See what "1960s" is in other dictionaries. USSR: what the Soviet people were proud of and what they were not told about Entered in 1960 after
And there have been many important events in the world. Here are some of them.
The world's population is 3 billion people.
In 1960, 17 African countries gained independence. Therefore, 1960 was named the Year of Africa.
Patrice Lumumba, the head of the government of the Belgian Congo, accused Belgium of aggression, broke off diplomatic relations with her and ordered the army to attack the Belgian troops.
In 1960, China experienced bad weather for the second year in a row, resulting in extremely poor harvests and famine in several provinces. There was also major flooding from the Yangtze River, which killed two million people.
At a meeting in the CPC Central Committee, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai and other party leaders proposed measures to overcome the consequences of the "Great Leap Forward" that brought the Chinese economy to the brink of disaster.
Relations with the USSR began to deteriorate.
The Central Committee of the CPSU invited Mao Zedong to visit the USSR "for recreation" in a letter. The invitation was not accepted.
A two-day conference of communist parties opened in Bucharest.
The Chinese Communist Party has declared its special position.
The central press organ of the Communist Party of China, the People's Daily newspaper, published an editorial openly criticizing the CPSU. Then a second critical article was published.
The General National Assembly of the People of Cuba declared its intention to establish diplomatic relations with all socialist countries.
In the presidential elections in South Korea, President Syngman Rhee was re-elected for a fourth term. On the same day, the Democratic Party of Korea accused the authorities of electoral fraud. Unrest began in the country. In April, Lee-Sung-man resigned. A month later he emigrated to the United States.
In Portugal, where the dictator Salazar ruled, communist prisoners led by the future leader of the Portuguese Communist Party, Alvaro Cunhal, escaped from Caxias prison.
In Turkey, the military that came to power announced an unprecedented purge of the army command. 235 generals and admirals were dismissed from the army, as a result of which only 20 generals and 1 admiral remained in service.
The military authorities of Turkey have arrested about 400 deputies of the Mejlis, members of the Democratic Party removed from power.
In Egypt, a solemn ceremony of laying the Aswan high-rise dam was held. In Moscow, a second agreement was signed on Soviet assistance in completing the construction of the Aswan Dam in Egypt.
In Baghdad (Iraq), a trial took place over the participants in the assassination attempt on President Abdel Kerim Qassem. 17 people were sentenced to death (among them Saddam Hussein - in absentia).
In Brazil, the official inauguration of the new capital - the city of Brasilia. On this day, all three branches of government of the republic simultaneously stopped working in the former capital of Rio de Janeiro.
In Buenos Aires (Argentina), the Israeli intelligence service "Mossad" tracked down and kidnapped the Nazi criminal Adolf Eichmann.
The United States launched a weather satellite into orbit.
In the United States, the first nuclear aircraft carrier, the Enterprise, was launched.
May 1 - an American U-2 reconnaissance aircraft was shot down in the Sverdlovsk region, the pilot - Francis Powers - was captured. Eisenhower refused to apologize for the incident, which served to continue the arms race.
In August - Military Collegium Supreme Court The USSR sentenced Francis Gary Powers to 10 years in prison with the first three years in prison.
On July 4, on Independence Day, the US flag changed from 48-star to 50-star, as Alaska and Hawaii became states.
In the USSR, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was abolished, its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Union republics.
The Law "On a new significant reduction in the Armed Forces of the USSR" (by 1,200,000 people) was adopted.
In the USSR, the first test of the R-7A intercontinental ballistic missile to the maximum range was carried out. Subsequently, the rocket was put into service.
The Peoples' Friendship University was established in the USSR. Subsequently, he was given the name of Patrice Lumumba.
A commemorative memorial was opened at the Piskarevsky cemetery in Leningrad.
In the USSR, the issue of the weekly "Abroad" with a review of the foreign press was resumed. I immediately began to write it down.
The ring road (MKAD) became the border of Moscow. Five cities were included in the territory of the capital - Tushino, Lyublino, Kuntsevo, Perovo and Babushkin.
In August, the first ever flight into orbit of living beings took place: in the USSR, the Sputnik-5 spacecraft was launched into orbit with the dogs Belka and Strelka on board. The ship returned safely to Earth the next day. It was the first successful flight of living beings.
At the XVII Summer Olympic Games in Rome, a sensational victory in the marathon was won by an unknown Ethiopian runner, Abebe Bikila, who ran barefoot.
