Oral speech does not involve. Speech: classification of speech, types and styles of speech

Not just translation, but various functions -----------

Business Conversation

Impersonal Personal

Distracted Direct

Their features in construction and means

Expanded construction Collapsed character,

because there is a general situation

Requires systematic Allows omission of individual

logical connected components

presentation

Limited expressive means Numerous

italic gestures

paragraph facial expressions

punctuation marks, intonation,

emphasis, etc.

The types of written and spoken speech differ significantly less

from each other than written speech from oral speech in general.

letter spoken

message conversation

scientific treatise report

lecture notes

speech.

Introduction.

Speech is an integral part of people’s social existence, a necessary condition for existence human society. Speech is used in the process of joint work to coordinate efforts, plan work, check and evaluate its results. Speech is a necessary condition cognitive activity person. Thanks to speech (language), a person assimilates, acquires knowledge and transmits it. Speech is a means of influencing consciousness, developing a worldview, norms of behavior, and shaping tastes. In this function, speech is used to influence the views and beliefs of people, change their attitude towards certain facts and phenomena of reality, and persuade them to actions and deeds. Speech is a means of satisfying a person’s personal needs for communication, for joining a certain group of people. A person, being a social being by nature, cannot live without communication with other people: he must consult, share thoughts, experiences, empathize, seek understanding, etc. In general, speech is fundamental in the development of human personality.

Among various kinds of human affairs, actions, and activities, there is also the so-called speech activity. In speech activity, a person produces and perceives information converted into text. There are four types of speech activity. Two of them are involved in the production of text (transmission of information) - speaking and writing; two - in the perception of the text, the information contained in it - this is listening and reading. Speech activity of all types is a complex process in which special psychological and speech mechanisms are involved.

The most important achievement of man, which allowed him to use universal human experience, both past and present, was speech communication, which developed on the basis of work activity.

Types of communication:

1. According to the position of the communicants in space and time, communication is distinguished contact – distant

The concept of contact communication is obvious: the interlocutors are close to each other. Contact communication is based on the situation, gestures, facial expressions and intonation signals. Here everything is in plain sight, much is clear at a glance, and often facial expressions, eye expressions, gestures, phrase stress, intonation in general say more than words.

Types of distant communication include all those situations where communicants are separated by space and time. This can be a conversation on the phone, while the interlocutors are at a distance, but connected at the same time. Distant communication in time and space in letters (and in general using any recorded text).

2. Communication is distinguished by the presence or absence of any mediating “apparatus” direct – indirect

The concept of direct communication associated with contact is obvious - this is a regular conversation, conversation, report, etc. Types of mediated communication include telephone conversations, writing, and the transmission of information through the media and works of art.

3. From the point of view of the form of existence of language, communication is distinguished

oral - written

Text, spoken or written, has its own characteristics. Oral communication, as a rule, is associated with signs of contact and immediacy, and written communication with signs of distance and indirectness. More than one is embodied in the written text complex shapes thinking, reflected in more complex linguistic forms. It is here that there are various kinds of isolated phrases, including participles and participles, rows of homogeneous members, and structural parallelism. Written text requires thought and is subject to more stringent rules of lexical and grammatical selection. Finally, he finds himself fixed. Oral communication does not allow text processing, except for clarifications and reservations. The written text may be returned and, if necessary, revised by the author.

Types of speech activity and their features .

In psychology, there are two main types of speech: external and internal. External speech contains oral (dialogue and monologue) and written. Dialogue is direct communication between two or more people.

Dialogical speech is supported speech; the interlocutor asks clarifying questions during the conversation, giving remarks that can help complete the thought (or reorient it). A type of dialogic communication is a conversation in which the dialogue has a thematic focus.

Monologue speech is a long, consistent, coherent presentation of a system of thoughts, a system of knowledge by one person. It also develops in the process of communication, but the nature of communication here is different: the monologue is uninterrupted, therefore the speaker has an active, expressive, facial and gestural influence. In monologue speech, compared to dialogical speech, the semantic side changes most significantly. Monologue speech is coherent, contextual. Its content must, first of all, satisfy the requirements of consistency and evidence in presentation. Another condition, inextricably linked with the first, is the grammatically correct construction of sentences.

A monologue does not tolerate incorrect construction of phrases. It places a number of demands on the tempo and sound of speech.

The substantive side of the monologue must be combined with the expressive side. Expressiveness is created both by linguistic means (the ability to use a word, phrase, syntactic construction that most accurately convey the speaker’s intention) and by non-linguistic ones communication means(intonation, a system of pauses, division of the pronunciation of a word or several words, which in oral speech performs the function of a kind of emphasis, facial expressions and gestures).

Written speech is a type of monologue speech. It is more detailed than oral monologue speech. This is due to the fact that written speech presupposes the absence of feedback from the interlocutor. In addition, written speech does not have any additional means of influencing the perceiver, except for the words themselves, their order and punctuation marks that organize the sentence.

Interaction between spoken and written language .

It is known that there is much in common between oral and written speech: basically the same vocabulary is used, the same ways of connecting words and sentences. It is characteristic that at the level of 1200 most common words, there are no fundamental differences between the colloquial and literary-book lists of words.

Both forms of speech are “connected by thousands of transitions into each other” (Bukhalovsky L.A. Course of the Russian literary language. - Kyiv, 1952. - T.1. - P.410). Psychologists explain this organic connection between oral and written speech by the fact that both forms of speech are also based on inner speech, in which thoughts begin to form. Sometimes oral speech is characterized as “sounding, pronounced, audible.” However, not every spoken and audible speech can be classified as oral speech. The fact is that oral speech can be written down (on paper), and written speech can be spoken. Thus, when reading aloud or reciting a text by heart, a person perceives spoken speech, but the written form in these cases was primary, so this form of speech is reproduced aloud with its inherent lexical and grammatical features. And although when a written text is pronounced aloud, it may acquire some features of oral speech (its intonation coloring, rhythm, etc.), this sounding speech is not oral in the full sense of the word.

