Examples, signs and prevention of delinquent behavior. The main differences between delinquent behavior and deviant behavior Social behavior deviant and delinquent behavior

Human behavior in general can be defined as a particular way of life, actions and deeds of people. Sometimes it may seem that the actions of an individual are a purely personal matter. However, living in society, any individual is almost constantly (physically or mentally) surrounded by other people. Therefore, his individual behavior is very often interconnected with others and is social in nature.

social behavior- these are the actions of a person in relation to society, other people, to the surrounding nature and things. People “hurt” each other not only through direct contact, but also through things, nature, through a common habitat. At the same time, human interactions are extremely complex and diverse and can be separated in time and space.

The assimilation of social norms is the basis of socialization. Compliance with social norms determines the cultural level of society. Deviation from generally accepted norms is called in sociology deviant behavior .

The terms "deviation", "deviant" come from the Latin deviatio - deviation. In a broad sense, "deviation" means any actions or actions that do not correspond to: a) unwritten norms, b) written norms. AT narrow sense"deviation" refers only to the first type of inconsistency, and the second type is called delinquent behavior.

As you know, social norms are of two types:

1) written - formally fixed in the constitution, criminal law and other legal laws, the observance of which is guaranteed by the state;

2) unwritten - informal norms and rules of conduct, the observance of which is not guaranteed by the legal aspects of the state. They are fixed only by traditions, customs, etiquette, manners, that is, some conventions, or tacit agreements between people about what is considered proper, correct, proper behavior.

Violation of formal norms is called delinquent (criminal) behavior , and the violation of informal norms - deviant (deviant) behavior.

How do they differ from each other? Deviant and delinquent behavior can be distinguished as follows. The first is relative and the second is absolute. Deviant behavior is relative, because it is related only to the cultural norms of this group. But delinquent behavior is absolutely in relation to the laws of the country.

Delinquency anddelinquent behavior

Theft, bribery, robbery or murder violate the basic laws of the state, which guarantee the rights of the individual, and are prosecuted. A trial is carried out on criminals, they are given a measure of punishment and for different periods (depending on the severity of the criminal act), they are referred to corrective labor, sent to prison or a conditional measure of restraint (partial restriction of rights) is determined. Crimes include fraud, theft, forgery, bribery, industrial espionage, vandalism, theft, burglary, car theft, arson, prostitution, gambling and other types of illegal activities.

deviance On the contrary, such acts as foul language in public places, loud or excited conversation, do not violate criminal law, but are contrary to the norms of behavior. The only way to punish them is bringing them to administrative responsibility, paying a fine, verbally condemning people around them or disapproving, sidelong glances of passers-by.

Alcoholism is a typical type of deviant behavior. An alcoholic is not only a sick person, but also a deviant, he is not able to perform social roles normally.

A drug addict is a criminal, since the use of drugs is qualified by law as a criminal act.

Suicide, that is, the free and deliberate termination of one's life, is a deviation. But killing another person is a crime.

AT broad sense Deviant behavior can be called any actions that do not correspond to the norms and social stereotypes that have developed in a given society. With this approach, however, it is necessary to distinguish, relatively speaking, positive, or positive, and negative, or negative (from Latin negalivus - negative) deviation.

AT narrow sense deviant behavior is understood as any negative and unapproved deviations from social norms. It is they who are interested in sociology, since it is the negative deviation that presents a certain challenge to society and requires an adequate response from it. Sociologists are looking for the reasons for deviant behavior in a variety of ways:

(a) in the imperfection of human nature and various vices of people (selfishness, excessive craving for the satisfaction of one's desires, the desire to stand out, envy, etc.);

(b) in their biological and psychological characteristics (special properties of individual organisms, the genetic predisposition of some individuals to deviance, mental defects, psychopathy, etc.);

(c) in the social conditions of life (upbringing, education, human environment, opportunities to work, earn good money, have a cultural holiday, etc.).

Teenage deviance

Especially often deviant behavior is observed in adolescents. It is more common among them than in other age groups. Reasons: social immaturity and physiological characteristics of the emerging organism. They manifest themselves in the desire to experience the thrill, curiosity, in the insufficient ability to predict the consequences of their actions, the hypertrophied desire to be independent. A teenager often does not meet the requirements that society imposes on him, but is not ready to perform certain social roles to the extent that others expect him to. In turn, he believes that he does not receive from society what he has the right to count on. The contradiction between the biological and social immaturity of adolescents, on the one hand, and the requirements of society, on the other, is a real source of deviation.