August 16 - Joseph Kittinger (USA) sets a world skydiving record. He jumped from a height of 32 kilometers.
The Andrei Rublev Central Museum of Ancient Russian Culture and Art has opened in Moscow.
In May there was a series of earthquakes in Chile. The strongest shock had a magnitude of 9.5 - the maximum for the entire time of regular seismic observations.
Speaking at a session of the UN General Assembly, N.S. Khrushchev thumped the podium with his boot.
October 12 - The last locomotive-powered suburban train on the Moscow Railway departed from the platform of the Kazansky railway station.
October 24 - A catastrophe occurred at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. 92 people died. It was mentioned for the first time in 1989.
The Virgin Territory was formed in the Kazakh SSR.
In the USSR, the first batch of video recorders "Kadr" for professional activities was released.
In November, John F. Kennedy won the US presidential election.
The General Conference on Weights and Measures adopted the International System of Units (SI).
Under the leadership of J. Künzler, the superconducting material niobium-tin was discovered.
The American physicist Theodore Maiman demonstrated the operation of the first optical quantum generator - a laser, in which a ruby played the role of an active medium.
Alan Sandage and Thomas Matthews discovered the first quasar.
Pounda and Rebka performed an experiment that confirmed the existence of the gravitational redshift of photons, which is considered as a manifestation of gravitational time dilation, the effect general theory relativity.
Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh dived into the Mariana Trench in the Trieste bathyscaphe, setting an absolute diving depth record of 10,916 m.
To be continued.
This is a symbol of one's own person, a symbol of glory and power, action and ambition. A person with a birthday number of 1 never changes his course and does not try to jump far ahead at once, in a jerk, ahead of time. It reaches new heights only in a direct and progressive way.
Strength, individuality, creation. People of this number are born leaders. They are active, aggressive and ambitious, always striving to take first place, can be completely ruthless and capable of sacrificing everything for a career, including relationships with others. This is the number of winners and tyrants.
The lucky day of the week for number 1 is Sunday.
Planet - Sun.
Advice:
You should avoid selfishness and greed, self-will and self-will, be careful, balance your interests with the interests of other people so that they do not come into a conflict state, otherwise you can lose friends and make enemies.
A strong birthday number 1 promises a lot, it suggests high development if you follow its advice.
Important:
Sharply expressed "I", will, energy. The unit patronizes active, strong, innovative people - creators and leaders in all areas. People of the unit always radiate energy, generously give it to others, they cannot be overlooked even in the crowd. Among them are many artists, politicians and national heroes.
Love and sex:
When it comes to love and sex, these people have a lot of connections in early adulthood - it is often very difficult for them to stop at one partner. They are attracted to members of the opposite sex who are serious about life.
Such people are predominantly sexual. Unfortunately, sex for them is just a means to express their sexuality.
Many of them do not understand that marriage or other partnership involves a union of equals, not only in bed, but also outside. They are usually loving parents and are the head of the family. They are especially concerned about the preservation of the family as a dynasty.
Birth number for a woman
Birth number 1 for a woman Self-confident and with a strong character, such a woman herself chooses a man. She is persistent in achieving her goals. Strives to rule, but does not tolerate men who fulfill her every whim. She is stubborn and willful, but some men find pleasure in overcoming obstacles. He does not hide his emotions, but he craves the game. She likes to be active, and she does not lack ideas on how to make her personal life rich and varied. Despite the pronounced qualities of a leader, at times she feels loneliness, and she wants care and affection. Intellectual communication is just as important to her as physical intimacy. She is impulsive, often commits rash acts. He believes only in himself and hopes only for himself. She should be more flexible and lenient in dealing with men.Birth number for a man
Birth number 1 for a man Such a man is independent in relationships, energetic and assertive. It is of particular interest to women, because it is a type of active, purposeful, self-confident man. He is ambitious, brave, straightforward. You can rely on him in difficult times. Everything is ready to do for the object of his passion. Can fall in love recklessly, ignoring common sense. For him, the main thing is to express his strong feelings. It would be good for him to take into account that his chosen one is also an independent person with her own life and her own interests. He often ignores the opinion of his partner, decides everything himself. Life with him is interesting, but hectic. He is hot but outgoing. He loves attention to his person and praise. He likes to achieve, to conquer, to be generous. He can settle down, have children, but he will always be a slave to his own desires and motives.Birth number 7
Independent by nature, individualistic by nature, original by mind. They are not materialists, but more often than others, enjoy wealth and material goods; without trying especially to make money, they acquire them thanks to their mind and ingenuity. They can become famous writers, poets, artists, scientists. They go their own ways in all matters, instead of continuing the affairs and enterprises inherited by them.
