Repnin commander. Repnin Anikita Ivanovich

(1668-1726), prince, field marshal general (1724), associate of Peter I. Member of the Northern War, commanded a division. In 1724-1725. President of the Military College.

Prince, Russian military leader, field marshal general (1725). From his youth he was under Peter I, in 1685 he was a lieutenant of the "amusing" company. Participated in the Azov campaigns of 1695-1696. Since 1699 major general. At the beginning of the Northern War of 1700-1721. commanded a division, participated in the capture of Noteburg and Narva. In 1708, for the defeat at Golovchin, he was demoted, but after successful actions at Lesnaya, he was restored to the rank of general. In the battle of Poltava in 1709 he commanded the center of the Russian army. In 1709-1710. led the siege and capture of Riga, in 1712-1713 and 1715-1716. commanded troops in Pomerania. Since 1719, the Governor-General of Livonia and at the same time in 1724-1725. President of the Military College. After the death of Peter I, he advocated the proclamation of Catherine I as Empress, but was soon removed by A. D. Menshikov to Riga.

(1668-1726), the steward of Tsar Peter (since 1683) and his inseparable associate, was made its lieutenant at the establishment of an amusing company. During the Azov campaign, he distinguished himself by taking the coastal towers from the Turks. Was during the capture of Shlisselburg and Nyenschantz and in the battle of Narva in 1704; in 1707 he was defeated at Golovchin by Charles XII, for which he was demoted by the tsar to the soldiers; for distinction in the Battle of Lesnoy, he was restored to his former rank. In the battle of Poltava he commanded the center of the army. During the capture of Riga, he was the first to enter the city and for this he was made governor-general of Riga. In 1711, during the Prut campaign, he commanded the vanguard and was one of the first to raise his voice: "to die, but not to surrender." In 1712 he participated in the siege of Stetin and the occupation of the Friedrichstadt fortifications. In 1715, he was entrusted with the protection of the coast of Courland. In 1724 he was appointed president of the military collegium. At the coronation of Catherine I, he was granted a field marshal, but after her accession, being an adherent of the Grand Duke Peter Alekseevich, he retired to Riga and soon died there.

(1668-1726). Field Marshal General. A. I. Repnin was a representative of an ancient princely family, leading its origin from the prince of Chernigov Mikhail. The founder of the surname was the governor under Ivan IV the Terrible, Prince Ivan Mikhailovich Repnin-Obolensky. Uncle Anikita Ivanovich enjoyed the favor of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, and his father, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order, earned the great respect of Peter I.

At the age of 16, Anikita Ivanovich was appointed a steward to Peter (who was then 12 years old) and, when the young tsar established “amusing” troops in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow in 1685, he received the rank of lieutenant, two years later he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. He protected the tsar in the Trinity Monastery during the rebellion of the archers in 1689. The suppression of the rebellion and the removal of the ruler Sophia by Peter from power brought a galaxy of staunch supporters of the young tsar to the arena of vigorous activity, among whom was Repnin.

During the first Azov campaign of Peter (1695), Repnin distinguished himself by capturing two coastal towers with 32 guns from the Turks, in the second campaign near Azov (1696), commanding a frigate, he participated in the capture of this fortress, which gave Russia access to the southern seas . Since 1698, Anikita Ivanovich, in the rank of major general, was engaged in the formation and training of infantry regiments recruited to replace the obsolete archery troops. At this time, Peter began to prepare for the war with Sweden, and, acting on his instructions, A. Repnin and F. Golovin by the spring of 1700 formed 27 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow. They were armed with fuzei and muskets purchased abroad. Anikita Ivanovich was appointed commander of a division consisting of 9 infantry regiments. Seeing Repnin's zeal in the recruitment and training of troops, the tsar in June 1700 promoted him to general from the infantry - a rank corresponding to the general-in-chief. The prince at that moment was 32 years old, and he was the first person of noble families at this age to rise so high in his military career.

With the outbreak of the Northern War, the troops under the command of Golovin moved to Narva, and Repnin was sent by the tsar to Novgorod, where he recruited and sent a new division to Narva. Appointed Governor-General of Novgorod, he continued to recruit troops, then put in order the regiments that returned from Narva after a brutal defeat. Soon his turn came to go to the battlefields: in August 1701, at the head of 19 regiments, he moved to Livonia, where he entered under the command of Field Marshal B. Sheremetev. Under his leadership, Repnin gained combat experience, learned to beat the Swedes not only in numbers, but also in skill. The regiments of Anikita Ivanovich took part in the siege and capture of Noteburg, in the capture of Nyenschanets and Narva.

Not possessing outstanding military talents, Repnin, according to military historians, acted in battles with due perseverance and reasonableness, was "brave without enthusiasm, but ready, if necessary for a great cause, to die without backing down." According to connoisseurs of military art, he still remained "a governor among Peter's generals", he did not always act with initiative and decisiveness.

From near Narva, Peter sent Repnin at the head of a 10,000-strong corps to the Polish borders to help his ally, the Polish king August II. Anikita Ivanovich acted in accordance with the parting words of the tsar - to beware of "two things: the first, so as not to go too far, the second, that if the king wants to give a general battle with the entire Swedish army, do not do that and say that you are not allowed to do that ". Along with successful battles, there was one critical period in the actions of the Russian troops, when they were blocked in Grodno by the rapidly approaching army of Charles XII. After a 75-day blockade, choosing the moment, Repnin organized a covert crossing of troops to the left bank of the Neman and retreated to Brest, hiding behind the swamps of Polesye. At the same time, all artillery and convoys were taken away, all the sick and wounded were saved. “Truly now it is already fun to live according to this notice,” Peter rejoiced at this good fortune.

In the summer of 1708, Repnin's military service took an unexpected dramatic turn. The Russian army, against which the main forces of Charles XII moved, during the retreat, took up a position near the village of Golovchino (not far from Mogilev). On the night of July 3, the Swedish regiments, having crossed the river, attacked the division of General Repnin, who was in the center of the position of the Russian troops, and after a two-hour stubborn battle they overturned it. This entailed a general retreat of the Russian army. Angry, Peter ordered A. Menshikov "to find this evil behavior firmly, from the first to the last." During the investigation, Menshikov did not take into account that Repnin's division was unexpectedly attacked by superior enemy forces, did not receive timely assistance from neighboring troops, and nevertheless was able to inflict significant damage on the Swedes. As a warning to other military leaders, the tsar, although he loved Prince Repnin, demoted him to the soldiers. The severity of the punishment and resentment against Menshikov oppressed Anikita Ivanovich, but he did not ask for leave from the army, considering this desertion. In hot pursuit of Golovchin, Peter compiled the famous "Rules of Battle", which determined the order of actions of troops at all stages of the battle, and especially the interaction of infantry, cavalry and artillery.

When analyzing the “Golovchin shame,” Anikita Ivanovich showed amazing nobility, taking all the blame for what happened on himself, without making a single attempt to shift responsibility to other military leaders and his subordinates. To the question: “How did the officers of his higher and lower divisions behave during the battle?” - he answered: "Lieutenant General Chambers and all the colonels sent their posts as they should."

In the battle near Lesnaya (September 1708), Prince Repnin acted as an ordinary soldier, in one of the episodes he asked the tsar to order the Cossacks and Bashkirs who were behind the infantry to stab everyone who was moving back. After the battle won, Peter, at the request of Prince M. Golitsyn, who especially distinguished himself in this battle, restored Repnin to the rank of general and the post of division chief. In subsequent battles, Anikita Ivanovich fully justified the trust of the king. In the Battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709, which largely predetermined the outcome of the war with the Swedes, Repnin commanded twelve infantry regiments in the center of the position, for his actions and victory he was awarded the highest award from the tsar - the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

Shortly after Poltava, Peter ordered the prince with his division to move to the southern borders to monitor the movement of the Crimean Tatars and Turks, as well as order in the Cossack troops. In 1709-1710. Anikita Ivanovich participated in the siege of Riga, during the departure of Commander Sheremetev he acted as chief of the army, on July 4, 1710, after the capitulation of the garrison of Riga, he was the first to enter the city with several regiments, on the 12th Sheremetev had a solemn entry. After that, Repnin was appointed governor-general of Riga and chief of the troops stationed in its environs.