According to the UN, about 30% of all young people take part in some kind of illegal activity, and 5% commit serious offenses.

The source of the propensity for deviance and delinquency is the discrepancy between the degree of biological and social maturity, between the demands made by the teenager on himself and the demands placed on him by society. Due to the physiological characteristics of the developing organism, a teenager is characterized by increased activity, but due to insufficient social maturity, he, as a rule, is not yet ready for self-control. He does not know how to predict all the consequences of his actions, he misunderstands the freedom and independence of the individual.

Sociologists have established a trend: the more a person learns patterns of deviant behavior, the more often he encounters them and the younger his age.

Characteristics of deviant behavior

In some modern studies, the concept of "deviant behavior" is often correlated with another type of behavior - delinquent. But in reality, these concepts, despite their consonance and some identity, still do not coincide.

Deviant human behavior is a multifaceted concept. On the one hand, it is defined as an act of a person, his action, which does not correspond to generally accepted and formal norms and standards in society. On the other hand, deviant behavior is a special social phenomenon that is expressed in mass forms of human behavior and activity. At the same time, these forms also do not correspond to the officially established norms and standards that have developed in a particular society.

It is important to realize that deviation is a deviation, but it may not always be negative. Therefore, two types of deviations from social norms are distinguished at once:

• Positive deviations from social norms, which are aimed at getting rid of outdated and irrelevant standards and norms. This contributes to a qualitative change in the social system, without which society cannot develop further and reach a completely new level of its development.
• Negative deviations from social norms - in other words, they are called dysfunctional, because they can disorganize the social system, lead it to inevitable destruction. This, in turn, becomes the cause of deviant behavior of members of society who are dissatisfied with the prevailing circumstances, and seek to demonstrate their dissatisfaction with all their strength and actions.

Figure 2. Forms of deviant behavior. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Deviant behavior can be of several types:

• First, it is innovation, which implies agreement with the general goals of society, but at the same time the rejection of generally accepted ways that could help achieve the goals;
• Secondly, ritualism is associated with the denial of the goals of a particular society and the absurd exaggeration of the ways to achieve them;
• Thirdly, retreatism is the refusal of a person or group of persons from socially approved goals and, accordingly, the rejection of traditional and customary ways to achieve them.

The last type of deviant behavior is rebellion. He denies both goals and ways to achieve goals, but at the same time seeks to replace them with completely new ones. Rebels should include revolutionaries who strive for a radical break in all social relations. At the same time, they can offer new ways to achieve goals, or they can simply destroy the old ones without the possibility of alternatives.

Figure 3. Causes of deviant behavior. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

The essence of delinquent behavior

Delinquent behavior is also antisocial behavior of a person, which is manifested in his actions. It can be any action or inaction in relation to the current situation. Delinquent acts can harm an individual or society as a whole.

Remark 1

Unlike deviant behavior, delinquent behavior is more of a misdemeanor than a deliberate crime.

Figure 4. Delinquent behavior. Author24 - online exchange of student papers

Adolescent delinquency is of great interest. At this age, a person most often commits various misconduct, both intentional and unconscious. The growth of such offenses and the lack of their prevention can lead to the fact that delinquent behavior will be perceived by a person as a norm. As a result, in adulthood, this will lead to an increase in the proportion of serious violent crimes that will be committed by the same people who have not undergone preventive classes or educational conversations.

More often, delinquent behavior is presented in the form of causing harm. This is due to the encroachment of the dilinquent on a person, his rights and freedoms. This also includes property, which he can spoil, following some of his own motives. Various types of delinquent behavior, despite their relative innocence in comparison with deviant behavior, are still condemned by society. They are formalized by the state in the rules of law by describing the features that characterize them, and defining them as offenses. For delinquent acts, the law establishes a variety of types of social or criminal liability (which rarely goes beyond administrative responsibility and community service).