Usually undergo many changes in life: they are attracted by the frequent change of environment, place of work and residence. They are fidgets and philanthropists. They devote themselves without a trace to public affairs and charity. Humane in everything. They have great intuition. Capture the mood of loved ones, anticipate the reaction in advance.
At the same time, they are changeable and restless, often hesitate and are rarely attached for a long time to one person in their youth and early youth. Constantly looking for security, constantly thinking about the future. Often, they repeatedly marry in search of the right and reliable life partner.
Sexually interesting - unexpected reactions, tenderness in dealing with partners. They like to change objects of sexual passion from time to time, which does not affect their permanent connections and affections. Those who are married to them should be more tolerant of all kinds of petty betrayals.
Their volatility and inconstancy can cause great trouble if a constant goal does not run through their life as a red thread. They need a strong anchor. They are looking for him in loved ones, who can prevent their incessant fluctuations, directing them in one direction.
Such people should restrain themselves in unreasonable betrayals, which can bring nothing but harm. The main thing: reasonableness and purpose.
There may be problems with the digestive organs, skin, nervous disorders.
Pythagorean square or psychomatrix
The qualities listed in the cells of the square can be strong, medium, weak or absent, it all depends on the number of digits in the cell.
Deciphering the Square of Pythagoras (cells of the square)
Character, willpower - 3
Energy, charisma - 1
Cognition, creativity - 0
Health, beauty - 1
Logic, intuition - 2
Diligence, skill - 1
Luck, luck - 1
Sense of duty - 1
Memory, mind - 1
Deciphering the Pythagorean Square (lines, columns and diagonals of the square)
The higher the value, the more pronounced the quality.
Self-assessment (column "1-2-3") - 4
Making money (column "4-5-6") - 4
Talent potential (column "7-8-9") - 3
Purposefulness (line "1-4-7") - 5
Family (line "2-5-8") - 4
Stability (line "3-6-9") - 2
Spiritual potential (diagonal "1-5-9") - 6
Temperament (diagonal "3-5-7") - 3
Chinese zodiac sign Rat
Every 2 years there is a change of the Element of the year (fire, earth, metal, water, wood). The Chinese astrological system divides years into active, stormy (Yang) and passive, calm (Yin).
You Rat elements Metal of the year Jan
Birth hours
24 hours correspond to the twelve signs of the Chinese zodiac. The sign of the Chinese horoscope of birth, corresponding to the time of birth, so it is very important to know the exact time of birth, it has a strong impact on the character of a person. It is argued that according to the birth horoscope, you can accurately find out the features of your character.
The most striking manifestation of the qualities of the hour of birth will take place if the symbol of the hour of birth coincides with the symbol of the year. For example, a person born in the year and hour of the Horse will show the maximum of the qualities prescribed for this sign.
- Rat - 23:00 - 01:00
- Bull - 1:00 - 3:00
- Tiger - 3:00 - 5:00
- Rabbit - 5:00 - 7:00
- Dragon - 7:00 - 9:00
- Snake – 09:00 – 11:00
- Horse – 11:00 – 13:00
- Goat – 13:00 – 15:00
- Monkey - 15:00 - 17:00
- Rooster - 17:00 - 19:00
- Dog – 19:00 – 21:00
- Pig - 21:00 - 23:00
European zodiac sign Taurus
Dates: 2013-04-21 -2013-05-20
The Four Elements and their Signs are distributed as follows: Fire(Aries, Leo and Sagittarius) Earth(Taurus, Virgo and Capricorn) Air(Gemini, Libra and Aquarius) and Water(Cancer, Scorpio and Pisces). Since the elements help to describe the main character traits of a person, by including them in our horoscope, they help to get a more complete picture of a particular person.
The features of this element are cold and dryness, metaphysical matter, strength and density. In the Zodiac, this element is represented by an earthly trine (triangle): Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn. The Earth trine is considered a materialistic trine. Principle: stability.