When the war with Turkey began, Repnin's division became part of the troops led by Sheremetev, and under the general leadership of Peter took part in the Prut campaign. Despite the encirclement of the Russian troops by the enemy, Anikita Ivanovich, like Golitsyn, expressed a desire "it is better to die than to succumb", but the tsar was still forced to go to peace negotiations.

In 1712-1718. Repnin acted in Pomerania, Courland and Poland, then, returning to Riga, he acted as governor-general of Livonia. In 1724, he was appointed instead of the favorite of Tsar Menshikov, who was guilty of embezzlement of state funds, as president of the Military Collegium with the preservation of the Riga governorship. On May 7, the day Peter proclaimed his wife Catherine the empress, the honored general was awarded the rank of field marshal.

When, after the death of Peter, by the efforts of Menshikov, Catherine ascended the throne, Anikita Ivanovich, along with other St. Andrew's Knights, was granted the newly established Order of St. Alexander Nevsky. This award did not lessen his dissatisfaction with the fact that under Catherine all supreme power was concentrated in his hands by the most illustrious Prince Menshikov. Not wanting to participate in intrigues, Anikita Ivanovich returned to the governorship in Riga, where he died on July 3, 1726 at the age of 58.

The son of a field marshal, Vasily Anikitovich Repnin, general feldzeugmeister, in 1747-1748. was the commander of the Russian troops sent to help the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, contributed to the conclusion of the Peace of Aachen. Grandson, Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin, was a famous commander and diplomat of the times of Catherine II, Field Marshal General.

Kovalevsky N. F. History of the Russian State. Biographies of famous military leaders of the 18th - early 20th centuries. M., 1997

Introduction.

The village of Velikoye is rich in natural and architectural monuments. The most significant and outstanding of them is a grandiose architectural ensemble: the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, the Church of the Intercession of the Virgin, and between them - a bell tower. It is unique primarily because the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin is one of the few monuments erected in honor of the victory in the battle of Poltava. This ensemble is the center of the spiritual life of the great villagers. Being carried away by history and local lore activities, I became interested in who erected this “architectural miracle”? To whom do the great villagers owe the construction of the ensemble? So I came across an associate of Peter I, Field Marshal Anikita Ivanovich Repnin. Having learned that Repnin was the Governor-General of the city of Riga for a long time, I started a correspondence with the Museum of the History of the City of Riga and Navigation in order to obtain important information about this person and possible photocopies of documents (see attachment). But for me the question remained unsolved, why did Repnin erect this particular architectural ensemble? I began to develop versions, assumptions to comprehend the secret of the creation of the Velikoselsky Kremlin. I present the most substantiated idea in my work. Thus, when preparing the speech, I set myself the goal: to trace the military career of A.I. Repnin; determine the value of A.I. Repnin in the history of our Veliky village; to develop a version of the history of the creation of the architectural ensemble in Veliky.

To achieve this goal, I consider it necessary to solve the following tasks:

Deepen your knowledge about the life and military achievements of Field Marshal A.I. Repnin; establish a connection between Repnin and the Yaroslavl Territory; to conduct a comparative analysis of architectural ensembles in Veliky and Korovniki.

I used the following methods to solve the tasks:

Working with historical sources; work in the local history museum of the village of Velikoye; meeting and conversation with local historians; Internet access; correspondence with the Museum of the History of Riga and Navigation; analysis of the collected information.

Rod Repnin

The Repnins are a Russian princely family descended from St. Michael, Prince of Chernigov, and ceased in 1801 with the death of Field Marshal Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin. But in the same year, at the behest of Alexander I, the grandson of the last Repnin, Prince Nikolai Grigorievich Volkonsky, was allowed to be called Repnin-Volkonsky. The family of the Repnin princes is placed in the Velvet Book (XII, 123), the coat of arms is in the armorial (I, 6). The father of Anikita Ivanovich Repnin - Ivan Borisovich, a boyar, was the head of the Moscow troops in Little Russia, in 1663 - the Novgorod governor, in 1671-1672. - Tobolsk governor. Later he was a judge of the order of the Kazan Palace and the head of the Siberian order. Died in 1697. All Repnins were state and military figures. This is evidenced by the coat of arms of the princes Repnin: the shield is divided horizontally into two uneven parts, and the upper, large one, is divided perpendicularly into two halves. In the upper right half, in a red field, is the coat of arms of the great reign of Kyiv: an angel in silver-woven clothes, holding a silver sword in his right hand, and a golden shield in his left. In the left half is the emblem of the reign of Chernigov: in a golden field, a black single-headed eagle with outstretched wings holds a large golden cross in its left paw. In the lower part of the coat of arms in a silver field there are two birds, each of which holds an arrow in its mouth, and a golden ball in its paw. The shield is covered with a princely mantle and a Russian-princely cap

Military career of A.I. Repnin

... And he rushed in front of the regiments, Powerful and joyful as a battle. He devoured the field with his eyes. Behind him in the wake rushed in a crowd These chicks of Petrov's nest. In the changes of the lot of the earth, In the labors of power and war, His comrades, sons. And the noble Sheremetyev, And Bruce, and Bour, and Repnin, And the rootless darling of happiness, Semi-powerful ruler. A.S. Pushkin

