Determination of inventories. Accounting for inventories

The expansion of the rights of enterprises in the management of the economy, industry-specific features of production require alternative, and sometimes multivariate approaches in solving specific issues of methodology and technology for keeping records of production stocks.

Businesses now have a choice of different methods:

Organization of accounting for the procurement and acquisition of materials;
- reflection of the cost of materials remaining at the end of the month in transit or not taken out of the warehouses of suppliers;
- identifying deviations of the actual cost of material assets from accounting prices and their subsequent distribution between the materials used in production and their balances in warehouses.

Industrial stocks (raw materials, materials, fuel, etc.) are objects to which human labor is directed in order to obtain finished products. Unlike means of labor, which retain their form in the production process and gradually transfer value to the product, objects of labor are consumed in their entirety and completely transfer their value to this product and are replaced after each production cycle. In industry, the consumption of inventory items in production is gradually increasing. This is due to the expansion of production, a significant share of material costs and rising resource prices. In the context of the transition to a market economy, it is important to improve the quality indicators of the use of production reserves. The improvement of resource supply is facilitated by streamlining primary documentation, the widespread introduction of standard unified forms, increasing the level of mechanization and automation of accounting and computing work, ensuring a strict procedure for the acceptance, storage and consumption of raw materials, materials, components, etc., limiting the number of officials entitled signing documents for the issuance of especially scarce and expensive materials. To ensure the safety of inventories, proper acceptance, storage and release of valuables, it is important that the enterprise has a sufficient number of storage facilities equipped with weights and measuring instruments, measuring containers and other devices. It is also necessary to introduce effective forms of preliminary and current control over compliance with stock standards and the expenditure of material resources, to pay more attention to improving the reliability of operational accounting of the movement of semi-finished products, components, parts and assemblies in production. The data should contain information to find reserves to reduce the cost of production in terms of the rational use of materials, reduce consumption rates, ensure proper storage and preservation.

In this regard, the following tasks are faced with accounting for inventories:

Correct and timely documentary reflection of all operations for the procurement, receipt and release of materials; identification and reflection of the costs associated with their preparation; calculation and write-off of deviations by cost directions;
control over the safety of material assets in places of their storage and at all stages of movement;
constant monitoring of compliance with the installation standards of production stocks;
systematic control over the use of materials in production on the basis of reasonable norms for their consumption;
control over technological waste and losses and their use;
timely receipt of accurate information on the amount of savings or overspending of material resources in comparison with the established limits;
timely implementation of settlements with suppliers of material resources, control over valuables in transit, non-invoiced deliveries.

Classification of inventories

The main part of the inventory is used as objects of labor and in the production process. They are wholly consumed in every production cycle and fully transfer their value to the cost of their products.

Depending on the role played by various inventories in the production process, they are divided into the following groups:

1) raw materials and basic materials;
2) auxiliary materials;
3) purchased semi-finished products;
4) waste (return), fuel;
5) containers and packaging materials, spare parts;
6) inventory and household supplies.

Raw materials and basic materials- objects of labor from which the product is made and which form the material (material) basis of the product. Raw materials are the products of agriculture and the mining industry (grain, cotton, livestock, milk, etc.), and materials are products of the manufacturing industry (flour, fabric, sugar, etc.).

Auxiliary materials they are used to influence raw materials and basic materials, to give the product certain consumer properties, or to maintain and care for tools and facilitate the production process (spices in sausage production, lubricants, cleaning materials, etc.).

It should be borne in mind that the division of materials into basic and auxiliary is conditional and often depends only on the amount of material used for the production of various types of products.

Purchased semi-finished products- raw materials and materials that have passed certain stages of processing, but are not yet finished products. In the manufacture of products, they play the same role as the main materials, i.e. constitute their material basis.

Returnable production waste- the remains of raw materials and materials formed in the process of their processing into finished products, which have completely or partially lost the consumer properties of the original raw materials and materials (sawdust, shavings, etc.).

From the group of auxiliary materials, fuel, containers and packaging materials, spare parts are separately distinguished due to the peculiarity of their use.

Fuel subdivided into technological (for technological purposes), motor (fuel) and economic (for heating).

Containers and packaging materials- items used for packaging, transportation, storage of various materials and products (bags, boxes, boxes).

Spare parts are used to repair and replace worn parts of machines and equipment.

Inventory and household supplies- this is a part of the organization's inventory, used as a means of labor for no more than 12 months or a normal operating cycle if it exceeds 12 months (inventory, tools, etc.).

Besides, materials classify according to technical properties and are divided into groups: ferrous and non-ferrous metals, rolled products, pipes, etc.

These classifications of inventories are used to build synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as leaving a statistical report on the balances, receipts and consumption of raw materials and materials in production and operational activities.

The following synthetic accounts are used to account for the inventory:

10 "Materials" with the corresponding sub-accounts;
11 "Animals for cultivation and fattening";
15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets";
16 "Deviation in the value of material assets";
41 "Goods";
43 "Finished products".

Off-balance accounts:

002 "Commodity and material assets accepted for safekeeping";
003 "Materials accepted for processing";
004 "Goods accepted for commission";
Off-balance account "Special equipment transferred to operation".

The following sub-accounts can be opened for the “Materials” account:

1. "Raw materials and materials";
2. "Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts";
3. "Fuel";
4. "Containers and packaging materials";
5. "Spare parts";
6. "Other materials";
7. "Materials transferred for processing to the side";
8. "Building materials";
9. "Inventory and household supplies", etc.;
10. "Special equipment and special clothing in stock";
11. "Special equipment and special clothing in operation."

In small enterprises, all inventories can be accounted for on one synthetic account 10 "Materials".

Within each of the listed groups, material assets are divided into types, varieties, brands, sizes. Each name, variety, size is assigned a short numerical designation (nomenclature number) and recorded in a special register, which is called the nomenclature-price tag. The nomenclature-price tag also indicates a fixed accounting price and a unit of measure for materials.

PBU inventories

Inventories (IPZ) constitute a significant part of organizations. From January 1, 2002, their accounting must be carried out in accordance with PBU 5/01 "Accounting for inventories" (approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.01 N 44n). Inventories include: raw materials, materials, etc., used in the manufacture of products intended for sale, assets used for management needs, finished products intended for sale, as well as goods purchased or received from others legal or natural persons or intended for sale.

Low-value and wearing items, previously related to the MPZ, are not mentioned in PBU 5/01. Assets, the useful life of which exceeds 12 months, used in the production of products, in the performance of work (rendering services, for the management needs of the organization), refer to (clause 4 PBU 6/01 "Accounting for fixed assets", approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 30.03 .01 N 26n). And regardless of their initial cost.

The inventory accounting unit, in addition to the previously used item number, can be a batch, a homogeneous group, etc. In this case, the selected unit must ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about the reserves, as well as proper control over their presence and movement.

PBU 5/01 does not apply to:

Assets used in the production of products, performance of work or provision of services or for the management needs of the organization for a period exceeding 12 months or the normal operating cycle, if it exceeds 12 months;
- assets characterized as work in progress.

Accounting for inventories

In order to carry out the main activity, in addition to premises and equipment and other fixed assets, your company needs to have certain inventories.

Inventories (raw materials, materials, fuel, etc.), being objects of labor, provide, together with the means of labor and labor, the production process of an enterprise in which they are used once. Their cost is fully transferred to the newly created product.

The main tasks of accounting in this area:

Control over the safety of material assets in places of their storage and at all stages of processing;
correct and timely documentation of all operations on the movement of material assets; identification and reflection of the costs associated with their preparation; calculation of the actual cost of used materials and their balances by storage locations and balance sheet items;
systematic monitoring of compliance with established stock standards, identification of surplus and unused materials, their sale;
timely implementation of settlements with suppliers of materials, control over materials in transit, unbilled deliveries.

The previously indicated classifications of inventories are used to build synthetic and analytical accounting, as well as to compile a state statistical observation (report) on balances, receipts and consumption of raw materials and materials in production and operational activities.

Organization of inventory accounting

Accounting for inventories is regulated by the Regulation on accounting for inventories, approved by order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.01 No. 44n (hereinafter - PBU 5/01).

To successfully complete the tasks facing the accounting of materials, it is necessary:

Have a nomenclature - a price tag;
- establish a clear system of documentation and workflow;
- to carry out, in accordance with the established procedure, an inventory and control random checks of the remains of materials, to reflect their results in a timely manner.

Within each of the listed groups, inventories are divided into types, varieties, brands, sizes.

For the correct organization of accounting for materials at enterprises, a nomenclature-price tag is being developed.

Nomenclature - a systematized list of names of materials, semi-finished products, spare parts, fuel and other material assets used at a given enterprise. The nomenclature of material assets must contain the following data on each material: technically correct name (in accordance with all-Union standards - GOST); full description (brand, grade, size, unit of measurement, etc.); item number - a symbol that essentially replaces the listed features. If the nomenclature contains the accounting price of each type of material, then it is called the nomenclature-price tag.

Subsequently, when issuing each document on the movement of materials, it indicates not only the name of the material, but also its item number, which makes it possible to avoid errors when making entries in the warehouse and accounting records of materials.

Forms of primary documentation

Accounting for inventories is carried out on the basis of the following primary documents: a receipt order, a power of attorney, an act of acceptance of materials, a limit-fence card, requirements, an invoice for internal movement, an invoice for the release of materials, a warehouse accounting card for materials, a record of accounting for the balance of materials in the warehouse.