There are several types of delinquent behavior:

• Firstly, delinquent behavior includes administrative offenses - violation of traffic rules, petty hooliganism. Smoking or drinking alcohol in public places is also considered an administrative offense.
• Secondly, a disciplinary offense is a delinquent - an unlawful, guilty and intentional failure to fulfill one's labor duties. Such delinquent offenses entail disciplinary liability, which is provided for in labor legislation.

Such offenses include: absenteeism for an unreasonable reason, appearing at work in an inappropriate condition, drug or toxic intoxication, violation of labor protection rules.

If delinquent behavior is not corrected in time, then a rather negative picture will turn out: a person who perceives his behavior as the norm will continue to commit crimes, only more serious ones. The normality of such

Delinquent and deviant behavior is a form of behavior that consists in violating social legal or moral norms. This can be expressed in aggression towards oneself or other people, a tendency to vagrancy, bad habits and mental disorders of varying severity.

Delinquent behavior is a form of deviant behavior that manifests itself in the form of illegal actions.

Differences between delinquent and deviant behavior

The difference between deviant and delinquent behavior is that the deviant state is wider and characterizes a general deviation from socially approved, established norms. Delinquency is a variant of deviation in which socially dangerous actions are committed that can develop into crimes and incur legal consequences.

For example, if we consider 3 states of a football fan, then chanting is a variant of the norm, aggression and insults characterize deviant behavior, and a fight, causing physical harm is a manifestation of delinquency.

Causes of delinquency

The delinquent type of deviant behavior occurs in both adults and adolescents. It is impossible to single out one reason for such social behavior - many factors influence its development, creating interconnected complexes.

There are the following reasons for antisocial behavior:

Psychophysiological:

• type and character of personality;
• level of anxiety;
• physical diseases and features;
• addictions (alcohol, drugs, gambling, etc.).

Family:

• divorce of parents, the appearance of a partner with a single parent;
• death of a close relative;
• lack of education, bad example of parents;
• domestic mental and physical violence;
• dependent parents, dysfunctional family.

Socio-economic:

• social inequality, division into rich and poor;
• unemployment, lack of funds;
• ethnic conflicts.

Also, the cause of delinquency may be a forced change in the social environment (change of residence, social circle, loss of housing, etc.).

Types of antisocial behavior

There are forms of delinquent behavior that harm not only the person himself, but also the whole society or its individual groups.

1. Addiction. This addiction, addiction to any action or chemicals. Common forms of addiction are alcoholism, drug addiction, smoking, gambling, food addictions, sexual addictions, sectarianism. People with an addictive type of behavior appear alienated from society. They live in a world of distorted reality, gradually destroying their mental and physical health, making their inner circle co-dependent people.
2. Disciplinary offenses. Disciplinary violations occur both in educational institutions and at work. These include lateness, violations of the schedule, demonstrative failure to fulfill duties, ignoring safety precautions, appearing at the workplace in a state of alcoholic or other toxic intoxication.
3. administrative offenses. These include violation of traffic rules, drinking alcohol in public places, obscene language, etc.
4. Crimes. If the commission of unlawful acts goes beyond a misdemeanor (theft, extortion, rape, theft of a vehicle, fraud, sale of drugs, etc.), it is a crime and goes into the category of criminally punishable acts.

Features of delinquent behavior in adolescents

In adolescence, the basic causes of delinquency are aggravated by the age crisis, the gap between needs and the inability to satisfy them due to social norms.

For example, in Russia, the socially and legally acceptable age for sexual intercourse, alcohol and tobacco use is 18 years, although the need for a teenager may arise earlier.

Features of the psychology of an asocial teenager:

1. The group nature of social relations. Illegal acts committed in a group give a feeling of anonymity, impunity.
2. Denial of the authority of parents, adults. A teenager strives for independence, independence, but at the same time he does not have a sufficiently developed sense of responsibility, self-control. Such qualities make a person vulnerable to harmful outside influences, therefore, in adolescence, there is a high risk of becoming addicted to drugs, alcohol, tobacco, etc.
3. Aggression, irritability, nervousness, frequent mood swings, lack of interest in life, depression.
4. Willingness to take risks without knowing the consequences.
5. Incorrect translation of the image of an adult. In trying to appear manly, the youth may be rude; wanting to appear feminine, a girl can be vulgar.