Repnin Anikita Ivanovich (1668-1726) - military figure, field marshal general. From his youth, Repnin was under Peter I. At the age of 16, he was appointed steward to Peter (who was then 12 years old) and, when the young tsar established "amusing" troops in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow in 1685, he received the rank of lieutenant, two years later promoted to lieutenant colonel. He protected the tsar in the Trinity Monastery during the rebellion of the archers in 1689. The suppression of the rebellion and the removal of the ruler Sophia by Peter from power brought a galaxy of staunch supporters of the young tsar to the arena of vigorous activity, among whom was Repnin. During the first Azov campaign of Peter (1695), Repnin distinguished himself by capturing two coastal towers with 32 guns from the Turks, in the second campaign near Azov (1696), commanding a frigate, he participated in the capture of this fortress, which gave Russia access to the southern seas . Since 1698, Anikita Ivanovich, with the rank of major general, was engaged in the formation and training of infantry regiments. At this time, Peter began to prepare for the war with Sweden, and, acting on his instructions, A. Repnin and F. Golovin by the spring of 1700 formed 27 infantry and 2 dragoon regiments in the village of Preobrazhensky near Moscow. Anikita Ivanovich was appointed commander of a division consisting of 9 infantry regiments. Seeing Repnin's zeal in the recruitment and training of troops, the tsar in June 1700 promoted him to general from the infantry - a rank corresponding to the general-in-chief. The prince at that moment was 32 years old, and he was the first person of noble families at this age to rise so high in his military career. (I show the emblem of the Repnin family) With the beginning of the Northern War, the troops under the command of Golovin moved to Narva, and Repnin was sent by the tsar to Novgorod, where he recruited and sent a new division to Narva. Appointed Governor-General of Novgorod, he continued to recruit troops, then put in order the regiments that returned from Narva after a brutal defeat. Soon his turn came to go to the battlefields: in August 1701, at the head of 19 regiments, he moved to Livonia, where he entered under the command of Field Marshal B. Sheremetev. Under his leadership, Repnin gained combat experience, learned to beat the Swedes not only in numbers, but also in skill. The regiments of Anikita Ivanovich took part in the siege and capture of Noteburg, in the capture of Nyenschanets and Narva. Not possessing outstanding military talents, Repnin, according to military historians, acted in battles with due perseverance and reasonableness, was "brave without enthusiasm, but ready, if necessary for a great cause, to die without backing down." From near Narva, Peter sent Repnin at the head of a 10,000-strong corps to the Polish borders to help his ally, the Polish king August II. Anikita Ivanovich acted in accordance with the parting words of the king - to beware of "two things: the first, so as not to go too far, the second, that if the king wants to give a general battle with the entire Swedish army, do not do that and say that you are not allowed to do that ". Along with successful battles, there was one critical period in the actions of the Russian troops, when they were blocked in Grodno by the rapidly approaching army of Charles XII. After a 75-day blockade, having chosen the moment, Repnin organized a covert crossing of troops to the left bank of the Neman and retreated to Brest. At the same time, all artillery and convoys were taken away, all the sick and wounded were saved. “Truly now it is already fun to live according to this notification,” Peter rejoiced at this good fortune. In the summer of 1708, Repnin's military service took an unexpected dramatic turn. The Russian army, against which the main forces of Charles XII moved, during the retreat, took up a position near the village of Golovchino. On the night of July 3, the Swedish regiments attacked the division of General Repnin, who was in the center of the position of the Russian troops, and after a two-hour stubborn battle they overturned it. This entailed a general retreat of the Russian army. In this battle, Repnin lost 10 guns, which Peter ordered him to then restore at his own expense. Angry, Peter ordered A. Menshikov "to thoroughly investigate this evil behavior, from the first to the last." During the investigation, Menshikov did not take into account that Repnin's division was unexpectedly attacked by superior enemy forces, did not receive timely assistance from neighboring troops, and nevertheless was able to inflict significant damage on the Swedes. As a warning to other military leaders, the tsar, although he loved Prince Repnin, demoted him to the soldiers. In hot pursuit of Golovchin, Peter compiled the famous "Rules of Battle", which determined the order of actions of troops at all stages of the battle, and especially the interaction of infantry, cavalry and artillery. When analyzing the "Golovchin shame" Anikita Ivanovich showed amazing nobility, taking all the blame for what happened on himself, without making a single attempt to shift responsibility to other military leaders and his subordinates. In the Battle of Lesnaya (September 1708), Prince Repnin acted as an ordinary soldier. After the battle won, Peter restored Repnin to the rank of general and the post of division chief, who had especially distinguished himself in this battle, at the request of Prince M. Golitsyn. In subsequent battles, Anikita Ivanovich fully justified the trust of the king. In the battle of Poltava on June 27, 1709, which largely predetermined the outcome of the war with the Swedes, Repnin commanded twelve infantry regiments in the center of the position. On June 3, at 2 am, the Swedish army launched an offensive, but due to heavy Russian fire, they had to stop. The Swedes suffered heavy losses and were driven back to the Budischensky forest. After that, Peter decided to give battle in the open. At nine o'clock in the morning the Swedes went on the offensive. Russian troops at close range opened heavy artillery and rifle fire, which caused great damage to the enemy. At Poltava, the Swedes suffered huge losses, more than in any other battle in the history of the kingdom. The Battle of Poltava and the capitulation that followed marked a decisive turning point in the war. The peace concluded later put an end to the Swedish great power and at the same time heralded the birth of a new great power in Europe - Russia. For his actions and victory, Repnin was awarded the highest award from the tsar - the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

"A.I. Repnin - the owner of the village of the Great"

For the victory at Poltava, Peter I granted his associate, military general Repnin, the rich, largest village in the Yaroslavl Territory, the village of Velikoye with surrounding villages. Since then, the village has ceased to be royal. The prince ordered to lay a temple in the name of the Nativity of the Virgin in the center of the village to commemorate the glorious Victoria near Poltava. The construction of the temple was completed in 1712. After the death of General Repnin, the construction of the architectural ensemble was continued by his descendants. In 1741, by order of the grandson of Field Marshal P.I. Repnin, a warm temple of the Intercession of the Virgin was built. (photo of the temple) In the middle of the 18th century, the contractor Ivan Zarubin started laying the cathedral bell tower. It is noteworthy that this is one of the few monuments of the Poltava battle. With the construction of the bell tower, the architectural ensemble of the central part of the Great was completed. Both churches were interconnected by a brick fence with two arched passages. Between the temples, a bell tower with a symbolic “window to Europe” is directed to the sky, the bell clock counted the time that had passed since the Battle of Poltava. On the eastern side of the temples, an orchard was laid out, surrounded by a brick fence with four chapels at the corners. In the Velikoselsky Kremlin, the architect managed to embody the spirit of the Russian people, their kindness and beauty. After the death of Peter, not wanting to participate in intrigues, Anikita Ivanovich returned to the governorship in Riga, where he died on July 3, 1726 at the age of 58. Repnin was buried on July 10 in the Alexander Nevsky Church in Riga.

Comparative analysis of architectural ensembles in Korovniki and Veliky

The 17th century is the Golden Age of Yaroslavl art, which inscribed one of its brightest pages in the history of ancient Russian culture. In the center of the ancient settlement, where the rich estates of powerful merchant dynasties were located, a number of monuments have been preserved that opened the heyday of Yaroslavl stone architecture. It is here that the famous ensemble in Korovniki is located: the Church of St. John Chrysostom, the Church of the Vladimir Icon of the Mother of God and the bell tower between them. Once, looking at photographs of the ensemble in Korovniki, paying special attention to the summer church of St. John Chrysostom, I suddenly saw in it the features of our church, the Nativity of the Virgin. Noticing this, I carried out research work comparing these two architectural monuments. The Church of the Intercession of the Virgin and the bell tower in Veliky were added later, so I focused on comparing summer churches. Firstly, it is noteworthy that even the Korovniki settlement itself and our Velikoye have similar features. One of the main occupations of both those and other residents was cattle breeding and the sale of livestock and dairy products. The production of tiles was also common. In addition, in Korovniki, the vast majority of houses are wooden. We see the same picture in Veliky: from ancient times the village was made of wood. And finally, the main similarity between Korovnikov and Veliky is architectural ensembles. Both consist of two temples, winter and summer, and a bell tower. Let's draw an analogy of the Church of St. John Chrysostom in Korovniki and the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin in the Great. Aspiration to the sky is clearly and consistently expressed in every detail of the temples. The compositions of both churches are reduced to five domes of the main building, and these domes are huge balls on elegant drums. The central drum of the Church of St. John Chrysostom in Korovniki has windows, the rest are deaf. The same is observed at the Velikoselsky Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, only there the windows are mostly deaf, having a purely decorative value. An exceptional role in the decoration of temples is played by tiles of floral ornament. In addition, window trims are decorated with ceramic tiles with an exquisite and complex plot. The temples are connected both in Korovniki, and the Great Bell Tower and the Holy Gates. And although the bell towers were built at different times and it is impossible to compare them in style, nevertheless they both have an unusual harmony. For this, the bell tower in Korovniki even received the nickname "Yaroslavl Candle" among the people. I think that our bell tower deserves a similar name: "Velykoselskaya Candle". The construction of our bell tower was based on the "octagon", located on the "four". "Yaroslavl Candle" does not have a "four". It has eight faces from the earth itself. But the similarity can also be observed in the elegant tiers of ringing with triple bunches of columns. Both ensembles had a large cemetery for a long time, which is also an important element in comparing the ensembles. Now Yaroslavl is preparing for the millennium of the city. Its history is connected with the history of the country until the beginning of the 17th century, when Yaroslavl played a huge role in the economic development of the country, as it was located on the Moscow-Arkhangelsk trade route. Here Peter the Great with his associates went to build the first Russian ships, creating the northern fleet. One of his closest associates was Anikita Ivanovich Repnin, who, I think, also traveled along this highway, Yaroslavl. And perhaps then he saw the architectural ensemble in Korovniki, which was built in the middle of the 17th century. When, for the victory near Poltava, Peter granted Repnin the village of Velikoye, Anikita Ivanovich, focusing on the ensemble in Korovniki, which sunk into the soul, ordered to lay a similar one in honor of the glorious victory over the Swedes. It is known that for many years this ensemble was used by first-class Yaroslavl architects as an example to follow. True, it turned out to be not so magnificent and rich, since Repnin was a poor prince, but nevertheless the ensemble impresses with its sublimity, rigor and grandeur. Thus, it was Anikita Ivanovich Repnin who presented this “architectural miracle” to the great villagers, and we must pay tribute to the memory of this man, who did so much for the prosperity of our village. Repnin's heirs Family life Anikita Ivanovich turned out to be less prosperous than his military career. Three times he entered into marriage: the first time with Praskovya Mikhailovna Lykova, the second time with Praskovya Dmitrievna Naryshkina, born Princess Golitsina. The first two were childless. And only from the third marriage (the name of the wife is unknown) did he have three sons: Vasily, Yuri and Ivan and daughter Anna. Subsequently, she married Prince Volkonsky. In 1715, Peter I sent the brothers Vasily and Yuri Repnin to Paris for science. However, they did not show zeal for the sciences, they soon moved to Vienna, where, with great diligence, they indulged in drunkenness and revelry. Having received the news, Field Marshal Repnin turned to Peter with a request to recall his sons to Russia, whose education had already cost the parent 15 thousand rubles. “But the main thing,” Repnin wrote, “such a pastime is hardly beneficial to the state.” Peter I orders the brothers to volunteer in the Austrian army of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1717). But since volunteering was limited to sitting in the wagon train and communicating with tank-markers, Peter orders the Repnins to return home. In the future, the Repnins participated in the Northern War, in the Russian-Turkish theater of operations and were promoted. In general, the children of Anikita Ivanovich Repnin turned out to be negligent students, and instead of increasing their father's wealth, they thoughtlessly squandered it. In 1726, the village of Velikoye passed to the heirs of Repnin - the sons Ivan, Vasily and Yuri, and then the grandson of Repnin became the owner of the village. After a strong fire in 1756, nicknamed zazhigin, when 2/3 of the village burned out, Pyotr Ivanovich, who erected the belfry, offered the great villagers to redeem themselves at will. They failed to quickly collect the appointed amount, and Repnin sold the village to Savva Sobakin-Yakovlev, a grasping and cruel nobleman, the founder of the Yaroslavl linen manufactory and the owner of the Ural mines. Only an extraordinary architectural ensemble reminds the villagers of its amazing history.