The earth creates forms, laws, gives concreteness, stability, stability. Earth structures, analyzes, classifies, creates a foundation. It has such qualities as inertia, confidence, practicality, reliability, patience, rigor. In the body, the Earth gives inhibition, petrification through contraction and compression, slows down the process of metabolism.
People whose horoscopes express the element of the Earth have a melancholy temperament. These are people of sober mind and prudence, very practical and businesslike. The goal of life for them is always real and achievable, and the path to this goal is already planned in their youth. If they deviate from their goal, then very little, and then more due to internal reasons than external ones. People of this trine achieve success thanks to such excellent character traits as perseverance, perseverance, endurance, endurance, determination, and steadfastness. They do not have such a fantasy and vivid, vivid imagination as the signs of the Water trine, they lack utopian ideas, like the signs of Fire, but they stubbornly go towards their goal and always achieve it. They choose the path of least external resistance, and when obstacles arise, they mobilize their strength and energy to overcome everything that prevents them from reaching their intended goal.
People of the elements of the Earth strive for the possession of matter. The creation of material values brings them true satisfaction, and the results of labor delight their soul. All the goals that they set for themselves, first of all, should bring them benefit and material gain. If most of the planets are in the trine of the Earth, such principles will apply to all areas of life, up to love and marriage.
People with a predominance of the elements of the Earth stand firmly on their feet, prefer stability, moderation, consistency. They love a sedentary lifestyle, attached to home, property and homeland. Periods of recovery and well-being are replaced by crises, which can be prolonged due to the inertia of the trigon of the Earth. It is this inertia that does not allow them to quickly switch to a new type of activity or relationship. This shows their limited ability to adapt to anyone and anything, with the exception of the sign of Virgo.
People with a pronounced element of the Earth usually choose a profession related to material values, money or business. Often they have "golden hands", they are excellent artisans, they can be successful in applied sciences and applied arts. They are patient, submissive to circumstances, sometimes take a wait-and-see attitude, while not forgetting about their daily bread. Everything is done with one goal - to improve their physical existence on earth. There will be care for the soul, but this is on a case-by-case basis. All of the above is easily achievable for them, provided that their energy does not go to such negative character traits as ultra-egoism, excessive prudence, self-interest and greed.
Taurus, Leo, Scorpio, Aquarius. A fixed cross is a cross of evolution, stability and stability, accumulation, concentration of development. He uses the experience of the past. It gives stability, hardness, strength, durability, stability. A person in whose horoscope the Sun, Moon or most of the personal planets are in fixed signs is distinguished by conservatism, inner calmness, steadfastness, perseverance, perseverance, patience, endurance, and prudence. He fiercely resists what they try to impose on him, and is able to rebuff anyone. Nothing irritates him so much as the need to change something, no matter what area of \u200b\u200blife it may concern. He loves certainty, consistency, requires guarantees of reliability in order to be protected from any surprise.
Although he does not have sharp impulses, ease in making decisions that are inherent in other signs, he is distinguished by constancy of opinions, stability in his habits and life positions. He is attached to his work, he can work tirelessly, "till you drop." He is also constant in his attachments to friends and relatives, firmly and steadfastly clings to someone or something, whether it be material value, social status, a faithful friend, a devoted like-minded person or a close and beloved person. The people of the fixed cross are faithful, devoted and reliable, they are the knights of the word. You can always rely on their promises. But it is worth deceiving them only once, and their trust is lost, maybe even forever. People of the fixed cross have strongly expressed desires, passions, they act only from their own motives and always rely on their own instincts. Their feelings, sympathies and antipathies are unshakable, unshakable. Adversity, failures and blows of fate do not bend them, and any obstacle only strengthens their perseverance and perseverance, as it gives them new strength to fight.
The main forming beginnings of Taurus are typical manifestations of the elements of the Earth. This is a female, "yin", sign, a sign of the manifestation of the vibration of the planet Venus. Taurus is depicted as the corresponding animal, firmly standing on the Earth. This is a bull, as if coming out of the earth, having a direct connection with it. The Earth gives Taurus strength, on the one hand, the ability to feel firmly standing on his feet, and on the other hand, the Earth, as it were, attracts Taurus, not allowing him to tear himself away from himself.