Behavior that deviates from social and legal norms should be a signal that the maturing child needs more time and attention from parents. You will also need the control of psychologists and teachers in order to avoid the consolidation of an asocial lifestyle.

Examples of delinquent behavior

Signs of actions that are contrary to accepted norms are that people do them deliberately, for show, wanting to attract the attention of the largest possible part of the public. At the same time, violators are well aware of their actions.

Examples of such actions might be:

• creativity that destabilizes public peace (“yellow” journalism, the creation of fake news, inappropriate images, “memes”, the creation and development of porn sites and other prohibited content);
• cybercrime - "hacking";
• addiction;
• disciplinary and administrative offenses;
• animal abuse;
• running away from home, begging;
• prostitution;
• vandalism;
• autoaggression - aggression directed at oneself, rejection of one's body, suicide;
• participation in the preparation and execution of terrorist attacks.

With the development of the Internet and social networks, youth are involved in many activities aimed at destabilizing public peace, so the diagnosis and prevention of antisocial behavior should begin before children enter adolescence.

Delinquent behavior is expressed in violation of social and legal norms.

Examples of delinquent behavior testify to the social danger of such a phenomenon and the need to combat it.

However, delinquent and deviant behavior have significant differences, which are also worth remembering.

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The concept of a delinquent

Under delinquent understand a person whose actions are antisocial, illegal.

The actions of this subject are associated with a violation of legal norms.

Improper behavior of the delinquent leads to the onset of legal consequences for him.

Delinquent may be adult or teenager.

Particular attention of specialists is paid to the problem of deviant behavior in adolescents, since these representatives of society, due to the age characteristics of their psyche, are at risk.

Timely assistance from parents, teachers, representatives of public organizations can exclude the further development of a criminal personality child.

Delinquent behavior - what is it?

This is the behavior that results in violation of public order, established norms and laws.

Such anti-social actions lead to the infliction of material, moral damage to individual members of society or to society as a whole.

The commission of delinquent acts leads not only to the condemnation of the offender by society, but also to the offensive for him legal consequences.

The level of punishment incurred depends on the type of offense committed.

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signs

Signs of delinquent behavior:

Types and examples

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The reasons

As a rule, the formation of delinquent behavior occurs under the influence of not one factor, but their combination.

The prerequisites that contribute to the emergence of problems appear in most cases already in childhood.

A child growing up in a hostile environment, is more likely to exhibit antisocial behavior in the future than a child who grew up in a supportive environment.

Main reasons problems appear:

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External and internal factors

In a more extensive analysis of the conditions that cause the formation of delinquent behavior, it is customary to distinguish two groups of them: internal and external.

External conditions:

• family problems, which are the main reasons for the formation of an antisocial type of behavior in a person at an early age;
• underdevelopment of the system of public education of the individual: lack of an individual approach, lack of interest in each individual person on the part of the state;
• averageness of the education system not designed to take into account the peculiarities of the emotional, psychological, intellectual development of children.

Internal conditions:

Difference from deviant

What is the difference between deviant behavior and delinquent behavior?

They call a violation of the norms, foundations and rules existing in society, which does not entail a violation of the law and the onset of legal consequences.

For example, a form of deviant behavior is the systematic use of alcohol by a minor.

Delinquent behavior, in contrast to deviant behavior, is manifested in the commission of not only asocial acts, but also offenses for which an appropriate punishment is imposed (fine, imprisonment). For example, traffic violations.

In other words, deviant behavior is the first type of delinquent behavior - disciplinary offenses. Most often teenagers are prone to deviant behavior.

It can easily develop into delinquent behavior if parents, teachers, law enforcement officials do not intervene in time.

Control mechanisms and strategies

The state can use certain mechanisms and strategies to change the situation and prevent its aggravation. There is a fundamental difference in the application of mechanisms and strategies.

Mechanisms- these are certain, specific methods of influence that are coercive or mandatory.

Mechanisms that society should apply to reduce the number of manifestations of delinquent behavior:

• strengthening the system of punishments for committed acts;
• implementation of indirect control over individuals at risk by introducing them into groups of law-abiding persons.