A new tradition in the history of the village - the holiday "First Victory"

I would like to draw your attention to the fate of the architectural ensemble. The fact is that for eighty years these temples were in an abandoned state. In the Soviet Union they were desecrated and closed. For many years, God's churches were filled with piles of garbage, ominous cracks crawled along the walls, the faces of the saints were disfigured by paint. But fortunately, a man appeared in our village, Father Alexy, their current rector, who undertook to revive the temples. A huge amount of work was applied, significant restoration work was carried out, before the crimson ringing of bells again floated over the Great, and the first service was held in the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin. In addition, the priest organized an annual celebration of the first major victory in the Northern War, namely the glorious victory near Poltava (see the appendix “Interview with the rector of the Velikoselsky Kremlin”, Father Alexy). At this time, a real “battle” is unfolding in our village, which is played very loudly and colorfully by the military-historical clubs of Russia invited by the priest, including “Young Russia”. He also attracts children from school, technical school and orphanage to participate. The holiday goes on for three days. Before the start of the Poltava celebration, a prayer service is served in the church so that the Savior himself will bless us and the holiday will be successful. On the first day - informational and familiarization - excursions around the village are organized, in which I am directly involved, telling tourists about the rich history of our village. There is a video hall where films about the Great are shown. I want to note that an important element of the holiday is an open-air kitchen. Each of those who wish can refresh themselves with delicious porridge for free and gain strength to participate in sports competitions. Competitions are held on the second day. Invited military-historical clubs, military personnel of the AFRF organize demonstration sports performances: hand-to-hand combat, fencing ... And then the Velikoselye fellows can compete in strength and dexterity in a large combat relay race. In addition, the Velikoselskaya Sloboda craft fair begins on this day. Master classes demonstrate their talents in embroidery, weaving baskets, working with clay, painting dishes. It is noteworthy that all those who are interested can also try themselves as an artisan for a while. The third day is the climax of the festival. It is on the last day that the most interesting begins. A costume parade of troops, a theatrical assembly and, of course, a reconstruction of a fragment of the Battle of Poltava. Contemplating all this action, you cease to feel yourself in time. Past and present seem to be intertwined. You become a participant in the historical process, and that's great. The holiday ends with the concert “Glory to the Fatherland!” .The results are summed up, heroes and participants are awarded. And the final chord is the festive fireworks, illuminating the evening sky with bright colors in memory of Peter, who loved illuminations so much, and his closest associate and friend, the former owner of the village, Anikita Ivanovich Repnin.

Conclusion. Conclusions and generalizations.

During this research, I achieved the following results:

Traced the path of A.I. Repnin as a statesman and military figure; established the role of A.I. Repnin in the development of the Velikoye village; offered her own version of the history of the creation of the Velikoselsky Kremlin.

Based on the results of the study, I came to the following conclusions:

Identified the important contribution of A.I. Repnin to the military history of our state during the time of Peter I; proved the significant role of A.I. Repnin in the prosperity of our village; developed and substantiated her assumption about the history of the creation of the architectural ensemble in the Great. Working on the study, I not only studied the life and significance of Anikita Ivanovich Repnin for our village, but also introduced his biography to the residents and guests of the Great, participating in excursions around the village. Thus, I try to involve the villagers, including the younger generation, in local history. I believe my research is relevant. A new tradition has appeared in our village - the celebration of the victory in the Battle of Poltava, in honor of which an architectural monument was erected - the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin, consecrated in 1712. This year, for the third time, such a festival will be held as part of the preparations for the 300th anniversary of the Poltava battle. Our holiday is becoming more popular every year and is known not only to the residents of our district, but also to the residents of the region and even the capital. Hundreds of guests come to Velikoye these days, wishing to see and participate in this theatrical spectacle.

References

1. N.S. Borisov "Neighbourhood of Yaroslavl" M. "Art" 1984;

2. V.I. Zhelvis "Walks around Yaroslavl", "Upper Volga" Yaroslavl 2001;

3. personal correspondence with the Museum of the History of the City of Riga and Navigation;

4. materials of the Velikoselsky Museum of Local Lore;

5. L.V. Yakovlev "The village about which Lenin wrote", Yaroslavl, 1988;

6. www.rulex.ru.

Prince Anikita Ivanovich Repnin(1668 - July 3 (July 14), 1726, Riga) - Russian military leader and statesman, Field Marshal General (1724), participant in the Northern War.

The first governor-general of the Riga province (from 1719 until his death), the second in a row (after A. D. Menshikov) President of the Military Collegium (1724-26).

early years

Born in the family of a boyar, Novgorod and Tambov governor, head of the Siberian order Ivan Borisovich Repnin (d. 1697) and his wife Evdokia Nikiforovna Pleshcheeva (d. 1695). At the age of 16, he began court service with a sleeping bag and entered the close circle of those close to the young Tsar Peter Alekseevich. In 1685, at the establishment of an amusing company, he was granted its lieutenant. During the rebellion of 1689, he was one of the first to arrive at the Trinity Monastery to protect Tsar Peter from Sophia's supporters.

In the rank of lieutenant colonel of the Preobrazhensky regiment, he participated in the Kozhukhovsky maneuvers (1694), in 1695 he received a baptism of fire near Azov, being in the main apartment as an adjutant general of General A. M. Golovin. The second Azov campaign in 1696 was made in the detachment of Admiral General F. Lefort as a captain of a naval company.

In 1698 he was called a major general and contributed to the rapid pacification of the streltsy rebellion in Moscow, having managed to occupy the Resurrection Monastery in a timely manner.

At the head of the "division"

In 1699, Repnin was instructed to form 10 regiments of soldiers in Kazan; Recruitment in the lower towns was made personally by Repnin. The formation was completed the following year, and 8 newly recruited regiments made up the "third generalship" of the army under the command of Repnin (in addition, after the death of General P. Gordon, the Butyrsky regiment was subordinate to him).

Great Sovereign Tsar and Grand Duke Pyotr Alekseevich ... bestowed his neighbor, the Preobrazhensky Regiment, Lieutenant Colonel Prince Nikita Ivanovich Repnin, for many of his services and zeal indicated that he should be in the generals and be in charge of the elected regiment of General Pyotr Ivanovich Gordon.