Unified primary accounting documents were approved by Decree of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation No. 71a "On approval of unified forms of primary accounting documentation for accounting for labor and its payment, fixed assets and materials, low-value and wearing items, work in capital construction."

Power of attorney(forms No. M-2 and No. M-2a) are used to formalize the right of a person to act as a trustee of an organization upon receipt of material assets released by a supplier under an order, invoice, contract, order, agreement.

Form No. M-2a is used by organizations from which the receipt of material assets by proxy is widespread. The issuance of these powers of attorney is recorded in a pre-numbered and laced register of issued powers of attorney.

Receipt order(Form No. M-4) is used to record materials coming from suppliers or from processing. A receipt order in one copy is drawn up by a financially responsible person on the day the valuables arrive at the warehouse. A receipt order must be issued for the actually accepted amount of valuables.

Material acceptance certificate(Form No. M-7) is used to register the acceptance of material assets that have a quantitative and qualitative discrepancy, as well as a discrepancy in assortment with the data of the supplier's accompanying documents; it is also compiled upon acceptance of materials received without documents; is a legal basis for filing a claim with the supplier, sender.

Limit-fence card(Form No. M-8) is used if there are limits on the release of materials for registering the release of materials systematically consumed in the manufacture of products, as well as for monitoring compliance with the established limits for the release of materials for production needs and is a supporting document for writing off material assets from the warehouse.

To reduce the number of primary documents, where appropriate, it is recommended to issue a release of materials directly in the material accounting cards (form No. M-17). In this case, expenditure documents for the release of materials are not issued, and the operation itself is carried out on the basis of limit cards issued in one copy, and accounting documents that do not matter. The vacation limit can also be specified in the card itself. Upon receipt of materials, the representative of the structural unit signs directly on the material accounting cards, and the storekeeper signs on the limit-fence card.

According to the limit-fence card, records of materials not used in production (return) are also kept. In this case, no additional documents are drawn up.

Overlimit supply of materials and replacement of some types of materials with others is allowed only with the permission of the head of the organization, the chief engineer or persons authorized to do so.

The change of the limit is made by the same persons who have been granted the right to establish it.

Requirement - invoice(form No. M-11) is used to account for the movement of material assets within the organization between structural divisions or materially responsible persons.

Invoice for goods issue per side(form No. M-15) is used to account for the release of material assets to the farms of its organization located outside its territory, or to third-party organizations, on the basis of contracts and other documents.

Material accounting card(form No. M-17) is used to record the movement of materials in the warehouse for each grade, type and size; is filled in for each item number of the material and maintained by the financially responsible person (storekeeper, warehouse manager). Entries in the card are kept on the basis of primary receipts and expenditures on the day of the operation.

Act on the posting of material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures(Form No. M-35), is used to register the posting of material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures suitable for use in the production of work.

Accounting card for low-value and wearing items(form No. MB-2) is used to account for low-value and wearing items issued under an employee for long-term use.

The act of disposal of low-value and wearing items(Form No. MB-4) is used to register the breakdown and loss of low-value and wearing items.

Disposal certificates are subsequently attached to the write-off certificates(Form No. MB-8).

Accounting sheet for the issuance of overalls, safety shoes and safety devices(form No. MB-7) is used to record the issuance of overalls, safety shoes and safety devices to employees for individual use. (Used for automated credential processing.)

Act on the write-off of low-value and wearing items(Form No. MB-8) is used to write off worn-out and unsuitable for further use low-value and wearing items.

Life cycle inventories at the enterprise consists of three stages: receipt - issuance to production - return from it.

In this regard, the following groups of accounting operations are distinguished in the accounting of inventories:

Receipt accounting
accounting for leave to production and return from it

Accounting for material resources at any production enterprise is assigned to a financially responsible person or a team of financially responsible persons. A financially responsible person can be either a warehouse manager or any other employee who has reached the age of 18, with whom a full contract has been concluded. The list of persons with whom it is possible to conclude an agreement on full liability and a standard agreement on full individual liability is approved by the Decree of the Ministry of Labor of the Russian Federation of December 31, 2002 N 85 “On approval of the lists of positions and works replaced or performed by employees with whom the employer can conclude written contracts on full individual or collective (team) liability, as well as standard forms of contracts on full liability.

If the number of employees of your enterprise is small and the range of inventories is small, you can not maintain full-time warehouse workers, and assign their functions of receiving and dispensing materials, ensuring the safety of industrial inventories to employees whose activities are directly related to the use of materials in the order of combination.

It is necessary to conclude an agreement on full liability with these employees. As materials are received, they are assigned to the financially responsible person.

You can choose for your company the balance or inventory method of accounting for inventories.

With the balance method of accounting in the warehouse, quantitative accounting of materials is carried out, and in accounting - cost accounting. The data of primary documents on the receipt and consumption of materials in the warehouse are entered into warehouse accounting cards, in which the balance of materials is calculated in physical terms. Then, on the basis of these documents, turnover sheets are compiled. At the end of the month, the balances from the cards are transferred to the balance books, the value of the balances is calculated and the totals are compared with the turnover sheets.

With the inventory method, at the beginning of each month, an inventory of the remaining materials in the warehouse is carried out by a materially responsible person with the participation of an accountant. Based on the results of the inventory, an act and a calculation are drawn up for writing off to the production costs of each of the types of materials consumed over a given period. This act and calculation, signed by the financially responsible person and the accountant and approved by the head of the enterprise, are the basis for entry in the accounting registers.

Inventory valuation

In accordance with PBU 5/01, inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The actual cost of inventories acquired for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, except for tax on and other refundable taxes (except as otherwise provided by law Russian Federation).

The actual costs of acquiring inventories can be:

Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);
amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
customs duties and other payments;
non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;
remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;
costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including expenses for;
other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

The actual cost of inventories during their manufacture by the organization is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the relevant types of products.

The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of inventories received by the organization free of charge is determined on the basis of them on the date of their acceptance for accounting.

The actual cost of inventories acquired under contracts providing for (payment) in non-monetary means is determined based on the cost of goods (values) transferred or to be transferred by the organization. The cost of goods (values) transferred or to be transferred is set on the basis of the price at which, in comparable circumstances, the organization usually determines the cost of similar goods (values).

The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and provided for by this Regulation.

Inventories, for which the price has decreased during the year or which have become obsolete or have partially lost their original quality, are reflected in the balance sheet at the end of the reporting year at the price of a possible sale, if it is lower than the initial cost of procurement (acquisition), with the difference in prices for the financial results of the organization.

In accordance with PBU 5/01, when inventories are released into production and otherwise disposed of, they are evaluated by the organization (goods accounted for at sale (retail) cost) using one of the following methods:

- at the average cost;
- at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);
- at the cost of the latest acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).

The application of one of the methods by type (group) of reserves is carried out during the reporting year.

Inventories used by the organization in a special way (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or stocks that cannot normally replace each other, can be valued at the cost of each unit of such stocks.

Inventories can be estimated by the organization at the average cost, which is determined for each type (group) of stocks as the quotient of dividing the total cost of the type (group) of stocks by their quantity, respectively, consisting of the cost and quantity of the balance at the beginning of the month and of the received stocks this month.

The cost of materials used is estimated by the formula:

P \u003d O n + P - O k, where

P is the cost of the materials used;
About n and About to - the cost of the initial and final balances of materials;
P - the cost of the materials received.

Valuation of inventories can be carried out at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method).

With the FIFO method (from the English "FIFO - first in - first out"), the rule contained in its English name: the first batch in the income - the first batch in the expense

Inventory valuation using the FIFO method is based on the assumption that material resources are used during a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. resources that are the first to enter production (in trade - for sale) should be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventories at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of material resources in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of selling products (works, services) takes into account the cost of early acquisitions.

Evaluation of inventories can be carried out by the organization at the cost of the last acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).

With the LIFO method (from the English "LIFO - last in - first out"), a different rule is applied: the last batch in income - the first batch in expense

Inventory valuation using the LIFO method is based on the assumption that the resources that are the first to enter production (sale) should be valued at the cost of the last ones in the acquisition sequence. When applying this method, the assessment of material resources that are in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of early acquisition, and the cost of selling products (works, services) takes into account the cost of late acquisition.

The organization can apply during the reporting year as an element of the accounting one method of evaluation for each individual type (group) of inventories.

Evaluation of inventories at the end of the reporting period (except for low-value and consumable items and goods accounted for at sale (retail) cost) is made depending on the accepted method for estimating inventories upon their disposal, that is, at the cost of each unit of inventory, average cost, cost first or last acquisitions.

Calculation by the method of average cost:

The cost of spent goods and materials 1218 = 200 + 1140/110 x100

Accounting for the movement of inventories

To account for the presence and movement of inventories, the following accounting accounts are used: 10 “Materials”, 14 “Reserves for the depreciation of material assets”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 16 “Deviations in the cost of material assets”, 41 “Goods” , 42 "Trading".

Account 10 "Materials" active has the following structure:

On account 10 "Materials" only materials belonging to the enterprise on the right of ownership, full economic management, operational management are taken into account. Materials that are in safekeeping are recorded on off-balance account 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping", raw materials and materials of customers accepted for processing, but not paid (tolling raw materials), are recorded on off-balance account 003 "Materials accepted for processing."

Accounting for materials is carried out according to sub-accounts: 10-1 "Raw materials and materials", 10-2 "Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures, parts", 10-3 "Fuel", 10-4 "Containers and packaging materials", 10-5 "Spare parts", 10-6 "Other materials", 10-7 "Materials transferred for processing to the side", 10-8 "Construction materials", 10-9 "Inventory and household supplies" and others by type of materials.