Strategies is a general plan of action calculated over a long period of time and aimed at achieving a goal. Strategies to reduce the number of delinquents in society can be as follows:

1. Increasing the general cultural level of the nation. The higher the level of spiritual development of a person, the less likely it is that he will commit an antisocial act.
2. Improving the quality of life of the population, as a result of which the level of material well-being of the nation will increase, and the need to commit illegal acts in order to obtain various benefits will decrease.
3. Legalization of forms of behavior, which are asocial, but do not entail the onset of legal consequences: vagrancy, prostitution, homosexuality. The ability to act without cover will give representatives of these social groups and subcultures full rights in society.

   This will relieve them of the need to break the law in an effort to hide their inclinations and interests from society.

4. Development of a comprehensive support system: narcological, psychological, etc. Support should be aimed at facilitating the socialization and adaptation of citizens with various problems in society.

Prevention

Preventive measures, aimed at solving the problem of delinquency, should be carried out comprehensively in the following areas:

• increasing the level of social well-being of families (conducting seminars, trainings, consultations);
• individual work of teachers and psychologists with adolescents who show the first signs of problems or have poor heredity;
• reducing the level of crime in society, by increasing the detection of crimes and preventing offenses.

So delinquent behavior is a serious problem requiring increased attention from the state. The formation of an antisocial type of thinking is laid in most cases even in childhood.

Delinquent behavior in psychology and latent crime: analysis, types, encounters in life:

Deviation- this is a deviation from generally accepted values ​​and norms in the process of social interaction. It is considered only from the point of view of the degree of fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the established standards of the group or community. Depending on whether they cause this or that harm to society or, conversely, benefit, they distinguish culturally approved(constructive) and culturally frowned upon(destructive) types of deviation. The former include genius, heroic deeds, sporting achievements, and leadership abilities. In traditional societies, hermitism, religious fanaticism, and a super-ascetic lifestyle are considered to be approved deviations. Culturally unapproved deviations include those actions and those types of social activities that are detrimental to society and at least cause condemnation.

Youth criminals, hermits, ascetics, hardened sinners, saints, geniuses, innovative artists, murderers - all these are people who deviate from generally accepted norms. Not attending a church service is also a kind of deviation from the position of an unbeliever.

Acceptable deviation anyway is rewarded. Forms of remuneration: cash payments, granting privileges, increasing status or prestige. Unapproved deviation entails condemnation, punishment(up to imprisonment) isolation(up to expulsion from the country) or treatment.

Deviation performs two functions: Bringing the group together and establishing a boundary between acceptable and unacceptable. Incorrigible deviants are subject to prison isolation or hospitalization. They serve as a lesson to others. Punishment for wrongdoing reinforces norms and the rule of law. In most societies control deviant behavior asymmetrical: deviations in a bad direction are condemned, and in a good direction they are approved. Depending on whether the deviation is positive or negative, all forms of deviations can be placed on a certain continuum:

If we make a statistical calculation, it turns out that in normally developing societies and under normal conditions, each of these groups will account for about 10-15% of the total population. On the contrary, 70% of the population is made up of "solid averages" - people with minor deviations (Fig. 7.13).

Rice. 7.13.

The Gaussian curve is a universal means of expressing the quantitative distribution in society of mass social properties, features, traits, phenomena, processes, etc.

Although most people behave in accordance with the laws most of the time, they cannot be considered absolutely law-abiding, i.e. social conformists.

There are various approaches to the problem of deviations.

• Structural approach developed by E. Erickson. He found that the proportion of deviants in the population remained roughly constant in all epochs. Deviance increases during periods of dramatic social change, when the criteria for what counts as deviation are revised. In calm times, on the contrary, the system of social control itself changes.
• As part of symbolic interventionism E. Lemert and G. Becker created stigma theory, arguing that deviation is the result of a negative assessment by the community, labeling it as offensive.
• The Concept of Differentiated Capabilities R. Claward and L. Oulina argues that it is very attractive for an individual to use the role model of behavior of successful deviants.

The history of the sociological development of the problem begins with E. Durkheim. He believed that deviations play a positive role at the societal level, contributing to the preservation of social order. Crime is a necessary part of all societies. It renders an important service in that it generates social concord in opposition to it. All members of society come together to express their outrage at the crime, thereby developing closer bonds among themselves. Through group consensus, social order is strengthened. When deviants are punished, a solidarity community is formed among citizens, which strengthens their beliefs.