P. O. Bobrovsky. History of the Life Guards of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Volume 1. - St. Petersburg. 1900.

In October 1700, Repnin set out with his "division" near Narva, but, having learned on the march near Lake. Samro about the defeat of the Russians, turned back and hastily retreated to the river. Luga, where he took over the retreating remnants of the army and returned with them to Novgorod, where - at the behest of Peter - he began to put the disordered Russian regiments in order. In Novgorod, he remained throughout the winter of 1700/01, and for some time he acted as governor instead of the captured Major General I. Yu. Trubetskoy.

In 1701, at the head of a 20,000th corps, he was sent to Livonia to assist the Saxon field marshal Steinau, did nothing to help the allies in the unfortunate battle on the Dvina on July 8/19, 1701, after which he returned to Russia in mid-August. Steinau left the following review about the Russian Corps:

Russian troops arrived here, numbering about 20,000. People are generally good, no more than 50 people will have to be rejected; they have good Mastricht and Luttich guns, some regiments have swords instead of bayonets. They go so well that there is not a single complaint against them, they work diligently and quickly, unquestioningly carry out all orders. It is especially commendable that with the whole army there is not a single woman and not a single dog; in the military council of Moscow, the general complained strongly that the wives of the Saxon musketeers were forbidden to go to the Russian camp in the morning and in the evening and sell vodka, because through this his people are accustomed to drunkenness and all sorts of debauchery. General Repnin is a man of about forty; he doesn’t know much about war, but he loves to study very much and is very respectful: the colonels are all Germans, old, incapable people, and the rest of the officers are people of little experience ...

Subsequently, A.I. Repnin participated in the conquest of Ingria and the Baltic states by the Russians, was the second commanding general in the capture of Noteburg (1702), Nienschanz (1703), Narva (1704) and Mitava (1705). In January 1706, together with Field Marshal Lieutenant G. B. Ogilvy, he was blocked by the Swedish King Charles XII in Grodno, but managed to break out and join the main forces, having made the transition from Grodno through Brest and Volyn to Kyiv.

Twenty-two kilometers north of the regional center of Parfenyev, forming a large habitable island in the ocean of dense deciduous and coniferous forests, the ancient village of Matveevo is freely located. The spurs of the Northern Ridges that reach here form a slightly hilly and very picturesque area, remarkable for its amazing combination of near and far landscapes.

Russian chronicles tell that in the first millennium of the new era, the Finno-Ugric tribe Merya lived on the territory of the forest Trans-Volga, as well as in the eastern part of the interfluve of the Volga and Oka. The fact that the people of this tribe settled in these places is told by the very “language of the earth” preserved in the names of local rivers: Vokhtoma Pesoma, Ilezem…

Starting from the 9th century, Slavic settlers moved into the Meryansk land in two streams - from Novgorod and Smolensk: Novgorod and Pskov hunters, who hunted squirrel, beaver, otter and, first of all, marten in the local forests.

There is an assumption that the very name of the village came from the name of the leader of the hunting artel Matvey, who chose this place for permanent residence. Over time, runaway tillers began to rush to the camp of the Matveev hunters, who fled to the east in times of great turmoil.

According to archival research by local historian Dmitry Fedorovich Belorukov, the first mention of Matveev dates back to 1620. The village existed on the territory of the former Vokhtomskaya volost, which was part of the Chukhloma siege (district). Initially, the administrative division was confined to the rivers, and the Vokhtomskaya volost was located along the banks of the Vokhtoma River. Later, part of the Chukhloma siege was transferred to the Parfeny siege, and Matveevo with the surrounding villages became part of the Parfenyev siege Okologorodnaya volost. Matveevskaya volost began to exist independently only by the 19th century. At that time, it was part of the Kologrivsky district. The territory of the Matveevskaya volost was crossed by the Staro-Vyatka trade route from Arkhangelsk through Chukhloma, the village of Ilyinskoye (Valyavkino), to Kologriv and Siberia.

Matveevskaya estate and its owners

Boris Alexandrovich Repnin

The history of the village is connected with the history of the Matveevsky patrimony of the princes Repnin, which was received by the boyar prince Boris Alexandrovich Repnin for services to the fatherland: he participated in the liberation of Moscow from the Poles; supported the candidacy of M.F. Romanov during his accession to the throne and became the support of the king in state administration.

The Great Soviet Encyclopedia provides us with the following information about B. A. Repnin: “B. A. Repnin (... - 1670), prince, state political military leader, boyar since 1639. From 1638 he headed the orders: Icon, Detective Affairs, Gold, Silver, Armory, etc. In 1642 he fell into disgrace, was exiled as governor to Astrakhan (until 1646). In 1648 - 49 years. judge of the Vladimir Judgment, from 1652 - Rogue orders.

1656 - 59 years governor in Smolensk. In 1658 (1657) in the absence of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he headed the Boyar Duma ... ”.

Matveevskaya estate was granted to B. A. Repnin by M. F. Romanov in 1629. At that time, it included 5 villages: Zakharovo, Rubtsovo, Grigorovo, Gorodishche and Kunakovo. Before the Repnins, these lands were owned for a long time by the Kostroma boyars Saburovs, whose ancient family originated from Galich. In Kostroma they had their own courtyard. The Saburovs were against the election of Mikhail Romanov to the Russian throne, for which they lost their land.

In the 1620 census, Matveevo is mentioned as a village. But since by 1633 two wooden churches had already been built here, in honor of the Nativity of the Virgin and in honor of the Apostle Matthew, Matveevo began to be called a village and turned into the center of the Matveev estate of the Repnin princes. The patrimonial administration was also located here. The census of 1646 says: “Behind the boyar, behind Prince Boris Aleksandrovich Repnin, the village that was the village Matveevo, and in it the yard of the landowners, and in it the variable clerks live, and the yard of the priest Mikheev, and the yard of the sexton Seryozhka Yakovlev, and the peasant yards.

B. A. Repnin eventually transferred the estate to his son Ivan. In the census of 1676, one can read: “Behind the prince, behind Ivan Borisov Repnin, the village of Matveevo on the Vokhtoma River, and in it the yard of votchennikov, and the yard of cattle, and the cattleman Proshka Martyanov lives in it, and he is strong in the peasantry according to scribe books, yes in the village of peasant households there are three and five empty households, and to the village of the village of Grigorovo, Rubtsovo, Zakharovo, Mikhalevo, Kunakovo, Tikhonovo, and repairs Michurin, Zavrazhye, and there are 91 households in them, and 7 households of beans, and 17 households of beggars.

Nikita Ivanovich Repnin

From Ivan Borisovich, the village passed into the possession of Nikita (or Anikita) Ivanovich Repnin (1668 - 1726), a prince, military leader, field marshal general (1725), who had been under Peter I from his youth. In 1685 he was a lieutenant of an amusing company. N. I. Repnin - a participant in the Azov campaigns of 1695-96, since 1696 - Major General. At the beginning of the Northern War, he commanded a division, participated in the capture of Noteburg and Narva. In the battle of Poltava in 1709 he commanded the center of the Russian army. In 1709-10. led the siege and capture of Riga. In 1712-13 and in 1715-16. commanded troops in Pomerania. In 1712, Nikita Ivanovich - Governor-General of Livonia, from 1724 to 1725. - President of the Military College.

After the death of Peter I, A. I. Repnin advocated the proclamation of Catherine I as empress, but was soon removed by A. D. Menshikov to Riga.

Under Nikita Ivanovich, Matveev's carpenters participated in the construction of a palace in St. Petersburg, a stable in the Repnins' estate in the Oryol region, and under him a warm church was built in Matveev. He began to encourage seasonal work of his peasants in the cities to earn money. During the ownership of the parish by Nikita Repnin, the nickname appeared among the local residents. mountain ash.