People born under the sign of Taurus are often excellent economists, planners, business executives, and sales workers. Among them, according to world statistics, most of all are ministers of agriculture, a lot of big bankers, financiers and even politicians. This is all due to the fact that in all matters they are guided by common sense, they are very earthly, practical, sometimes pragmatic people. If we talk about the negative qualities of Taurus that the Earth gives him, then this is, first of all, conservatism, the desire for stability. But, on the other hand, conservatism is necessary and useful in any serious business. Therefore, if Taurus in his desires shows exactly healthy conservatism, then this is perfectly reflected in the work in which he is engaged. The same conservatism helps Taurus to prove themselves as lawyers. Their desire to stick to the previously established order helps them to achieve great success both in society and in all areas in which they are involved.
It is necessary to emphasize one important nuance: Taurus then act effectively when they feel solid ground under them, that is, when they have a clear life platform in any form (a strong family, a solid position in society, large material savings, inheritance; as well as the accumulation of intellectual or energetic character). Taurus constantly save everything in order to function normally. This is necessary condition their lives. In itself, hoarding in Taurus is not a bad trait, not a good one, but a natural one. The assessment of "good" or "bad" appears when we begin to analyze how Taurus uses this accumulation. If he uses what he has accumulated for good deeds, for deeds connected with the evolution of people, large groups or the whole of humanity, that is good. If Taurus has become a grabber, then it cannot be worse.
A small child - Taurus will always save something, either candy wrappers, or pennies, or books, or stamps. Parents should be very attentive to these inclinations of children so that they do not turn into a quality that corrodes the essence of a person. Sometimes the constant need of Taurus to always have a foundation under their feet and a certain incentive comes to the ridiculous, then he cannot be guided in life by abstract concepts, philosophical concepts, and he definitely needs a clearly and clearly formulated task. By the way, Taurus learn with great difficulty, with great difficulty knowledge enters into them, but if the information has entered the head, then nothing can knock it out. Important for them and material incentives in activities and studies as well.
Hoarding is not a bad trait if it is channeled in the right direction. The highest quality of Taurus, the Earth is the desire for strength, for the accumulation of information. Taurus are very patient, they can get their way for a long time until they complete their program. This is a wonderful quality - perseverance, the ability to achieve a goal at all costs, when it is connected with constructive deeds, bringing good to people. That's what tall Taurus is up to. All Taurus is usually characterized by diligence, perseverance in achieving the goal. Taurus is also characterized by creative fertility. The most striking examples are Karl Marx, O. Balzac.
The unusual qualities of Taurus include its increased sensitivity. In his highest manifestations, in his sensitivity, he literally comes to mediumship, when he perceives the objects of the surrounding world literally as a medium on the astral level. Among Taurus we meet soothsayers, mediums, healers who know how to accumulate natural energy in themselves. If we talk about the lower manifestation of Taurus, then this is a grabber, a greedy man, from whom you cannot even beg for last year's snow. This is Plyushkin, who saves for the sake of accumulation. The influence of Taurus affects the human body: Taurus men, as a rule, are large, solid types that inspire authority, and Taurus women are one of the most beautiful: large beautiful eyes, slightly protruding with a droop, with unusual eyelashes curled up, upturned nose, on cheeks play irresistible dimples.
Among the countries, regions under the sign of Taurus, we note Ukraine. This is really the country of Taurus - strong, solid, loving to live beautifully, eat deliciously. Moscow is also under the sign of Taurus. Astrologers predict pleasant prospects for Moscow: Moscow in the future era will become one of the main spiritual centers. Among the capitalist countries is Switzerland, calm, neutral, with a huge number of banks.
Famous Taurus: Akunin, Agassi, Tony Blair, Banionis, Beckham, Balzac, Pierce Brosnan, Bulgakov, Gabin, Gauthier, Gainsborough, Hasek, Dante, Dali, Delacroix, Linda Evangelista, Roger Zelazny, Zhirinovsky, Enrique Iglesias, George Lucas, Lenin , Cromwell, Joe Cocker, Kirkorov, Kant, Marx, Nicholson, Okudzhava, Prokofiev, Henry Reznik, Masha Rasputina, Irina Saltykova, Tatiana Tolstaya, Uma Thurman, Larisa Udovichenko, Nikolai Fomenko, Barbara Streisand, Tchaikovsky, Rick Wakeman, Ella Fitzgerald, Freud, Yuri Shevchuk, Shakespeare, Shemyakin, Cher, Duke Ellington.
Watch a video:
Taurus | 13 signs of the zodiac | TV channel TV-3
The site provides concise information about the signs of the zodiac. Detailed information can be found on the respective websites.