Materials are recorded on account 10 "Materials" at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or accounting prices. Analytical accounting on account 10 "Materials" is kept by the places of storage of materials and their individual names (types, varieties, sizes, etc.).

Depending on the accounting organization adopted by the enterprise, the receipt of materials can be reflected using accounts 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” and 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets”.

Account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" has the structure:

Account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" is intended to summarize information on the procurement and acquisition of material assets related to funds in circulation.

The debit of account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” includes the purchase cost of material assets for which the enterprise received settlement documents from suppliers. At the same time, entries are made in correspondence with accounts 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”, 20 “Main production”, 23 “Auxiliary production”, 71 “Settlements with accountable persons”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, etc. . depending on where these or those values ​​came from, and on the nature of the costs of procurement and delivery of materials to the enterprise.

The credit of account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets” in correspondence with account 10 “Materials” includes the cost of material assets actually received by the enterprise and credited.

The amount of the difference in the cost of acquired material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, is debited from account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" to account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets".

Account 16 "Deviations in the value of material assets" has the following structure:

Account 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" is intended to summarize information on differences in the cost of acquired material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices. This account is used by enterprises that record materials on account 10 "Materials" at accounting prices.

The amount of the difference in the cost of acquired material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement) and accounting prices, is written off to the debit or credit of account 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” from account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”.

Accumulated on account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" of the difference in the cost of acquired material assets, calculated in the actual cost of acquisition (procurement), and accounting prices are written off (reversed - with a negative difference) to the debit of the accounts of accounting for production costs (sales expenses) or other relevant accounts in proportion to the cost at accounting prices of materials used in production.

Analytical accounting on account 16 "Deviation in the value of material assets" is carried out for groups of material assets with approximately the same level of these deviations.

To account for value added tax attributable to inventories, subaccount 19-3 “Value added tax on acquired inventories” is applied:

Account 14 “Reserves for the decline in the value of material assets” is intended to summarize information on reserves for deviations in the cost of raw materials, materials, fuel and other valuables, determined in the accounting accounts, from the market value. The formation of a reserve is reflected in accounting on the credit of account 14 and the debit of account 91. At the beginning of the period following the period in which the reserve was formed, the reserved amount is restored by reverse entry: debit 14 and credit 91.

Analytical accounting on account 14 “Reserves for the depreciation of material assets” is kept for each reserve.

Inventory items purchased for sale are accounted for on active account 41 “Goods”:

Account 41 "Goods" is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of inventory items purchased as goods for sale. This account is mainly used by supply, marketing and trade enterprises, as well as public catering enterprises.

At industrial and other manufacturing enterprises, account 41 “Goods” is used in cases where any products, materials, products are purchased specifically for sale or when the cost of finished products purchased for assembly at industrial enterprises is not included in the cost of manufactured products, but is subject to reimbursed by buyers separately.

Supply, marketing, trading enterprises on account 41 "Goods" also take into account purchased containers and containers of their own production, except for inventory, which serves for production or economic needs and is accounted for on account 01 "Fixed assets".

Goods accepted for safekeeping are recorded on the off-balance account 002 "Inventory accepted for safekeeping". Goods accepted for commission are recorded on the off-balance account 004 "Goods accepted for commission".

In supply, marketing and trade enterprises, goods are accounted for on account 41 “Goods” at purchase or sale prices. When accounting in retail trade enterprises of goods at selling prices, the difference between the purchase price and the cost at selling prices (discounts, allowances) is reflected separately on account 42 “Trade margin”. The costs of procurement and delivery of goods are accounted for on account 44 "Sales costs".

To account 41 "Goods" sub-accounts can be opened:

41-1 "Goods in warehouses",
41-2 "Goods in retail trade",
41-3 "Containers under the goods and empty",
41-4 "Purchased products", etc.

Goods transferred for processing to other enterprises are not debited from account 41 "Goods", but are accounted separately.

Analytical accounting on account 41 "Goods" is carried out by responsible persons, names (grades, batches, bales), and, if necessary, by places of storage of goods.

Account 42 "Trade margin" is intended to summarize information on trade margins (discounts, discounts) for goods in retail trade enterprises, if they are recorded at sales prices.

At public catering enterprises, this account records the amounts of trade discounts and markups for food products and goods in pantries, buffets, in the kitchen, as well as the amount of markups added in the prescribed amount to the cost of kitchen and buffet products at sales prices.

Accounting for uninvoiced deliveries

Uninvoiced deliveries are considered deliveries for which material assets arrived at the enterprise without a payment document. They arrive at the warehouse, writing out the act of acceptance, which goes to the accounting department. Here, the materials according to the act are regarded at discount prices, recorded in the journal-order No. 6 as values ​​\u200b\u200breceived at the warehouse, in the same amount they are attributed to the group of materials and in. Uninvoiced deliveries are registered in the journal - order No. 6 at the end of the month (in column B "Account number" the letter H is put), when the possibility of receiving a payment document has disappeared. They are not subject to payment in the reporting month, since payment documents (which are not available) are the basis for payment by the bank. As payment requests for this delivery are received in the next month, they are accepted by the enterprise, paid by the bank and registered by the accounting department in the warrant journal No. 6 in the free line for the group of materials and in the "acceptance" column in the amount of the payment request, and for the line the previously recorded amount at discount prices is also reversed for the group and in the "acceptance" column. Settlements with suppliers, therefore, for this delivery will be completed.

The procedure for accounting for materials in transit

Materials in transit are such deliveries for which the company has accepted payment documents, but the materials have not yet arrived at the warehouse. Accepted payment documents are accepted for accounting, regardless of whether they are paid by the bank or not paid.

In the journal-order No. 6, payment documents are registered within a month in the column "For unarrived cargo" and in the column "acceptance". At the end of the month, the enterprise is obliged to accept these values ​​on the balance sheet, i.e. record by belonging to a group of materials (conditionally capitalize), but the beginning of the next month, the calculations for these deliveries will not be completed. Upon receipt of valuables, the accounting department will receive warehouse receipt orders, credit them to the warehouse and to the group (without acceptance, since it was already given at the time of receipt of payment requests, or maybe these invoices have already been paid) according to the registration line of this account in incomplete at the beginning of the calculation month. When closing order journal No. 6, at the end of the month, this delivery for the material group will be reversed as double-received.

Accounting for VAT on received inventories

Value added tax on received material assets is accounted for in accordance with the second part.

According to Art. 171. of the Tax Code, tax amounts presented to the taxpayer and paid by him upon the acquisition of goods (works, services) for the implementation of production activities or other operations recognized as objects of taxation or for the resale of purchased goods are subject to deductions.

According to Art. 172 tax deductions are granted subject to the following conditions:

Goods (works, services) are accepted for accounting;
goods (works, services) are paid for;
invoice issued.

If materials are used in the production of products (works, services), then the amount of VAT on these materials is attributed to:

Features of the purchase of materials for cash

Due to the fact that a sales tax has been introduced on the territory of Moscow, the Ministry of Taxes and Dues of the Russian Federation, in letter No. 11-14 / 17391, clarifies that the amounts of sales tax paid upon the acquisition of property are included in its cost and are charged to the cost of production ( works, services) or circulation in the event that the use of this property is associated with the process of production and sale.

Federal Law N 148-FZ "On Amendments and Additions to Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and Article 20 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Fundamentals of the Tax System in the Russian Federation" Chapter 27 "Sales Tax" of Part Two of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation becomes invalid from January 1, 2004.

Issue of inventories

When inventory is released (except for goods accounted for at sale value) into production and otherwise disposed of, their assessment is carried out in one of the following ways:

at an average cost;
at the cost of the first in time acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);
at the cost of the latest acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).

The application of one of these methods by group (type) of inventories is based on the assumption of the sequence of application of the accounting policy.

Inventories used by the organization in a special manner (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or stocks that cannot normally replace each other, can be valued at the cost of each unit of such stocks.

Evaluation of inventories at the average cost is made for each group (type) of stocks by dividing the total cost of the group (type) of stocks by their number, which are formed respectively from the cost and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and the stocks received during this month.

Estimation at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that inventories are used within a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. Inventories that are the first to be put into production (sales) must be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventory at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of inventories in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of goods, products, works, services sold takes into account the cost of early acquisitions.

Valuation at the cost of the last acquired inventories (LIFO method) is based on the assumption that the inventories that are the first to go into production (sale) should be valued at the cost of the last in the acquisition sequence. When applying this method, the assessment of inventories that are in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of early acquisitions, and the cost of goods, products, works, services sold takes into account the cost of late acquisitions.

For each group (type) of inventories during the reporting year, one assessment method is used.

Evaluation of inventories at the end of the reporting period (except for goods accounted for at sale value) is made depending on the accepted method of estimating inventories upon their disposal, i.e. at the cost of each unit of inventory, the average cost, the cost of the first or last acquisitions.

Inventory of inventories

Inventory assets (production stocks, finished products, goods, other stocks) are entered in the inventory for each individual item, indicating the type, group, quantity and other necessary data (article, grade, etc.).

Inventory surplus identified as a result of the inventory is reflected in the accounting of commercial organizations as non-operating income (account 10 “Materials” is debited, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is credited), and in non-profit organizations they are attributed to an increase in income.

When facts of shortages, damage to materials are revealed, their actual cost or part of it (in case of damage to materials) is debited from the credit of account 10 “Materials” to the debit of account 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables”.