This story is told in a handwritten story by A. A. Izbekova, a native of Matveev, “Agafons-field ash”. The manuscript tells that the master, a great lover of the Oryol trotters, having decided to build a stable in his Bogoroditsky estate, in the Orel region, ordered his manager to send him the best carpenters from the Matveevskaya patrimony, whose skill he had heard a lot. A dozen craftsmen from Matveev and the surrounding villages were gathered. Agathon was the eldest in the artel. The carpenters feasted on the grapes growing in the master's greenhouse, mistaking it for a mountain ash. And when the angry master called them to account, they agreed to say the same thing. So each of the carpenters to the question “What is your name?” answered: "Agathon". And when the master asked: “What did you eat?”, - everyone said: “Rowan!” So he cursed in the hearts of all the carpenters with agathons-rowans. But he did not punish, marveling at their ingenuity and mutual responsibility. And this nickname stuck to the carpenters, brought home by them and gradually passed to all local residents.

Furs, honey, meat, grain were brought to Moscow, where the Repnins had a palace, from the Matveevskaya estate.

Pyotr Ivanovich Repnin

After the death of Nikita Ivanovich, the Repnin brothers, Pyotr Ivanovich and Sergey Ivanovich, owned the Matveevskaya estate.

Pyotr Ivanovich Repnin - general-in-chief, chief master of the tsar's court; the owner of the Lipetsk Iron Works, where in 1754 there was a riot of workers. Repnin, entangled in his financial affairs, made a lot of debts and asked Catherine II to write off these debts. But the empress referred this case to the Senate, which decided to take away a number of estates from Repnin, including the Matveev estate, for non-payment of debts. And in 1768, part of the Matveev estate: 25 villages with 700 souls of the male population in them - passed into the palace order, and the peasants began to be called "crown" (state). Prince P.I. Repnin paid part of the debts, and the Matveevskaya patrimony was returned to him, “as a paid grandfather”.

The other part of the estate, which belonged to Sergei Ivanovich, after his death (both brothers were childless) passed to his cousin Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin, a field marshal who became famous in the war between Russia and Turkey, whose portrait was included in the album “Russian Portraits XVII - nineteenth centuries". The Russian Museum has preserved a portrait of his youngest daughter - the maid of honor of the imperial court Praskovya Nikolaevna, in the marriage of Golitsyna.

Nikolai Vasilievich Repnin

Nikolai Vasilievich Repnin (1734 - 1801) - prince, military leader and diplomat, Field Marshal General (1796), began his military career as an ensign in 1749. Participated in the Seven Years' War of 1756 - 63.

In 1762 - 63 years. he was ambassador to Prussia, and from 1763 to 1769 - in Poland, where he actively intervened in the internal affairs of the state and achieved the conclusion of the Warsaw Pact of 1768. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-74. N.V. Repnin commanded a division in the battles of Larga, Cahul, participated in the development of the conditions for the Kyuchuk-Kaynordzhi peace of 1774. In 1774-75. was ambassador to Turkey. With his mediation, the Peace of Teschen was concluded in 1779 between Austria and Prussia.

During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787 - 1791. commanded a division and successfully served as commander-in-chief during the absence of G. A. Potemkin. After the victory at Machiny, Repnin forced the Turks to sign preliminary peace conditions in Galati, which became the basis of the Iasi Peace Treaty of 1791.

In the 70s - 90s. XVIII century N. V. Repnin - Governor-General of various provinces. After an unsuccessful diplomatic mission to Prussia and Austria in 1798, in order to create an anti-French coalition, he was dismissed.

The “Economic description of the Kologrivsky district” of 1790 reads: “The village of Matveevo with the villages of Grigorovo, Sazonovo, Dedovo, Chikhachevo, Zavrazhye, Khvostilovo, Artyomovo with repairs Kostylevo, Rodino, Levino, Gorelets, Mikhalevo, Michurino, Zyabletsovo, Savin, Abrosimov, Mitin, Fedorovsky belongs to N.V. Repnin. There are 640 households in total and there are 1597 males and 1970 females in them. In the village, the churches of the Nativity of the Mother of God and the Apostle Matthew are wooden, and the master’s house is wooden, the land in the estate is 33,000 acres, of which 210 acres are under the building, 8,174 acres are under arable land, 1,856 acres are under haymaking, and 23,269 acres are under forest.

In Matveev, the Repnins had their own distillery, where there were two copper cubes in which 320 buckets of vodka were smoked a year. In the villages, the preparation of malt was developed, which was used for sale and for the preparation of beer and mash.

The main occupation of the peasants of the Matveevskaya patrimony was tillage. They sowed mainly rye, oats, barley, flax and, in small quantities, wheat. From vegetables grown only potatoes, onions, turnips. They were also engaged in animal husbandry, beekeeping, crafts. Of course, the forest was a special breadwinner for them. In addition to hunting prey, mushrooms, berries, firewood for heating the home, he also provided raw materials for crafts.

The economy at that time was natural, the peasants had to provide for themselves with everything: they wove linen for linen at home, coarse woolen fabrics for clothes; fur coats and sheepskin coats were made from sheepskin; supplying themselves with shoes, they wove bast shoes from linden bark and birch feet; felt boots rolled from wool; boots - from local leather; they made dishes from wood and clay; they themselves made household equipment for themselves: plows, harrows, pitchforks, rakes, carts, sledges, harnesses, etc. At rural fairs, you could buy everything from baskets and boxes to sledges. The largest and richest fair was held in the village in September, on the eve of the patronal feast of the Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos.

Since neither the loamy soils of the Matveyev district, nor the rather harsh features of the northern climate contributed to large crops in arable farming, the Matveyevites had to look for work on the side, that is, engage in seasonal work, mainly carpentry. Otkhodnichestvo has been developed here since ancient times, and the owners of the Repnina patrimony encouraged it, since otkhodniks paid dues in cash, even instead of their own recruits, they bought recruits from the side in order to keep their otkhodnik peasants. Matveevsky carpenters participated in the construction of Nizhny Novgorod, Tsarskoye Selo, Alexandrov, and St. Petersburg.

N. V. Repnin, due to his military and diplomatic employment, could not pay due attention to the Matveevsky estate. All matters here were decided by the clerks. Dues were increased from the peasants. The villagers, in order to make ends meet on their farms and pay off the master, increasingly went to work in the cities.

More and more, the burden of peasant work fell on the shoulders of women.

Volkonsky-Repniny

Nikolai Vasilievich Repnin gave the Matveevsky estate to his daughter Alexandra Nikolaevna, who married Prince G. S. Volkonsky. For significant services to the fatherland of the princes Repnin, the tsar decided to keep this surname, and “Repnin” was added to the surname “Volkonsky”. This couple Volkonsky-Repnin was the parents of the Decembrist S. G. Volkonsky. After the death of G. S. Volkonsky in 1824, the estate passed into the possession of his son Nikolai Grigoryevich Volkonsky, and after the death of Nikolai, his wife Varvara Alekseevna Razumovskaya took possession of the estate. Varvara Alekseevna gave the patrimony as a dowry to her daughter Elizaveta Nikolaevna, who married P.I. Krivtsov (brother of the Decembrist S.I. Krivtsov).

The second part of the patrimony, which was located across the Vokhtoma River and consisted of 117 souls, went as a dowry to another daughter of Varvara Alekseevna, Praskovya Nikolaevna, who married Golitsyn.

The Matveyevites have long since connected the two parts of the patrimony with the Barsky Bridge. The Volkonskys, along with Matveev, included the villages of Zakharovo, Rubtsovo, Gorodishche, Kunakovo, half of Babkin (the second was at Raevskaya), Zaitsevo, Grigorovo. Daria Repnina married Kolenberg.

Several villages from the Repnins were bought by the Chukhloma landowner AI Shipov, the prosecutor in St. Petersburg. Subsequently, he gave them as a dowry to his daughter, who married the leader of the Kostroma nobility S. F. Kupreyanov.

Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky

By the middle of the 18th century, almost the entire Matveevskaya volost was in the possession of Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky.

