not want to emphasize her marital status.
Important: never write with the full word Mister, Mistress - only in abbreviation (Mr, Mrs)!
Dear Mr John- addressing the addressee by name (with a closer business acquaintance)
Dear Nick- addressing the addressee by name with a very old, almost friendly business acquaintance
It is important to focus on appeals to a woman. Now the universal appeal Ms (this is both married and unmarried) is very common. Therefore, in business letters they often write this way so as not to offend :) If you know for sure that the addressee is a married woman, you can safely indicate Mrs. But if you know that you are definitely not married, it’s better not to take risks with Miss. Because some of it, oddly enough, offends.
After the greeting, you can remind yourself. More precisely, about the last communication: by e-mail, by phone, in person, etc. Even if the memory of the addressee is not girlish and he addressed you 5 minutes ago.
Thank you for your message.- Thank you for your message.
Thank you for your e-mail of… Thank you for your email dated (date)…
With reference to your phone call/ letter of (date)/ advertisement in “NW Magazine”…- in relation to your phone call / letter (on such and such date) / ad in NW Magazine ...
In reply (in answer/ in response) to your request… In response to your request...
In accordance (in conformity) with your request …- As per your request...
In compliance with your request…- As requested by you...
Further to our conversation/telephone talk…- In continuation of our conversation / telephone conversation, etc.
We are writing in response to your publication in… We are writing in response to your posting in...
We were pleased to receive your inquiry… We were pleased to receive your request...
Reasons for contacting
After the greeting and reminders, there should be a phrase that will bring the addressee up to date and explain why you are actually sending him this letter.
We are writing to inquire about…- We write to inquire about...
We apologize for… We apologize for...
We confirm that…- We confirm that...
We would like to clarify… We would like to clarify...
We kindly ask you to… We kindly ask you...
I am writing to enquire about/ to apologize for/ in connection with/ get more details about/ explain…- I am writing to you to inquire about / to apologize for / in connection with / to find out details about / to explain ...
This is to confirm … To confirm…
We hereby inform you … We hereby inform you…
Letter Completion
This is your catchphrase.
As always, if you have any questions, please send them directly to me. - As always, if you have any questions, please contact me directly.
If you have any questions feel free to contact me. /Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact me directly- If you have any questions, feel free to contact me / directly to me, please.
Should you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask. - If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact (literal translation).
Thank you and I am looking forward to hearing from you. Thank you and I look forward to hearing from you.
Thanks in advance.- Thank you in advance.
Please contact us again if we can help in any way.- Please contact us again if we can help you in any way.
Signature, or formula of politeness
The last touch remains. In Russian official letters, everything ends in a standard way: "With respect, ...". In English, it is customary to say "sincerely yours." But in accordance with etiquette, it will have to be translated into Russian anyway as "with respect."
yours faithfully,
Sincerely, ... (if the name of the person is unknown, i.e. the letter began with Dear Sir or Madam)
yours sincerely,
Sincerely, ... (if you know the name, i.e. the letter began with Dear Mr / Miss / Ms / Mrs)
If you have been communicating with a person for a long time and address him in a letter by name, then it is appropriate to use any of the following options (you can translate as “best wishes”):
best wishes
kind regards,
Warmest regards.
For sim - I'm sorry.
kind regards,
iLoveEnglish.
We hope that this sample business letter in English will help you find a new job or create business contacts in the near future.