From account 94, the cost of missing and damaged materials is written off to the accounts of production and distribution costs (if the losses are within the limits), to the debit of account 73 “Settlements with personnel for other operations”, subaccount “Calculations for compensation for material damage” (when specific perpetrators are identified) , to the debit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” (in the absence of specific perpetrators or if the recovery of missing or damaged valuables was refused by the court). In non-profit organizations, shortages in excess of the loss in the absence of perpetrators are attributed to increased costs.

The cost of materials lost as a result of natural disasters or other force majeure circumstances is debited from the credit of account 10 "Materials" to the debit of account 99 "Profit and loss". Materials used in the aftermath of natural disasters are also written off from account 10 to account 99.

Write-off of inventories to production

Situations often arise at enterprises when the same materials are purchased at different prices, from different suppliers, the amount of expenses included in the cost of inventories may also differ. This leads to the fact that the actual cost of different batches of the same materials may be different. Often, when writing off materials for production, it is impossible to determine exactly which batch these materials are from, especially with a large range of materials. Therefore, the organization must choose and fix in the accounting policy the method of writing off inventories to production.

Paragraph 16 of PBU 5/01 and paragraph 73 of the Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories established the following methods for estimating inventories during release into production and other disposal:

At the cost of each unit;
at an average cost;
according to the FIFO method (at the cost price of the first in time acquisition of materials);
according to the LIFO method (at the cost of the most recently acquired materials).

It should be noted that for accounting purposes, an organization may use different write-off methods for different groups of inventories.

Let's take a closer look at each of these methods.

Write-off of inventories at the cost of each unit

The method of writing off materials at the cost of each unit is convenient for use in cases where the organization uses a small range of materials in production and it is easy to track which batch the materials are written off from, and their prices remain fairly stable over a long period. In this case, accounting is kept for each batch of materials separately, and materials are written off exactly at the prices at which they are accepted for accounting.

In addition, this method should be used to evaluate the following types of EMI:

Materials that are used in a special manner - precious metals, precious stones, radioactive substances and other similar materials;
- Stocks that cannot normally substitute for each other.

Paragraph 74 of the Guidelines for Accounting for Inventories proposes two options for writing off materials at the price of each unit:

1) Unit cost includes all costs associated with the acquisition of these inventories. This method is used when it is possible to accurately determine the amounts of acquisition costs that relate to different materials.
2) A simplified method in which the unit cost includes only the cost of inventories at contract prices, and transportation and other costs associated with their acquisition are accounted for separately and written off in proportion to the cost of materials written off to production at contract prices. This method is used when it is impossible to determine exactly what proportion of the transportation and procurement costs relate to each specific batch of purchased materials.

At the beginning of the month, the organization had paint residues in the amount of 120 kg in the amount of 3,600 rubles at the actual cost.

Within a month, two batches of paint were purchased:

1) 150 kg, the cost of the batch is 3,200 rubles. Transportation costs amounted to 1000 rubles.
2) 200 kg, the cost of the batch is 5,600 rubles. Transportation costs amounted to 1000 rubles.

Accounting for materials is carried out with the inclusion of transport and procurement costs in the actual cost. For ease of calculation, all amounts are given without VAT.

The actual cost of paint is:

Balance at the beginning of the month: 3,600: 120 = 30-00 rubles.
First batch: (3,200 + 1,000): 150 = 28-00 rubles per 1 kg.
Second batch: (5,600 + 1,000): 200 = 33-00 rubles per 1 kg
During the month spent:

100 kg of paint from the balance at the beginning of the month;
90 kg of paint from the first batch;
120 kg of paint from the second batch.

The cost of the used paint is: 100 x 30-00 + 90 x 28-00 + 120 x 33-00 = 9,480 rubles

The main advantage of the inventory write-off method at the cost of each unit is that all materials are written off at their real cost without any deviations. However, this method is applicable only in cases where the organization uses a relatively small range of materials, when it is possible to determine exactly which materials are written off.

In those cases where it is impossible to accurately track which materials from which batch were released into production, it is advisable to use one of the three methods described below.

Inventory write-off at average cost

The method of writing off inventories at the average cost is as follows. For each type of material, the average unit cost is determined as the quotient of the total cost of these materials (the sum of the cost of materials at the beginning of the month and those received during the month) by the quantity of these materials (the sum of the balance at the beginning of the month and those received during the month).

The cost of materials written off to production is determined by multiplying their quantity by the average cost. The cost of the balance at the end of the month is determined by multiplying the amount of material on the balance by the average cost price. Thus, the average unit cost of materials can vary from month to month. The balance of inventory accounting accounts is reflected at the average cost.

At the beginning of the month, the rest of the fabric in the organization is 1,500 m, the average cost is 95 rubles per 1 m2. Within a month, the fabric arrived:

1st batch: 1,000m at a price of 89-50 rubles per 1m;
2nd batch: 500m at a price of 100 rubles per 1m;
3rd batch: 1,200m at a price of 80 rubles per 1m.
Within a month, 3,500 m of fabric were spent on the production.

The average cost of fabric is:

(1500 x 95 + 1000 x 89-50 + 500 x 100 + 1200 x 80): (1500 + 1000 + 500 + 1200) = 90 rubles. for 1m
The cost of the fabric written off for production is: 3,500 x 90-00 \u003d 315,000 rubles
Remaining fabric at the end of the month: (1,500 + 1,000 + 500 + 1,200) - 3,500 = 700 m
The cost of the rest of the fabric at the end of the month: 700 x 90-00 = 63,000 rubles

Write-off of inventories using the FIFO method

The FIFO method (from the English First In First Out) is also called the pipeline model. It is based on the assumption that materials are released into production in the order in which they are acquired. Materials from subsequent batches are not written off until the previous one is used up. With this method, materials put into production are valued at the actual cost of materials, the first by the time of purchase, and the balance of materials at the end of the month is valued at the cost of the last by the time of acquisition.

In the event that the first purchases of the batch are cheaper, and the subsequent ones are more expensive, the application of the FIFO method leads to the following results:

Materials are written off to production at a lower cost, respectively, the cost of production is lower and profit is higher.
- The balance of materials on account 10 is reflected at higher prices.
If the prices of materials tend to decrease, then, on the contrary, if the FIFO method is used, the profit will decrease.

The literature suggests two methods for determining the cost of materials written off to production using the FIFO method.

1) First, materials are written off at the cost of the first purchased lot, if the amount of written-off materials is more than this lot, the second one is written off, etc. The balance of materials is determined by subtracting the cost of materials written off from the total cost of materials received during the month (taking into account the balance at the beginning of the month).
2) The balance of materials at the end of the month is determined at the price of the last ones at the time of purchase. The cost of materials written off to production is determined by subtracting the value obtained from the total cost of materials received during the month (taking into account the balance at the beginning of the month).

During the month received:

The total cost of the received paint is: 120 x 40-00 + 80 x 45-00 + 100 x 50-00 \u003d 13,400-00 rubles

During the month, 270 cans of paint were written off for production, the balance at the end of the month is 130 cans.

1 option

In total, 270 cans of paint were written off, and first the balance at the beginning of the month (100 cans) was completely written off, then the first batch (120 cans) was written off. Since the total quantity is greater, the remaining quantity is written off from the second batch: 270 - (100 + 120) = 50 cans

The cost of the written-off paint is: 100 x 35-00 + 120 x 40-00 + 50 x 45-00 = 10,550-00 rubles
The average cost of one can of discarded paint is: 10,550-00 / 270 = 39-07 rubles
The cost of the remaining paint is: (3,500-00 + 13,400-00) - 10,550-00 = 6,350-00 rubles.
With this option, it is necessary to determine exactly which materials from which batches make up the balance at the end of the month, since they will be written off first in the next month.

The rest are:

From the second batch: 80 - 50 \u003d 30 cans in the amount of 30 x 45-00 \u003d 1,350-00 rubles;
The third batch remains at the end of the month in full: 100 x 50-00 = 5,000-00 rubles.

Option 2

The balance at the end of the month is 130 cans, and the third batch (100 cans) is listed in full on the balance, since this is not enough, 30 cans from the second batch are also included in the balance.

The cost of the balance at the end of the month is: 100 x 50-00 + 30 x 45-00 \u003d 6,350-00 rubles
The cost of the written-off paint is: (3,500-00 + 13,400-00) - 6,350-00 = 10,550-00.
The average cost of one can of discarded paint is: 10,550-00 / 270 = 39-07 rubles.

Thus, the cost of scrapped materials and the balance are the same when using both options. In the second option, it is enough to accurately determine which batches of materials make up the balance in the warehouse, and the cost of written-off materials is determined by calculation without necessarily attributing to a specific batch, while in the first option, it is necessary to determine exactly which batches the materials are written off and remain at the end month. This option becomes very time-consuming if material purchases are made quite often during the month.

Write-off of inventories using the LIFO method

The LIFO method (from the English Last In First Out) is also called the barrel model. It is based on the assumption that materials are released into production in the reverse order to the one in which they were purchased. Materials from previously purchased batches are not written off until the last one is used up. With this method, materials put into production are valued at the actual cost of the materials that were last in terms of the time of acquisition, and the balance of materials at the end of the month is valued at the cost of the first in terms of the time they were acquired.

In the event that the first purchase lots are cheaper, and the subsequent ones are more expensive, the application of the LIFO method leads to the following results:

Materials are written off to production at a higher cost, respectively, the cost of production is higher and profit is lower.
? The balance of materials on account 10 is reflected at lower prices.
If material prices tend to decrease, then, on the contrary, if the LIFO method is used, profit will decrease.

In the literature, two methods have been proposed for determining the cost of materials written off to production using the LIFO method.