Celebrities born on May 7th
- Vladimir Bortko
Russian film director, screenwriter and producer, People's Artist Russian Federation(2000), People's Artist of Ukraine (2003), laureate of the State Prize of the RSFSR for the television film Heart of a Dog (1990), holder of the Order of Honor (2006)
What do you remember about 1960?
Khrushchev taps his boot on the UN platform and promises to show Kuz'kin's mother to the imperialists. Dogs Belka and Strelka go on a space flight. The four construction workers drift for 49 days in the open ocean and become famous all over the world. On May 1, over the Urals, a Soviet missile shoots down the plane of the American spy Harry Powers. In the capital, the Moskva pool is being opened and the Taganskaya prison is being closed. Crime is fought by the forces of vigilantes, and parasites are fought by the whole world. . The city of Yaroslavl celebrates its 950th anniversary.
Private life takes its course. In the yards they dance to Maya Kristalinskaya and master new game- badminton. Children wear stockings and bras, women knit meningitis hats. In the cinema they watch "Nights of Cabiria" and "Babetta Goes to War". At Komsomol meetings, bearded men and transparent blouses are scolded. A new word "knock out" appears in the lexicon. It becomes fashionable to go hiking and work as a geologist. “Cool” is only contempt for parasites, and “blue” is the peaceful sky above your head.
And in this stream of private and historical, momentary and epochal, one more important event cannot be lost - your birth in 1960.
—After the fraternal help of Czechoslovakia in Poland, a decree was issued prohibiting swimming in the Bug, located on the Soviet-Polish border. After all, if anyone... After the fraternal help of Czechoslovakia in Poland, a decree was issued prohibiting swimming in the Bug, located on the Soviet-Polish border. After all, if someone drowns and calls for help, the Russians may come! Type: Chastushki
—AT kindergarten, while excavating the basement, a group of workers unearthed the skeleton. Whose do you think it was, mate? From children's little hands, he will bring up ... In the kindergarten, during the excavation of the basement, a group of workers unearthed the skeleton. Whose do you think it was, mate? The teacher died from children's hands.
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—Once upon a time there was a man, and he had a clock on the wall. During the day they were fine, but at night, while everyone was sleeping, they ticked faster and faster. Man… Once upon a time there was a man, and he had a clock on the wall. During the day they were fine, but at night, while everyone was sleeping, they ticked faster and faster. The man had nightmares all the time, and one day he died. On the day of his death, the clock stopped. During the examination, it turned out that the clock was enchanted and showed every minute of his life. The clock sent nightmares to him and thus killed him slowly and painfully. (CHECK YOUR WATCH IF YOU SEE IT SUSPICIOUS!!!)
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Ramon Mercader, who eliminated Trotsky, was awarded the Hero's star in the Kremlin Soviet Union personally by the head of the KGB Alexander Shelepin.
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Ramon Mercader (full name Jaime Ramon Mercader del Rio Hernandez) was born in Barcelona to a wealthy Spanish family. He was recruited by the NKVD of the USSR with the help of his mother, Maria Caridad, who was an agent of Soviet intelligence. Under the leadership of one of the leaders of Soviet intelligence, N.I. Eitingon, he prepared an attempt on the life of Leon Trotsky, who was expelled from the USSR in 1929, and in 1932 deprived of Soviet citizenship, who in 1938 initiated the creation of the "Fourth International" and was considered the leadership of the CPSU (b) the worst enemy of the USSR and Soviet power.
In September 1939, Ramon Mercader became close to Sylvia Ageloff, who was part of Trotsky's entourage. With her help, he met Trotsky, who liked him.
On August 20, 1940, Mercader arrived at Trotsky's Mexican villa on the pretext of showing him his article, and when he began to read it, he struck Trotsky on the head with an ice ax, from which he died the next day. After his arrest, Mercader, explaining his act as an act of retribution for a lone wrestler, refused to testify.
A Mexican court sentenced him to 20 years in prison. Ramon Mercader served his term in full, was released on May 6, 1960 and taken to Cuba, and then secretly transported by ship to the USSR.