After Durkheim, research developed along three main lines:

• 1) theoretical and methodological (M. Weber, P. A. Sorokin, T. Parsons);
• 2) interdisciplinary - sociologists and lawyers (M. Halbwachs, W. Thomas, F. Znanetsky), as well as representatives of the theory of conflict (L. Koser, R. Dahrendorf), psychoanalysis and social ethology;
• 3) a special sociological theory that originated in the depths of structural functionalism (T. Parsons, R. Merton).

Domestic sociologists, following Robert Merton, recognize the existence of five types of behavioral reactions.

• 1. Subordination(conforming behavior): acceptance of ends and means.
• 2. Innovation(reformism): acceptance of ends, elimination of means.
• 3. ritualism: rejection of ends, acceptance of means.
• 4. Retreatism(withdrawal): rejection of neither ends nor means.
• 5. rebellion: Rejection of ends and means, replacing them with new ends and means.

In the strict sense, the second, fourth and fifth types of behavior are considered deviant. In accordance with R. Merton's theory of anomie, deviance occurs when socially accepted and set values ​​cannot be achieved by some part of society.

Deviant behavior- a system of actions that deviate from the social norm accepted or implied by the majority of the population and do not entail criminal, administrative or disciplinary punishment. Deviant behavior is a kind of deviant behavior, its mild form.

Especially often deviant behavior is observed in adolescents. The reasons for this are social immaturity and the physiological characteristics of the emerging organism. They manifest themselves in the desire to experience curiosity, thrill, in the insufficient ability to predict the consequences of their actions, the hypertrophied desire to be independent. A teenager often does not meet the requirements that society places on him, he is not ready to fulfill certain social roles to the extent that others expect him to. In turn, he believes that he does not receive from society what he has the right to count on. The contradiction between the biological and social immaturity of adolescents, on the one hand, and the requirements of society, on the other, is a real source of deviation.

Sociologists have established a trend: the more a person learns patterns of deviant behavior, the more often he encounters them and the younger his age. Violations of social norms by young people can be serious and frivolous, conscious and unconscious. All serious violations, whether conscious or not, that fall under the category of unlawful act are considered delinquent conduct.

Delinquent behavior- this is deviant behavior, which in its extreme manifestations is a criminal act. In legal practice delinquency understood in two senses.

The delinquent ones include administrative offenses, expressed in violation of traffic rules, petty hooliganism (foul language, obscene language in public places, offensive harassment of citizens and other similar actions that violate public order and peace of mind of citizens), as well as absenteeism without good reason for studying by students , appearing at work in a state of alcoholic, narcotic or toxic intoxication, drinking alcoholic beverages, violating labor protection rules, etc. Persons committing such offenses are subject to liability under civil law. Delinquent acts also include acts committed by children, adolescents and young people that are insignificant or not serious from the point of view of criminal law, i.e. not punishable under criminal law.

Delinquent behavior is a kind of deviant behavior, its rigid form. An even stronger form is criminal behavior. Delinquent and deviant behavior are related to each other as species and genus, part and whole. All delinquency is deviant behavior, but not all delinquent behavior can be classified as delinquent. The recognition of deviant behavior as delinquent is always associated with the actions of the state represented by its bodies authorized to adopt legal norms that enshrine in the legislation this or that act as an offense.

The list of delinquent behavior of schoolchildren, according to foreign and domestic sociologists, usually includes such offenses as: not returning home at night, drinking alcohol, molesting adults, fighting, illegally keeping weapons, inflicting serious bodily harm on someone with knives, stealing, skip classes, smoke marijuana, leave school, take pocket money from other students, disturb the order in public places, damage public property, write or paint on the walls, etc.

Adolescent delinquency usually begins with school truancy and joining an antisocial peer group. They are followed by petty hooliganism, bullying of the younger and weak, taking pocket money from babies, stealing (for the purpose of riding) bicycles and motorcycles, fraud and petty speculative transactions, defiant behavior, home theft of small amounts of money. According to the UN, about 30% of all young people take part in any illegal actions, 5% commit serious offenses.