1) First, materials are written off at the cost of the last purchased lot, if the amount of written-off materials is more than this lot, the previous one is written off, etc. The balance of materials is determined by subtracting the cost of materials written off from the total cost of materials received during the month (taking into account the balance at the beginning of the month).
2) The balance of materials at the end of the month is determined at the price of the first at the time of purchase. The cost of materials written off to production is determined by subtracting the value obtained from the total cost of materials received during the month (taking into account the balance at the beginning of the month).
Example

Let's use the conditions of the previous example.

At the beginning of the month, the remainder of the paint was 100 cans at a price of 35-00 rubles per can.

The balance at the beginning of the month is: 100 x 35-00 = 3,500 rubles

During the month received:

1 batch: 120 cans at a price of 40-00 rubles per can;
2 batch: 80 cans at a price of 45-00 rubles per can;
3 party: 100 cans at a price of 50-00 rubles per can.

The total cost of the received paint: 120 x 40-00 + 80 x 45-00 + 100 x 50-00 = 13,400-00 rubles. During the month, 270 cans of paint were written off for production, the balance at the end of the month is 130 cans.

1 option

In total, 270 cans of paint were written off, and first the third batch (100 cans) was completely written off, then the second batch (80 cans) was written off. Since the total quantity is higher, the remaining quantity is written off from the first batch: 270 - (100 + 80) = 90 cans

Cost of written-off paint: 100 x 50-00 + 80 x 45-00 + 90 x 40-00 = 12,200-00 rubles

The average cost of one can of discarded paint is: 12,200-00 / 270 = 45-19 rubles
The cost of the remaining paint is: (3,500-00 + 13,400-00) - 12,200-00 = 4,700-00 rubles.
With this option, it is necessary to accurately determine which materials from which batches make up the balance at the end of the month, since these data are needed for the correct assignment of materials to specific batches when writing off in subsequent months.

The rest are:

From the first batch: 120 - 90 \u003d 30 cans in the amount of 30 x 40-00 \u003d 1,200-00 rubles;
The paint, which made up the balance at the beginning of the month, is fully listed on the balance at the end of the month: 100 x 35-00 = 3,500-00 rubles.

Option 2

The balance at the end of the month is 130 cans, and the paint listed on the balance at the beginning of the month (100 cans) remains unused and at the end of the month, since this is not enough, 30 cans from the first batch are also included in the balance.

The cost of the balance at the end of the month is: 100 x 35-00 + 30 x 40-00 \u003d 4,700-00 rubles
The cost of the written-off paint is: (3,500-00 + 13,400-00) - 4,700-00 = 12,200-00.
The average cost of one can of discarded paint: 12,200-00 / 270 = 45-19 rubles.

Thus, under the LIFO method, the cost of written-off materials and the balance are also the same when using both options. In the second option, it is enough to accurately determine which batches of materials make up the balance in the warehouse, and the cost of written-off materials is determined by calculation without necessarily attributing to a specific batch, while in the first option, it is necessary to determine exactly which batches the materials are written off and remain at the end month. With frequent purchases of materials, the first option is inconvenient due to the complexity of the calculations

Comparison of different inventory write-off methods

When using the inventory write-off methods - at average cost, FIFO or LIFO - the calculated values ​​\u200b\u200bof the cost of written-off materials and balances at the end of the period differ from each other. This, in turn, affects the cost of production, the amount of profit. Therefore, when choosing a write-off method, you need to determine which criteria are the most important.

During the month received:

1 batch: 500 units at a price of 130-00 rubles per unit for a total amount of:

500 x 130-00 = 65,000-00 rubles;
2nd batch: 600 units at a price of 170-00 rubles per unit for a total amount of:

600 x 170-00 rubles = 102,000-00 rubles;
3rd batch: 200 units at a price of 180-00 rubles per unit for a total amount of:

200 x 180-00 = 36,000-00 rubles
The total number of materials (balance at the beginning of the month and received): 300 + 500 + 600 + 200 = 1,600 units.

Total cost of materials: 33,000-00 + 65,000-00 + 102,000-00 + 36,000-00 = 236,000-00 rubles

The average unit cost is: 236,000-00 / 1,600 = 147-50 rubles
The cost of written-off materials is: 1,200 x 147-50 \u003d 177,000-00 rubles
The balance at the end of the month is: 400 x 147-50 = 59,000-00 rubles
B) FIFO Method

Balance at the end of the month: 200 x 180-00 + 200 x 170-00 = 70,000-00 rubles
Cost of written-off materials: 236,000-00 - 70,000-00 = 166,000-00 rubles
The average cost of a unit of written-off materials: 166,000-00 / 1,200 = 138-33 rubles
The average cost of a unit of materials on the balance: 70,000-00 / 400 = 175-00 rubles
C) LIFO method

Balance at the end of the month: 300 x 110-00 + 100 x 130-00 = 46,000-00 rubles
Cost of written-off materials: 236,000-00 - 46,000-00 = 190,000-00 rubles
The average cost of a unit of written-off materials: 190,000-00 / 1,200 = 158-33 rubles
The average cost of a unit of materials on the balance: 46,000-00 / 400 = 115-00 rubles

Thus, we see that under the condition of a constant increase in prices for materials using the FIFO method, the cost of written-off materials is the lowest, and the cost of materials on the balance is maximum. In this case, the cost of production is lower and, accordingly, the profit from the sale of products is higher.

When using the LIFO method, the cost of decommissioned materials is maximum, while the cost of production increases and, accordingly, profit decreases. The cost of materials on the balance is less.

When using the average cost write-off method, the cost of scrapped materials, and therefore the cost of production, is less influenced by price fluctuations and can be kept at a fairly stable level.

From this we can draw the following conclusion: the LIFO method is convenient for minimizing income tax. The FIFO method for these purposes is the most disadvantageous, since in this case taxes increase. However, if the organization aims to maximize profits and, consequently, increase the amount of dividends paid, it is more convenient to use the FIFO method. In addition, this method provides more reliable data on the cost of materials written off and the cost of production, since in practice materials are usually written off in the order of receipt.

These conclusions hold true if material prices rise. If the prices of materials tend to decrease, then the FIFO method becomes more convenient for minimizing taxes, and the LIFO method is the least suitable for this purpose. The average cost method still gives average results.

To demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of various inventory write-off methods, we considered options in which material prices are either constantly rising or constantly decreasing. In practice, the prices of materials can both increase and decrease. In this case, the differences between the methods are not so obvious.

Let's change the conditions of the previous example.

At the beginning of the month, the balance of materials was 300 units at a price of 110-00 rubles per unit for a total amount of: 300 x 110-00 = 33,000-00 rubles.

During the month received:

1 batch: 500 units at a price of 170-00 rubles per unit for a total amount of:
500 x 170-00 = 85,000-00 rubles;

2nd batch: 600 units at a price of 180-00 rubles per unit for a total amount of:
600 x 180-00 rubles = 108,000-00 rubles;

3rd batch: 200 units at a price of 130-00 rubles per unit for a total amount of:
200 x 130-00 = 26,000-00 rubles
Total number of materials (balance at the beginning of the month and received):
300 + 500 + 600 + 200 = 1,600 units.

Total cost of materials: 33,000-00 + 85,000-00 + 108,000-00 + 26,000-00 = 252,000-00 rubles

During the month, 1,200 units were used.

Balance at the end of the month: 1,600 - 1,200 = 400 units.

A) The average cost method.

The average unit cost is: 252,000-00 / 1,600 = 157-50 rubles
The cost of written off materials is: 1,200 x 157-50 \u003d 189,000-00 rubles
The balance at the end of the month is: 400 x 157-50 = 63,000-00 rubles
B) FIFO Method

Balance at the end of the month: 200 x 130-00 + 200 x 180-00 = 62,000-00 rubles
Cost of written-off materials: 252,000-00 - 62,000-00 = 190,000-00 rubles
The average cost of a unit of written-off materials: 190,000-00 / 1,200 = 158-33 rubles
The average cost of a unit of materials on the balance: 62,000-00 / 400 = 155-00 rubles

C) LIFO method

Balance at the end of the month: 300 x 110-00 + 100 x 170-00 = 50,000-00 rubles
Cost of written-off materials: 252,000-00 - 50,000-00 = 202,000-00 rubles
The average cost of a unit of materials written off: 202,000-00 / 1,200 = 168-33 rubles
The average cost of a unit of materials on the balance: 50,000-00 / 400 = 125-00 rubles
Let's combine the results in a table.

As you can see, under the conditions of this example, all three methods give similar results, and when using the average cost and FIFO methods, the values ​​obtained are almost the same. Depending on price dynamics, there may be situations where the average cost and LIFO methods, or FIFO and LIFO, or all three methods will lead to the same results.

Basic postings for the write-off of raw materials and materials

Basic inventory postings

Documentation and operational accounting of the movement of inventories

Materials are stored in a warehouse under the responsibility of the storekeeper, with whom an agreement on full liability has been concluded.

In the warehouse of the buyer, the storekeeper checks, weighs and counts the received values. The storekeeper draws up a receipt order for the actual amount of materials received (single-line, multi-line).

If there is a shortage of material, an acceptance certificate is drawn up. A commission is formed to draw up the act. It should include a representative of the supplier, transport organizations or a third disinterested party.

In the event that a shortage is found due to the fault of the supplier or transport organization, this act is the basis for filing a claim.

Acceptance of valuables by the storekeeper can be carried out at the forwarder (an employee of this enterprise) or at the representative of the supplier. Beforehand, the forwarder is issued a power of attorney, according to which he receives the goods at the supplier's warehouse or from the transport organization.