After some time, he received documents in Moscow in the name of Ramon Ivanovich Lopez. The Soviet intelligence operation, codenamed "Duck", was finally completed. And the then chairman of the KGB of the USSR Alexander Shelepin introduced N.S. Khrushchev a petition for awarding Comrade Lopez the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. The fact that for all 20 years Ramon Ivanovich "kept secret his connection with the state security organs of the Soviet Union" was especially emphasized. A secret decree conferring a high rank on Lopez was signed by the then chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Council L.I. Brezhnev on May 31, 1960. By a special decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU, Ramon Ivanovich Lopez was enrolled in the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU as a senior researcher. He received a state dacha, a spacious apartment in Moscow, and then a solid pension. A few years later, in the early 70s, he was allowed to travel with his family to Cuba. There he advised Cuban comrades at the request of Fidel Castro. In the same place, in Cuba, Ramon Mercader died in October 1978. According to the last will of the deceased, his ashes were transported to Moscow. Here, at the Kuntsevo cemetery, is his grave. On the granite monument is his photograph with the star of the Hero and the inscription: “Lopez Ramon Ivanovich. 1913-1978". And just below is his real name: "Ramon Merkader del Rio".
On December 30, 1922, at the First All-Union Congress of Soviets, the heads of delegations signed the Treaty on the Formation of the USSR. Initially, only 4 union republics were part of the USSR: the RSFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, and at the time of the collapse of the Union in 1991, there were 15 union republics. Today, the truth of the achievements of this country seems debatable to many, given the price for these achievements I had to pay, but it is impossible to deny the fact that the era of the USSR became a time of global changes in all sectors of the country's life. Today, about the achievements of a great country and about what its citizens preferred not to talk about.
1920 - 1930s: electrification of the whole country and great construction projects
The main achievement of the Land of Soviets in the 1920s was the electrification of the country, the fight against homelessness and the elimination of illiteracy. For all Soviet citizens, medical care and education became free. A children's health camp "Artek" has opened in Crimea.
The 1930s went down in history as a time of great construction projects: the White Sea-Baltic Canal was built in record time, and units at the DneproGES were put into operation. The country has embarked on a course of industrialization. Developments of domestic scientists related to agriculture - combating drought, mechanization, chemicalization and increasing productivity have gained scope. A new direction of science begins to develop - nuclear physics.
It was during these years that the first Soviet films "Battleship Potemkin" by Sergei Eisenstein, "Circus" and "Merry Fellows" by Grigory Alexandrov were shot, Sholokhov wrote his novel "Quiet Flows the Don", for which he later received Nobel Prize on literature.
1920s - 1930s: the time of repression
The Bolsheviks began repressions against political opponents immediately after October revolution. But they continued into the 1930s. At that time, the fight against "wrecking", sabotage, political crimes, most of the cases in which were falsified, and the fight against the kulaks were widespread. In the period from August 1937 to November 1938 alone, 390,000 people were executed and 380,000 sent to the Gulags. This time went down in history as a time of repression against ethnic minorities, in particular Germans, Latvians, Poles, Romanians and Bulgarians.
The symbol of a happy childhood in the USSR is a smiling girl in the arms of Joseph Stalin. This is 6-year-old Gelya Markizova, who came to the Kremlin with her father, one of the leaders of the delegation from Buryat-Mongolia.
True, then no one could have imagined that in a year the girl would have to change her last name, and propaganda would give her face to the most famous pioneer of the country, Mamlakat Nakhangova. And all because Geli's father was called a spy for Japanese intelligence and shot, and she naturally became the daughter of an enemy of the people.
1940 - 1950s: victory over fascism and debunking the cult of personality
The 1940s were marked by a terrible war, a victory over fascism and the beginning of the restoration of the country. At this time, the best works of the Stalinist Empire were built in Moscow: a complex of high-rise buildings in different parts of the capital, called "7 Sisters" and new stations of the capital's metro. It was at this time that the Cold War and the arms race between the West and the USSR began. This prompted the creation of the best examples of Soviet military equipment.
On March 8, 1950, the USSR officially announced the presence of the atomic bomb, ending the American monopoly on the world's most destructive weapons. In 1953, the USSR also announced the successful test of a hydrogen bomb. In the period from 1954 to 1960, the virgin lands of Kazakhstan, the Urals, the Volga region, Siberia and the Far East were developed. In 1957, the Lenin nuclear icebreaker was launched. It was at this time that for the first time since 1908, Soviet scientists received several Nobel Prizes.