P. M. Volkonsky (1776 - 1852) - His Serene Highness Prince, dignitary, member of the State Council (1821), Field Marshal General (1843), participant in the Patriotic War of 1812. He was the quartermaster general of the army in 1810 - 1812, was the founder Petersburg Military School of Columnists. In 1813 - 1814. Volkonsky was the chief of the General Staff of Alexander I; from 1813 to 1823 headed the military administration, was a member of the Vienna Congress of 1814-1815.

Alexey Petrovich Repnin (Volkonsky)

After the death of Peter Mikhailovich, Alexei Petrovich took over the estate. By this time, the Repnin family had become impoverished. The palace, owned by the Repnins on the Fontanka, had to be sold and settled in Moscow on Ostozhenka. For the Repnins, who always boasted of their wealth and generosity, this was a terrible disaster. Poverty cut them off from the great world.

It was a heavy blow that they began to be treated like foreigners, the ministers addressed through a third person, colleagues “got sick” when it was necessary to go to the Repnins. Alexey Petrovich tried to comply with all the norms of the world, despite unpaid bills, debts to usurers, silver pledged in pawnshops, but the situation worsened.

Considerable damage to financial affairs was also caused by the fact that a fire broke out in their Matveevskaya patrimony. The village burned down many times. And in 1849 Matveyevo burned down completely. 10 newly built, new houses also burned down. The village had to be rebuilt.

In frustrated feelings, Alexey Petrovich more and more often opened the ebony box brought from the Turkish campaign. It contained 7 sheets with the Repnin family tree. He proudly told his son Nikolai that their family was older than the family of Ivan Kalita, that their ancestors were buried on Red Hill, next to the cathedral, where the kings were buried. He remembered the house church, performances, family silver, which had been collected for 30 years; palaces in Moscow and St. Petersburg (next to the Winter Palace); his workshop and a huge library with old scholarly books. “You must return the former glory of the Repnins. For this you have everything: mind, charm, the ability to see people, find the keys to their hearts, education. The Repnins have always served Russia, its greatness.”

Nicholas nevertheless became a diplomat. But - without foreign practice, without knowledge of a living language. I went to England, taking furs, vodka, silverware, dictionaries. I even had to sell some of the old icons, so much money was needed. And before my eyes the grandfather’s palace arose: the Green Hall, the Banquet Hall, the salon, the mirrors in gold frames, the marble of the fireplace, the mahogany cabinets, the study, the library, the gallery of ancestors ... And deeper and more painfully the sad feeling tormented the heart: not to return the former glory of the Repnins.

The same thoughts saddened his brother Ilya in Montenegro.

And Matveyevo lived its own difficult life. The peasants solved their everyday problems, built, married, gave birth to children, baptized them in their church, taught at it, buried their deceased loved ones.

By the time of ownership of the patrimony of Alexei Petrovich, there is a wonderful description of the relationship of the Matveev residents, the image and characteristics of their beliefs, reflecting their spiritual and moral state and attitude to church institutions, given in the “Characteristics of the parishioners of the Nativity-Bogoroditsky Church of the village of Matveev” [*]: “... Parishioners Churches are zealous, they go to church on Sundays and feast days in significant numbers, stand reverently during divine services, eagerly listen to the teachings that are delivered. On the deliberate days of public prayers of God, appointed during times of drought, calm, pestilence, etc., the whole family gathers from their homes to church and earnestly, with kneeling, pray to the Lord for mercy to be sent down ...

In general, parishioners are distinguished by meekness, unquestioning obedience to the authorities, respect for elders and obedience to parents. Disobedient children are expelled by their parents, not receiving anything from the common household, and never dare to be offended by them. Such actions of fathers towards children make the latter always be respectful to them ...

Many, especially elderly parishioners, come to confession or communion during all four fasts. Many widows and old women abstain for life from eating meat and fish food, intoxicating drinks, observe fasts on Mondays, and voluntarily take vows consisting of going to distant places to worship Holy relics or especially revered Christian Shrines...

The dominant vice among male parishioners is foul language... Prejudices are especially developed between women. They believe all sorts of slander, sorcerers (it is known that rogues take advantage of the stupidity of their neighbor with impunity), from whom they take some kind of lists, these lists are dipped in spring water and this water is poured over their little children.

Garlic and serpent heads are tied to the crosses in the hope that the talismans protect against corruption and the evil eye. They believe in devils - brownies, goblin, water. On Maundy Thursday, cows are called into the chimney so that they can go home in the summer. Little guys are sent to the forest until the sun so that the hens lay more eggs ...

In general, our parishioners have great sympathy for each other, although there is no noticeable feat of philanthropy between them.

During lean years, those who are sufficient supply the poor with grain bread without any interest, expecting payment for a year, two or more. Those who have burned out ... they bring timber to the construction site free of charge, logs and two each, without demanding any treats for this ... In summer, they help the low-powered in outdoor work, and in winter, when another owner decides to move his hut or yard, at his request, logs are brought free of charge from the place where they were prepared, although they were located seven or eight versts or more from the village. For the dead, a coffin is prepared free of charge, graves are dug, even if it happens at the most expensive time for work. The beggars who come here from different parishes always receive what they can… Kaliki passers-by, who sing songs from the Holy Books, Chet-Minei and other apocrypha, enjoy special sympathy.”

After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the situation of the poor peasants, who, naturally, made up the majority of the villagers, did not improve, and the owners of Matveev Repnina began to pay very little attention to their patrimony, although large tracts of land and forests belonged to them.

The Matveyevsky peasants could not even provide themselves with grain. More and more grain, cereals, flour began to be imported from Nizhny Novgorod, Cheboksary, Western Siberia ...

Trade and otkhodnichestvo, even under serfdom, allowed some enterprising Matveyevites to quickly redeem their personal freedom and allotment of land, open their shops, taverns, workshops, and mills on the river. For example: A.P. Tarakanov had a tar plant, I.I. Krylov - two mills, I.I. Smirnov - a grocery store ...

There is a written testimony of the local folk poet N.K. Malyutin, which characterizes the development of entrepreneurship in the village:

... There are three taverns for a hundred yards:
One - with the supply of wine;
One government apartment
Arrest house. Behind him is visible
Hospital, school and government.
But this list is not complete,
There was also a place...
Takeaway was sold here.
Then it opened
And it was called "monopolka".
Two or three grocery stores...

On a large scale in the village twice a year, on major holidays, usually on Epiphany (January 19) and on the Nativity of the Virgin (September 21), fairs were held, and the holidays themselves were celebrated in Russian generously, from the heart.

In the pay book for 1891, you can find out what payments the Matveev peasants had to make: state land tax, redemption payments, provincial and district zemstvo fees, fees for worldly volost expenses, for rural expenses, insurance fees, for the maintenance of schools.

Very poor by the beginning of the twentieth century. there were 29 households.

After the death of A.P. Repnin, the estate passed to his son Nikolai. Nikolai Petrovich, having taken up a diplomatic career, did not pay any attention to his possessions.

Otkhodniks, being witnesses in the cities, and sometimes participants in the revolutionary events of 1905-1907, returning home, they brought leaflets, revolutionary books with them, talked about strikes and about the revolution itself, about the execution of the Tsvetkov brothers in Nizhny Novgorod.

Information from 1907 in the Kologrivsky district indicates that in the village of Matveev at that time there were 129 houses, in which, according to the 1897 census, 598 people lived. Of these, 280 are male and 318 are female. There were 3 brick factories and 3 water mills in the village; there was a school, a market, a fair and a post station.

In the entire Matveevskaya volost, there were 43 settlements, 2 of which had the status of villages (Matveevo and Ilyinskoye), the rest were listed as villages and repairs. Carpentry was named as the predominant trade in the volost. According to statistics for 1907, the Matveevskaya volost included villages, villages and repairs: Abrosimov (Bolotovo), Artemyevsky, Babkino, Bakino, Bakharevo, Babarykino, Gerasimov cordon, Gorodishche, Grigorovo, Gorelets, Dalevsky (Koshkino), Dedovo (Martyanovo ), Ermakhino, Zhelnino, Zaitsevo, Zakharovo, Zyabletsovo, Ivanovskoye, Ilyinskoye, Kostylevo, Kunakovo, Kuzminsky, Matveyevo, Meledino, Mitkino, Michurino (Maximovo), Nikantsevo (Mikhalevo), Oskino, Oreshkovo, Poloma, Polushkino, Potupovo, Potapovsky, Ryabtsovo, Semyonov (Poloma), Sergeevo, Sidorov, Sozonov (Goryushkino), Telegino, Fedorov (Zarovnyaisky), Fomin (Valov).