Materials accepted by receipt orders or acts, the storekeeper reflects in the warehouse accounting card. The warehouse accounting card is a register of analytical inventory accounting. For each individual type, brand, standard size of the material, a separate card is created.

The card is issued by the accountant of the material department and transferred to the warehouse by the storekeeper. Entries in the card are made on the basis of primary documents. According to the valuables received, their number is reflected in the income column and the balance is displayed immediately on this line.

Materials stored in the warehouse are constantly released for production and other needs of the enterprise. Each vacation operation is necessarily recorded in the primary document.

There are two main types of expense documents: demand, limit-fence card.

The requirement is used to issue a one-time issue of materials, most often - auxiliary materials, as well as spare parts. Requirements can be single-line or multi-line. The requirements are written out by the workshop in two copies. Then they are checked in the supply department, in order to clarify the item number. In case of release, the storekeeper reflects the actually released quantity of goods in two copies of the requirement. One copy of the requirement remains with the storekeeper, and the other - with the representative of the workshop.

A limit-fence card is used for multiple releases of the same material within a month. It is issued by the planning department before the beginning of the month in two copies for the workshop and warehouse. Based on the production program, it defines the monthly limit for the release or collection of materials. Each vacation transaction is recorded in two copies of the card and the remaining limit is immediately noted. The convenience of limit-fence cards is that the number of issued consumable documents is reduced and the actual release of materials is controlled.

If various deviations occur during the release of materials (replacement of one material by another, over-limit release to eliminate accidents), then a “signal” requirement is issued with the visa of the chief engineer.

The issue of materials to the side in the order of implementation is reflected in the invoices that are issued by the sales department. The invoice is issued in three, four or five copies, two of which remain at this enterprise: one at the storekeeper, and the second at the checkpoint.

The warehouse accounting card is a register of analytical accounting of materials; it can be maintained by the storekeeper only in quantitative or quantitative terms. From the cards a card file is compiled, which is located in the warehouse of the storekeeper.

Every day or at the intervals established by the organization, the storekeeper submits to the accounting department for verification all primary documents that justify his actions with materials, as well as a register of documents.

At the end of the month, the storekeeper fills out the balance sheet, and for each type, standard size of materials (that is, for each item number), quantitative balances from inventory cards are entered into it.

The balance sheet is started for a year and is filled out once a month. If the warehouse keeps records in quantitative terms, then instead of the balance sheet, the storekeeper fills in the turnover sheet. The balance sheet is transferred to the accountant of the material department for control.

Audit of inventories

One of the most complex and voluminous areas of accounting and, consequently, audit is the accounting of inventories.

On April 23, 2004, the Russian Ministry of Finance approved the Methodological Recommendations for Collecting Audit Evidence on the Reliability of Inventory Indicators in .

The auditing rule (standard) “Study and evaluation of accounting and internal control systems during the audit”, approved by the Commission on Auditing Activities under the President of the Russian Federation, requires the auditor to study and evaluate the accounting and internal control systems of the audited organization.

The study of these systems occurs, as a rule, by visual acquaintance with documents and interviews of personnel involved in ensuring the functioning of the accounting system used by the audited economic entity. It is impossible to get acquainted with the totality of the document flow of a large enterprise. Typically, selective verification is used, with the main attention being paid to the internal control system. The better the internal control system is organized, the lower the risk of not detecting errors during random checks, the less time the auditor will spend on the quality of his work. However, if the audited organization does not have a separate internal control department, then often ordinary accounting employees do not have a clear idea of ​​​​the existing control.

If the share of inventories is more than 5% of the balance sheet asset, then you should be very careful about checking, since the cost of materials occupies a significant part in the cost of products. Often, the financial result of the entire enterprise directly depends on the solution of issues related to the purchase and delivery of materials. In addition, errors made in accounting lead to incorrect formation of the cost of finished products, to the distortion of the financial result, taxable profit. Therefore, it is important to identify all the features of synthetic and analytical accounting of materials at the audited enterprise. It should be noted that analytical information about the composition, cost, movement of materials used in production is important for ensuring control over their safety, as well as for making optimal management decisions.

According to the accounting of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise and the Instructions for its application, accounting of materials can be carried out in two ways:

At actual prices on account 10 "Materials";
- at planned accounting prices on account 10 using account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials".

If the contract provides for the transfer of ownership of the materials as they are paid for, then the received but unpaid valuables should be accounted for on the off-balance account 002 “Inventory accepted for safekeeping”. Similarly, unbilled deliveries of materials and materials in transit are taken into account.

To ensure the safety of materials, agreements on material liability (individual or collective) are concluded with employees, orders are issued on the appointment of materially responsible persons of the enterprise, inventories are carried out.

When starting to check materials, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the accounting policy of the enterprise, which should reflect the issues of the procedure for acquiring and preparing, evaluating materials when they are written off to production and distribution costs.

When determining turnovers and balances on account 10, it is necessary to compare the current balance and the balance for a number of previous reporting periods, i.e. identify the change in the balance of account 10 in dynamics, calculate the share of the balance of account 10 in the asset balance and also consider this indicator in dynamics.

In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 10 of the Federal Law of 21.11.1996. N 129-FZ "On Accounting" (as amended and supplemented), business transactions should be reflected in accounting registers in chronological order and grouped according to the corresponding accounting accounts.

By reviewing the inventory lists and collation sheets, they check the correctness of the reflection in the accounting of the results of the inventory.

In accordance with the Accounting Regulation "Accounting for inventories" (PBU 5/01), approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 09.06.2001. 44n, the actual cost of inventories acquired for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, excluding VAT and other reimbursable taxes.

Actual costs are:

Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);
- amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;
- customs duties and other payments;
- non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of inventories;
- remuneration paid to an intermediary organization,
- costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs.

Upon disposal of materials, their evaluation is carried out in one of the following ways:

At the cost of each unit;
- at the average cost;
- at the cost of the first in time acquisition of materials (FIFO);
- at the cost of the latest acquisition of materials (LIFO).

In an accounting policy order, different valuation methods may be used for different items of materials.

According to paragraph 82 of the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 29.07.1998. 34n, in the event of any disposal of property from the balance sheet of the organization (except for writing off to the cost of finished products), the loss or income is attributed to the financial results of a commercial organization or an increase in expenses (income) of a non-profit organization.

This loss does not reduce taxable income.

Account 28 "Defective in production" serves to summarize information about products that, due to the defects in it, cannot be used for their intended purpose. Losses from marriage are recognized as the costs that the company must incur to correct the marriage, the losses that it has incurred or will have to incur due to the inability to use the rejected products for their intended purpose. A special commission should be created at the enterprise, which, upon detection of a marriage, draws up an appropriate act, on the basis of which the accounting department makes the appropriate entries.

The amounts collected on the debit of account 28 are divided into reducing losses from marriage and written off to the cost price as losses from marriage. Losses from marriage may be reduced due to the possible use of defective products, amounts to be recovered from suppliers for the supply of poor-quality materials, as a result of which a marriage was allowed, subject to retention from the guilty persons, if any.

VAT on defective materials written off through account 28 for production and distribution costs is subject to reimbursement from the budget.

1. Existence. It is necessary to make sure that all the materials reflected in the reporting really exist.
2. Rights and obligations. It is necessary to make sure that the rights of the organization to the materials reflected in the reporting are documented and not limited by the rights of third parties.
3. Emergence. It is necessary to make sure that the transactions for the acquisition and disposal of materials reflected in the accounting took place during the reporting period.
4. Completeness. It is necessary to make sure that there are no materials that should have been reflected in accounting and reporting, but were not reflected in it.
5. Valuation. You need to make sure that:

Inventories are reflected in accounting and reporting in the correct assessment: at actual cost or at market value, if it is lower than actual cost;
- the method of assessing inventories when they are released into production or otherwise disposed of is applied in accordance with the accounting policy adopted by the organization.
6. Measurement. You must ensure that the acquisition and disposal of materials are accounted for in the correct valuation and in the correct reporting period.
7. Presentation and disclosure. You need to make sure that:

Materials are correctly classified in the reporting as raw materials, finished products, goods for resale;
- operations with materials are reflected in the accounting records in accordance with the regulations governing the accounting procedure in the Russian Federation;
- all material information about the materials is disclosed in the financial statements.

The collection of audit evidence is carried out by conducting audit procedures, which are carried out in three stages.

1st stage. Audit preparation and planning procedures.
2nd stage. Procedures to be followed during a substantive examination.
3rd stage. Final procedures (analysis of errors, formation of an opinion on the reliability of indicators).

Thus, the auditor must have sufficient knowledge, skills and abilities in accounting, in, to navigate the legislation. Having developed schemes for all accounting accounts, it seems appropriate to create a computerized system on their basis, using which the auditor can significantly reduce the time of verification and increase its quality.

inventories- assets used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale, as well as for the management needs of the organization.

Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost, which is formed from the acquisition costs.

To account for stocks, accounts 10 “Materials”, 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”, 16 “Deviation in the cost of material assets” are intended.

On account 10 "Materials" stocks are accounted for at the planned cost. After compiling the annual reporting cost estimate, the planned cost of materials is adjusted to the actual cost.

When accounting for materials at accounting prices the difference between the cost of valuables at these prices and the actual cost of acquiring (procuring) valuables is reflected on account 16 “Deviation in the cost of materials”.

The excess of the actual cost over the planned cost is reflected in the following posting:

Debit account 20 "Main production"

Account credit 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials."

Negative variances (actual cost is lower than planned) are reversed.