In 1956, Nikita Khrushchev spoke at the XX Congress of the CPSU with a report "On the cult of personality and its consequences", in which he debunked the cult of personality of the late "father of peoples". In 1961 Stalin's body was removed from the Mausoleum. Mass renaming began: Stalingrad became Volgograd, the capital of the Tajik SSR Stalinabad was renamed Dushanbe. Monuments to Stalin were dismantled everywhere, and many feature films were censored in order to get rid of the "obtrusive image".
During these years, the glory of Russian ballet thunders all over the planet, and one of the most significant events in cultural life is the tour of the Bolshoi Theater.
In 1958, the film "The Cranes Are Flying" by Mikhail Kalatozov received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival. And in the same year, Boris Pasternak was awarded for the novel Doctor Zhivago. True, the poet was forced to refuse the prize, and the novel was never published in the USSR.
1950s: the time of silence of failures
They preferred not to tell Soviet citizens about failures. So back in 1957, long before the Chernobyl accident, there was a larger-scale catastrophe associated with the proliferation of nuclear substances. The accident in Kyshtymsk left 11 thousand people homeless, about 270 thousand people were exposed to radioactive effects. For the first time, the tragedy was mentioned only in 1960, and its consequences became known only in the early 2000s.1960s - 1970s: leadership in space and hockey
The 1960s for the USSR became the time of leadership in the world of space technologies, which began with the flight into space of the first man, Yuri Gagarin. Even the spiteful critics of the USSR called this event "a genuine achievement of the Soviet era."
The 1960s are also the years of world recognition of the culture of the country of the Soviets. Mikhail Sholokhov receives the Nobel Prize in Literature. Violinist David Oistrakh not only collects concert halls around the world, but also becomes a member of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts in Boston, an honorary member of the National Academy of Santa Cecilia in Rome, a corresponding member of the Academy of Arts in Berlin, the Beethoven Society, the Swedish Academy of Music in Stockholm, an honorary doctor of music from the University of Cambridge and a holder of orders from a number of European countries. The names of Irina Arkhipova, Elena Obraztsova, Galina Vishnevskaya, Maya Plisetskaya, Tamara Sinyavskaya, Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova and Mikhail Baryshnikov are thundering on the world opera stage. Andrei Tarkovsky's film "Ivan's Childhood" at the Venice Film Festival receives the "Golden Lion".
In the period from 1970 to 1973, the world's first soft landings on Venus by the Soviet space stations Venera-7, Venera-8, Venera-9 and Venera-10 take place. The main Komsomol construction of the country begins - the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline (BAM). The 1970s were also a triumph for Soviet hockey.
In 1977, the right of citizens of the USSR to free education at all levels (from primary to higher) was secured by the 45th article of the Constitution.
1960s - 1970s: environmental disasters and the era of stagnation
Someone considers the Brezhnev era the "golden age", writing down factories built, growth statistics, factories built, brilliant films and other unsurpassed achievements at the expense of this time. The accusers of "stagnation" ascertain the failures in the supply of the population, the shortage of goods, the poor quality of products and the devastating environmental consequences of economic activity.
In particular, in the 1960s, due to irrigation, the Aral Sea, which at that time was the fourth largest lake in the world, began to dry up. From 1960 to 2007, its surface area of this reservoir decreased from 68.90 thousand km2. sq. up to 14.1 thousand km. sq.
The year 1977 was remembered by the citizens of the USSR for a series of terrorist attacks in Moscow. There were three explosions: in a Moscow metro car between the Izmailovskaya and Pervomaiskaya stations, in the trading floor of a grocery store on Bolshaya Lubyanka, and near a grocery store on Nikolskaya. As a result, 7 people died and 37 were injured. The main organizer and leader of the attacks was Stepan Zatikyan, an Armenian nationalist who was eager to "punish the Russians for the oppression of the Armenian people." Soviet dissidents, in particular A. D. Sakharov, opposed the death sentence imposed on him.
The period of the 1980s began with the Moscow Olympics. In 1981, the film "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" by Vladimir Menshov received an Oscar. It is known that later, Ronald Reagan, preparing for a meeting with Mikhail Gorbachev, watched this film 8 times, trying to "understand the mysterious Russian soul."
In the late 1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev entered the political arena. The spirit of freedom, perestroika and glasnost begins to soar in the country. Few could have imagined that the country had reached the finish line of its existence. On November 15, 1988, the Soviet spacecraft of the Buran reusable space transport system made its first and only flight, perhaps ending the era of achievements of the USSR.