In 1911, a monument to Tsar Alexander II was erected in the village. In honor of this event, a rally was held with the participation of many people.

Rally in the village of Matveevo in honor of the opening of the monument to Emperor Alexander II. Photo 1911

In 1914, the construction of a new building for the zemstvo hospital, which has been operating since 1910, and the school building began. An agreement on this construction with the Kologrivskaya Zemstvo Council was concluded by the carpenter's artel of Alexander Illarionovich Lastikov of 29 people.

In 1917, the Bolsheviks, who came to power, deprived the Repnins of their estates. The old linden trees in the garden near the dilapidated hospital building, built in 1914 on the territory of the manor's estate, still remind us of the former owners of the village, the princes Repnins. These are the remains of the linden alleys of the park that surrounded the large princely house. The Repnins' house itself burned down in 1921, when the volost government was already located in it. In its place, in 1923, a two-story building was built, which in subsequent years was given to the school. Due to some remoteness from the main school buildings, it was called “Kamchatka”.

There is still a pond near the former park, behind which the name “Barinov” has been firmly entrenched, and has survived to this day.

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[*] Reports of the clergy of the Nativity of the Theotokos Church p. Matveev presented to the Kostroma diocese in 1864.

Rank

Biography

The eldest of the grandchildren of Field Marshal Prince Anikita Ivanovich: son of Colonel Ivan Nikitich and Marfa Ivanovna, daughter of Prince Ya. I. Lobanov from marriage with the daughter of Princess E. P. Urusova.

This woman, so well-behaved and so fond of her husband, was inflamed with passion for Prince Peter Repnin and received a very noticeable disgust for her husband. She thought that she could not be happy without a confidante, and I seemed to her the most reliable person; she showed me all the letters she received from her lover; I kept her secret very faithfully, with petty precision and caution. She saw the prince in a very big secret.

Appointed minister plenipotentiary in Spain on July 4, 1760. Lieutenant General since August 17, 1760. January 23, 1763 recalled from Spain. From January 1, 1765 - chief of the ringmaster. He retired with the rank of general-in-chief on April 21, 1773. Member of the Masonic Lodge.

His house at the corner of Mokhovaya and Nikitskaya streets was purchased for Moscow University. During 1755-1769. was the owner of the Lipsky state iron factories, as well as the Borinsky and Kozminsky factories, which after five years of his management were recognized as unprofitable, and in 1769 they were taken back to the treasury. Repnin was paid compensation of 100 thousand rubles for them. In 1776 he was the owner of a paper mill.

According to a spiritual testament found in the papers of State Councilor Verderevsky in 1780, P.I. Repnin left his own house and up to one and a half thousand peasants in favor of his cousin, Prince Lobanov-Rostovsky. Catherine II, recognizing the will as a fake, referred the case to the College of Justice, which resolved the dispute in favor of another cousin, Prince N. V. Repnin. The latter refused the inheritance, leaving behind only the family estate.

Pyotr Ivanovich Repnin was married to Countess Marfa Ivanovna Golovkina (1707-79), daughter of Count Ivan Gavrilovich. There were no children in the marriage. The illegitimate son of Prince Repnin is the poet Ivan Pnin. It has been suggested that another illegitimate son was the artist Fyodor Rokotov.

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An excerpt characterizing Repnin, Pyotr Ivanovich

I informed him about it. Please inspire Leppich to pay careful attention to the place where he will descend for the first time, so as not to make a mistake and fall into the hands of the enemy. It is necessary that he consider his movements with the movements of the commander-in-chief.]
Returning home from Vorontsovo and driving along Bolotnaya Square, Pierre saw a crowd at the Execution Ground, stopped and got off the droshky. It was the execution of a French chef accused of espionage. The execution had just ended, and the executioner was untying a pitifully groaning fat man with red whiskers, blue stockings and a green jacket from the mare. Another criminal, thin and pale, was standing right there. Both, judging by their faces, were French. With a frightened, painful look, similar to that of a thin Frenchman, Pierre pushed his way through the crowd.
- What is it? Who? For what? he asked. But the attention of the crowd - officials, bourgeois, merchants, peasants, women in coats and fur coats - was so eagerly focused on what was happening at the Execution Ground that no one answered him. The fat man got up, frowning, shrugged his shoulders and, obviously wanting to express firmness, began to put on his doublet without looking around him; but suddenly his lips trembled, and he wept, angry with himself, as adult sanguine people weep. The crowd spoke loudly, as it seemed to Pierre, in order to drown out the feeling of pity in itself.
- Someone's cook is princely ...
“What, Monsieur, it’s clear that the Russian sauce was sour for the Frenchman ... he set his mouth on edge,” said the wrinkled clerk, who was standing next to Pierre, while the Frenchman began to cry. The clerk looked around him, apparently expecting an assessment of his joke. Some laughed, some fearfully continued to look at the executioner, who was undressing another.
Pierre sniffled through his nose, grimaced and, quickly turning around, went back to the droshky, without ceasing to mutter something to himself while he walked and sat down. As the journey progressed, he shuddered several times and cried out so loudly that the coachman asked him:
- What do you order?
– Where are you going? - Pierre shouted at the coachman, who was leaving for the Lubyanka.
“They ordered to the commander-in-chief,” answered the coachman.
- Fool! beast! Pierre shouted, which rarely happened to him, scolding his coachman. - I ordered home; and hurry up, fool. We still have to leave today, Pierre said to himself.
Pierre, at the sight of the punished Frenchman and the crowd surrounding Lobnoye Mesto, decided so completely that he could no longer stay in Moscow and was going to the army today that it seemed to him that he either told the coachman about it, or that the coachman himself should have known this. .
Arriving home, Pierre gave an order to his coachman Yevstafyevich, who knew everything, who knew everything, known throughout Moscow, that he was going to Mozhaisk at night to the army and that his riding horses were sent there. All this could not be done on the same day, and therefore, according to Yevstafyevich's idea, Pierre had to postpone his departure until another day in order to give time for the set-ups to leave for the road.
On the 24th it cleared up after bad weather, and on that day after dinner Pierre left Moscow. At night, changing horses in Perkhushkovo, Pierre learned that there had been a big battle that evening. It was said that here, in Perkhushkovo, the ground trembled from the shots. To Pierre's questions about who won, no one could give him an answer. (It was a battle on the 24th at Shevardin.) At dawn, Pierre drove up to Mozhaisk.
All the houses of Mozhaisk were occupied by the troops, and at the inn, where Pierre was met by his coachman and coachman, there was no room in the upper rooms: everything was full of officers.
In Mozhaisk and beyond Mozhaisk, troops stood and marched everywhere. Cossacks, foot soldiers, mounted soldiers, wagons, boxes, cannons could be seen from all sides. Pierre was in a hurry to move forward as soon as possible, and the farther he drove away from Moscow and the deeper he plunged into this sea of ​​\u200b\u200btroops, the more he was seized by the anxiety of anxiety and a new joyful feeling he had not yet experienced. It was a feeling similar to the one he experienced in the Sloboda Palace during the arrival of the sovereign - a feeling of the need to do something and sacrifice something. He now experienced a pleasant feeling of consciousness that everything that makes up the happiness of people, the conveniences of life, wealth, even life itself, is nonsense, which is pleasant to cast aside in comparison with something ... With what, Pierre could not give himself an account, and indeed he tried to make clear to himself for whom and for what he finds a special charm to sacrifice everything. He was not interested in what he wanted to sacrifice for, but the very sacrifice constituted for him a new joyful feeling.