Organizations that procure stocks relating to funds in circulation, apply account 15 “Procurement and acquisition of material assets”.

1. Reflected the purchase price of inventory:

Credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".

2. The cost of actually received and credited stocks is reflected:

Debit of account 10 "Materials" Credit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material values".

3. A positive amount of the difference between the actual cost and the book price is reflected:

Debit account 16 "Deviations in the value of material assets"

Credit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets."

4. The negative amount of the difference between the actual cost and the book price is reflected:

Debit account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets"

Credit of account 16 "Deviations in the value of material assets."

Write-off of inventories to production is carried out by one of the following methods:

- at the cost of each unit;

- at an average cost. Evaluation of inventories is carried out for each group (type) of inventories by dividing the total cost of the group (type) of inventories by their quantity, which is made up of the cost and quantity of the balance at the beginning of the month and the inventory received during this month;

- at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method). Inventories that are the first to be put into production (sales) must be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventory at the beginning of the month.

- at the cost of the latest acquisition of inventories (LIFO method).

The write-off of the cost of inventories is reflected in the entry:

Debit of account 20 “Main production” (25 “General production expenses”, 26 “General expenses”, 44 “Sales expenses”)

Account credit 10 "Materials".

In accounting, postings on account 10 (Materials) play an important role. The cost of production and the final result of any type of activity - profit or loss - depend on how correctly and timely they were credited and written off. In this article, we will look at the main aspects of material accounting and posting on them.

The concept of materials and raw materials in accounting

These nomenclature groups include assets that can be used as semi-finished products, raw materials, components and other types of inventory for the production of products and services, or used for the own needs of an organization or enterprise.

Purposes of material accounting

• Control of their safety
• Reflection in accounting of all business transactions for the movement of goods and materials (for cost planning and management and financial accounting)
• Formation of the cost (materials, services, products).
• Control of standard stocks (to ensure a continuous cycle of work)
• Revealing
• Analysis of the effectiveness of the use of MPZ.

Sub-accounts 10 accounts

PBUs establish a list of certain accounting accounts in the Chart of Accounts, which should be used to account for materials in accordance with their classification and nomenclature groups.

Depending on the specifics of the activity (budgetary organization, manufacturing enterprise, trade, and others) and accounting policies, the accounts may be different.

The main account is 10, to which you can open the following sub-accounts:

Sub-accounts to 10 account	Name of material assets	Comment
10.01	Raw materials
10.02	Semi-finished products, components, parts and structures (purchased)	For the production of products, services and own needs
10.03	Fuel, lubricants
10.04
10.05	Spare parts
10.06	Other materials (for example:)	For production purposes
10.07, 10.08, 10.09, 10.10	Materials for recycling (on the side), Building materials, Household, inventory,

The chart of accounts classifies materials by item groups and the way they are included in a certain cost group (construction, production of their own products, maintenance of auxiliary industries and others, the table shows the most used ones).

Correspondence on account 10

The debit of 10 accounts in the transactions corresponds to the production and auxiliary accounts (for credit):

• 25 (general production)

In order to write off materials, they also choose their own method in the accounting policy. There are three of them:

• at an average cost;
• at the cost of inventory;
• FIFO.

Materials are released into production or for general business needs. Situations are also possible when surpluses, and marriage, loss or shortage are written off.

Example of posting on account 10

The Alpha organization bought 270 sheets of iron from Omega. The cost of materials amounted to 255,690 rubles. (VAT 18% - 39,004 rubles). Subsequently, 125 sheets were released into production at an average cost, 3 more were damaged and written off as scrap (write-off at actual cost within the limits of natural loss).

Cost formula:

Average cost = ((Value of the balance of materials at the beginning of the month + Cost of materials received during the month) / (Number of materials at the beginning of the month + Number of materials received)) x number of units issued to production

Average cost in our example = (216686/270) x 125 = 100318

Let's reflect this cost in our example:

Account Dt	Account Kt	Wiring Description	Posting amount	A document base
60.01	51	Paid materials	255 690	bank statement
10.01	60.01	to the warehouse from the supplier	216 686	Invoice claim
19.03	60.01	VAT included	39 004	Packing list
68.02	19.03	VAT accepted for deduction	39 004	Invoice
20.01	10.01	Posting: materials released from warehouse to production	100 318	Invoice claim
94	10.01	Write-off of the cost of damaged sheets	2408	write-off act
20.01	94	The cost of damaged sheets is written off to production costs.	2408	Accounting information

6. The actual cost of inventories purchased for a fee is the amount of the organization's actual costs for the acquisition, except for value added tax and other refundable taxes (except for cases provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation).

The actual costs of acquiring inventories include:

Amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);

amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

customs duties;

Non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

Fees paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;

The costs of procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, the cost of procurement and delivery of inventories; the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage unit of the organization, the costs of transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); accrued prior to the accounting of inventories, interest on borrowed funds, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories;

the costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes. These costs include the costs of the organization for processing, sorting, packing and improving the technical characteristics of the received stocks, not related to the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services;

Other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

General business and other similar expenses are not included in the actual costs of acquiring inventories, except when they are directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

(see text in previous edition)

7. The actual cost of inventories in their manufacture by the organization itself is determined based on the actual costs associated with the production of these inventories. Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the relevant types of products.

8. The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (reserve) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

9. The actual cost of inventories received by the organization under a donation agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

For the purposes of this Regulation, the current market value means the amount of money that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets.

10. The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is recognized as the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. Assets transferred or to be transferred by an entity are valued at the price at which the entity would normally charge similar assets in comparable circumstances.

If it is impossible to establish the value of the assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the cost of inventories received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary funds is determined based on the price at which similar inventories are acquired in comparable circumstances.

11. The actual cost of inventories, determined in accordance with paragraphs 8 and these Regulations, also includes the organization's actual costs for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use, listed in paragraph 6 of these Regulations.

12. The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

13. An organization carrying out trading activities may include the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to central warehouses (bases), incurred before they are transferred for sale, to be included in the cost of sale.

Goods purchased by an entity for sale are valued at their acquisition cost. An organization engaged in retail trade is allowed to evaluate the purchased goods at the selling price with a separate allowance for markups (discounts).

13.1. An organization that has the right to apply simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, can evaluate acquired inventories at the supplier's price. At the same time, other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories are included in the cost of ordinary activities in the full amount in the period in which they were incurred.

13.2. A micro-enterprise that has the right to apply simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may recognize the cost of raw materials, materials, goods, other costs for the production and preparation for sale of products and goods as part of the costs of ordinary activities in the full amount of as they are acquired (implemented).

Another organization that has the right to apply simplified accounting methods, including simplified accounting (financial) statements, may recognize these costs as expenses for ordinary activities in the full amount, provided that the nature of the activity of such an organization does not imply the presence of significant balances of material and production stocks. At the same time, significant balances of inventories are considered to be such balances, information about the presence of which in the financial statements of the organization is able to influence the decisions of users of the financial statements of this organization.

1.4. General concept of primary accounting

1.5. Documents as carriers of primary accounting information

Topic 3. Inventory, its essence and control value. Cost measurement methods and types of estimates in accounting

Dt 10, 50, 43, 41 Kt 99.

Dt 94 "Shortages and losses from damage to valuables."

Dt 20, 44 Kt 10, 43, 41.

Dt 70 Kt 73;

Dt 50 Kt 73.

1.2. Evaluation of the property complex in accounting

Topic 4. Forms and organization of accounting. Principles and International Accounting Standards.

1.2. Principles and International Accounting Standards.

Topic 5. Users of accounting information in a market economy. Accounting policy

1.1. Users of accounting information in a market economy

Users of accounting information

1.2. Accounting policy

Section 2. Fundamentals of financial and management accounting

Topic 6. Accounting for the organization's own capital. Accounting for fixed assets and nma

1.1. Accounting for the organization's own capital

1.2. Accounting for fixed assets of the organization

1.3. Accounting for intangible assets of the organization

Topic 7. Accounting for cash and settlements, financial investments. Accounting for MP reserves

1.1. Accounting for cash transactions and cash documents

1.2. Accounting for transactions on settlement, currency and other accounts in the bank

1.3. Accounting for settlements with debtors and creditors

1.4. Payroll accounting

1.5. Accounting for inventories

Topic 8. Cost accounting for the production of products (works, services) and methods for calculating their cost

1.1. The concept of costs, costs, prime cost.

1.2. Methods of cost accounting (calculation)

1.4. Accounting for the costs of auxiliary production

1.5. Accounting for overhead and general business expenses

Topic 9. Accounting for the sale of finished products (works, services). Accounting for financial results and use of profits. Financial statements

1.1. Accounting for finished products and their implementation

1. According to the actual production cost.

2. At accounting prices (normative and planned cost).

1.2. Accounting for financial results and use of profits.

1.3. Financial statements

Topic 10. Tasks and principles of organization of management accounting. Comparative characteristics of financial and management accounting.

1.2. Functions and principles of management accounting

1.1. The concept of management accounting, its purpose and objectives

1.2. Functions and principles of management accounting

1.3. Comparative characteristics of financial and management accounting

Topic 11. Fundamentals of building management accounting in the enterprise. The main methods of calculating the cost of production in the management accounting system. Price policy

1.1. Organization of management accounting at the enterprise

1.1. Organization of management accounting at the enterprise

One-round version of the integrated management accounting system

Two-circular version of the integrated management accounting system

1.2. Methods for calculating the cost of production in the management accounting system

1. According to the method of estimating costs, cost accounting methods can be:

2. According to the completeness of the inclusion of costs in the cost of production, cost accounting methods can be:

Custom costing method

The line-by-line method of costing

Process method of cost accounting

Normative method of calculation

Method "standard-cost"

Direct costing method

Profits and Losses Report

1.3. Price policy

Section 1. Financial and economic analysis

Topic 12. Theoretical foundations of financial analysis. Content and types of financial analysis

1.1. Economic essence, purpose and significance of financial analysis in modern conditions

Types of financial analysis

Topic 13. Subject and method of financial analysis. Information support and methods of economic and financial analysis

1. Standard techniques (methods) for analyzing financial statements:

2. Economic and mathematical methods:

3. Traditional methods of economic statistics:

4. Methods of economic multivariate analysis.

1.2. Information support and methods of economic and financial analysis

Topic 14. Analysis of assets and liabilities. Analysis of receivables and payables

1.1. Analysis of the organization's assets, assessment of their structure and turnover

1.2. Analysis of the organization's capital flow

Topic 15. Horizontal and vertical analysis of the company's balance sheet. General assessment of the financial condition of the organization according to the balance sheet

1.2. System of indicators characterizing the financial condition of the enterprise

Topic 16. Cost analysis

1.2. Factor analysis of the cost of production.

1.3. Features of the analysis of direct, fixed and variable costs

Topic 17. Analysis of financial stability, business activity, profit and profitability of the organization

1.2. Business Activity Assessment

1.4. Profitability analysis

1.1. Financial stability analysis

1.2.Evaluation of business activity

1.3. Analysis of the formation and use of enterprise profits

1.4. Profitability analysis

Topic 18. Analysis of liquidity and solvency, methods for assessing the probability of bankruptcy

1.1. Liquidity and solvency analysis

1.2. Methods for assessing the probability of bankruptcy

Bibliography

1.5. Accounting for inventories

Assets are accepted for accounting as inventories (PBU 5/01, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation dated 09.06.2001 No. 44n):

intended for sale;

The main accounting accounts used are No. 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, 41, 43, 45.

Finished products are part of inventories intended for sale (the end result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (picking), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law).

Goods are part of inventories purchased or received from other legal entities or individuals and are held for sale.

The accounting unit of inventories is chosen by the organization independently in such a way as to ensure the formation of complete and reliable information about these reserves, as well as proper control over their presence and movement. Depending on the nature of inventories, the procedure for their acquisition and use, a unit of inventories may be an item number, a batch, a homogeneous group, etc.

inventories accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The following assets are accepted for accounting as inventories:

used as raw materials, materials, etc. in the production of products intended for sale (performance of work, provision of services);

intended for sale;

used for the management needs of the organization.

Finished products is a part of inventories intended for sale (the end result of the production cycle, assets completed by processing (picking), the technical and qualitative characteristics of which comply with the terms of the contract or the requirements of other documents, in cases established by law).

Products are part of inventories acquired or received from other legal entities or individuals and held for sale.

Valuation of inventories. Inventories are accepted for accounting at actual cost.

The actual cost of inventories acquired for a fee is the sum of the organization's actual costs of acquisition, excluding value added tax and other reimbursable taxes. The actual costs of acquiring inventories include:

amounts paid in accordance with the contract to the supplier (seller);

amounts paid to organizations for information and consulting services related to the acquisition of inventories;

customs duties;

non-refundable taxes paid in connection with the acquisition of a unit of inventory;

remuneration paid to an intermediary organization through which inventories are acquired;

costs for the procurement and delivery of inventories to the place of their use, including insurance costs. These costs include, in particular, the cost of procurement and delivery of inventories; the costs of maintaining the procurement and storage unit of the organization, the costs of transport services for the delivery of inventories to the place of their use, if they are not included in the price of inventories established by the contract; accrued interest on loans provided by suppliers (commercial loan); accrued prior to the accounting of inventories, interest on borrowed funds, if they are involved in the acquisition of these inventories;

the costs of bringing inventories to a state in which they are suitable for use for the planned purposes. These costs include the costs of the organization for processing, sorting, packing and improving the technical characteristics of the received stocks, not related to the production of products, the performance of work and the provision of services;

other costs directly related to the acquisition of inventories.

Accounting and formation of costs for the production of inventories is carried out by the organization in the manner established for determining the cost of the relevant types of products.

The actual cost of inventories contributed as a contribution to the authorized (share) capital of the organization is determined based on their monetary value agreed by the founders (participants) of the organization, unless otherwise provided by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The actual cost of inventories received by the organization under a donation agreement or free of charge, as well as those remaining from the disposal of fixed assets and other property, is determined based on their current market value as of the date of acceptance for accounting.

The current market value is understood as the amount of cash that can be received as a result of the sale of these assets.

The actual cost of inventories received under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary means is the cost of assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization. Assets transferred or to be transferred by an entity are valued at the price at which the entity would normally charge similar assets in comparable circumstances.

If it is impossible to establish the value of the assets transferred or to be transferred by the organization, the cost of inventories received by the organization under contracts providing for the fulfillment of obligations (payment) in non-monetary funds is determined based on the price at which similar inventories are acquired in comparable circumstances.

The actual cost of inventories, determined in accordance with paragraphs 8, 9 and 10 of PBU 5/01, also includes the organization's actual costs for the delivery of inventories and bringing them into a condition suitable for use.

The actual cost of inventories, in which they are accepted for accounting, is not subject to change, except in cases established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

An organization engaged in trading activities may include the costs of procurement and delivery of goods to central warehouses (bases), incurred before they are transferred for sale, to be included in the cost of sale.

Goods purchased by an entity for sale are valued at their acquisition cost. An organization engaged in retail trade is allowed to evaluate the purchased goods at the selling price with a separate allowance for markups (discounts).

Release of inventories. When inventories are released (except for goods accounted for at sale value) into production or otherwise disposed of, they are assessed in one of the following ways:

at the cost of each unit;

at an average cost;

at the cost of the first acquisition of inventories (FIFO method);

The use of one of these methods for a group (type) of inventories is based on the assumption of the sequence of application of the accounting policy.

Inventories used by the organization in a special way (precious metals, precious stones, etc.), or stocks that cannot normally replace each other, can be valued at the cost of each unit of such stocks.

Valuation of inventories at average cost is made for each group (type) of stocks by dividing the total cost of the group (type) of stocks by their number, which are formed respectively from the cost and the amount of the balance at the beginning of the month and the stocks received during this month.

Estimation at cost of the first in time acquisition of inventories (FIFO method) is based on the assumption that inventories are used during a month and another period in the sequence of their acquisition (receipt), i.e. Inventories that are the first to be put into production (sales) must be valued at the cost of the first acquisitions, taking into account the cost of inventory at the beginning of the month. When applying this method, the assessment of inventories in stock (in stock) at the end of the month is made at the actual cost of the latest acquisitions, and the cost of goods, products, works, services sold takes into account the cost of early acquisitions.

For each group (type) of inventories during the reporting year, one assessment method is used.

Evaluation of inventories at the end of the reporting period (except for goods accounted for at sale value) is made depending on the accepted method of estimating inventories upon their disposal, i.e. at the cost of each unit of inventory, the average cost, the cost of the first time acquisitions.

Materials are recorded on account 10 "Materials" at the actual cost of their acquisition (procurement) or accounting prices.

To account 10 "Materials" sub-accounts can be opened:

10-1 "Raw materials and supplies";

10-2 "Purchased semi-finished products and components, structures and parts";

10-3 "Fuel";

10-4 "Containers and packaging materials";

10-5 "Spare parts";

10-6 "Other materials";

10-7 "Materials transferred for processing to the side";

10-8 "Building materials";

10-9 "Inventory and household supplies";

10-10 "Special equipment and special clothing in stock";

10-11 "Special equipment and special clothing in operation", etc.

When accounting for materials at accounting prices (planned cost of acquisition (procurement), average purchase prices, etc.), the difference between the cost of valuables at these prices and the actual cost of acquiring (procuring) valuables is reflected in account 16 "Deviation in the cost of materials".

Depending on the accounting policy adopted by the organization, the receipt of materials can be reflected using accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets" or without using them.

If the organization uses accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets", on the basis of the settlement documents of suppliers received by the organization, an entry is made on the debit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and the credit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 20 "Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", etc. depending on where these or those values ​​came from, and on the nature of the costs of procurement and delivery of materials to the organization. At the same time, the entry on the debit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and the credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" is made regardless of when the materials arrived at the organization - before or after receipt of the supplier's settlement documents.

The posting of materials actually received by the organization is reflected in the debit entry of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of account 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets".

If the organization does not use accounts 15 "Procurement and acquisition of material assets" and 16 "Deviation in the cost of material assets", the posting of materials is reflected by an entry in the debit of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of accounts 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", 20 " Main production", 23 "Auxiliary production", 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors", etc. depending on where these or those values ​​came from, and on the nature of the costs of procurement and delivery of materials to the organization. At the same time, materials are accepted for accounting regardless of when they were received - before or after receipt of the supplier's settlement documents.

The cost of materials remaining on the way at the end of the month or not taken out of the suppliers' warehouses at the end of the month is reflected in the debit of account 10 "Materials" and the credit of account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors" (without posting these values ​​to the warehouse).

The actual consumption of materials in production or for other business purposes is reflected in the credit of account 10 "Materials" in correspondence with the accounts of production costs (sales expenses) or other relevant accounts.

Upon disposal of materials (sale, write-off, transfer free of charge, etc.), their value is written off to the debit of account 91 "Other income and expenses".