Genuine oral speech is created at the moment of speaking. According to V.G. Kostomarov, oral speech is spoken speech, which presupposes the presence of verbal improvisation, which always takes place in the speaking process - to a greater or lesser extent.

In our time, oral speech “has not only surpassed written speech in terms of the possibilities of actual dissemination, but has also acquired an important advantage over it - immediacy, or, as they now say, immediacy of information transmission, which is extremely important for the rapid pace and rhythms of the 20th century. In addition, oral speech acquired a different quality: the ability to be recorded, preserved, preserved and reproduced" (Kostomarov V.G. Problems of modern philology. - M., 1965. - P. 176)

So, oral (spoken) speech is designed for the semantic perception of the spoken speech created at the moment of speaking. Therefore, when we characterize oral speech as spoken, we mean only one of its varieties, associated with the generation of speech. In fact, there is another side, closely related to speaking - listening, perception, understanding of the generated speech. The speaker creates his statement based on its semantic perception. And in this regard, it is not at all indifferent to how much the speaker knows and takes into account the characteristics of the interlocutor, the audience, how fluent he is in oral speech.

The differences between oral and written speech of a psychological and situational nature can be presented in the following comparative table:

Features of oral speech.

Oral speech, as speech created at the moment of speaking, is characterized by two features - redundancy and brevity of utterance (laconicism), which, at first glance, may seem mutually exclusive. Redundancy, i.e. direct repetitions of words, phrases, sentences, more often repetitions of thoughts, when words that are close in meaning are used, other constructions that are correlative in content are explained by the conditions of the creation of oral text, the desire to convey certain information to listeners. Aristotle wrote about this feature of oral speech: “...Phrases not connected by conjunctions and frequent repetition of the same thing in written speech are rightly rejected, and in oral competitions these techniques are also used by orators, because they are stagey.”

Since oral speech is characterized (to a greater or lesser extent) by verbal improvisation, then - depending on various circumstances - oral speech can be more or less smooth, fluid, more or less intermittent. Intermittency is expressed in the presence of involuntary, longer (compared to others) stops, pauses (between words, sentences), in the repetition of individual words, syllables and even sounds, in the “stretching” of sounds like [e] and in expressions like How can I say this?

All these manifestations of intermittent speech reveal the process of creating an utterance, as well as the difficulties of the speaker. If there are few cases of intermittency, and they reflect the speaker’s search for the necessary, optimal means of expressing thoughts for a given speech situation, their presence does not interfere with the perception of the statement, and sometimes activates the attention of listeners. But intermittency of oral speech is an ambiguous phenomenon. Pauses, self-interruptions, breakdowns of begun constructions may reflect the state of the speaker, his excitement, lack of composure, and may also indicate certain difficulties of the one who creates the spoken word: that he does not know what to talk about, what to say, and that he finds it difficult to express thoughts.

Functional and stylistic varieties of speech .

There are complex relationships between the forms of language and its styles. Each of the functional styles is used both in oral and written speech. However, some styles are realized primarily in a certain form of language (speech). For example, conversational style is most often associated with the oral form of the language. In this case, as V.G. points out. Kostomarov, the features of the conversational style are especially closely intertwined with the features of the oral form of speech. On the other hand, there are styles that function the same (or almost the same) in both spoken and written language. This primarily applies to the journalistic style, which has features that come from both forms of speech. Thus, oratory, which functions in oral form, is characterized by a conscious orientation towards means of expression (for example, the use of various figures), which is typical for book styles written speech. (Kostomarov V.G. Spoken speech: definition and role in teaching // Russian language in the national school. - 1965. No. 1). At the same time, oratory uses such extra-linguistic means of expression as gesture and facial expressions, which are associated with the oral form of oratory.

The scientific style can also be realized in oral speech, for example in a report on a scientific topic, and in written speech in scientific article. “It is impossible to speak, for example, on scientific topics even in the most relaxed atmosphere of dialogue, without switching to a scientific style or in best case scenario on a mixture of scientific style with elements of colloquial" (Lapteva O.A. On the structural components of colloquial speech // Russian language in the national school. - 1965. No. 2).

Actually, many book styles of language (official business, scientific), which arose in connection with writing and developed in written form, now function in oral form. At the same time, naturally, the form of speech leaves a certain imprint on its style. In the oral form, the functioning of book styles allows elements of a conversational style to penetrate into them more easily and naturally, they are more “free” in syntactic constructions, etc. Thus, although “the style of speech is not assigned to the form,” it is not indifferent whether the statement is made orally or in writing, since depending on this, various modifications of the same “functional-stylistic categories” arise. (Vinokur T.G. Stylistic development of modern Russian colloquial speech // In the book: Development of functional styles of the modern Russian language. - M., 1968).

Development of oral and written speech in children .

A very significant acquisition in a child’s speech development is his mastery of written language. Written speech has great value for the mental development of the child, but mastering it also presents some difficulties. These difficulties are already felt when learning to read, i.e. understanding of written language. Reading is not simply a mechanical operation of translating written characters into spoken language. Learning to read requires, first of all, the development of appropriate technical skills, but technical skills alone are not enough. Since reading involves understanding what is read, it is a kind of mental operation. Understanding spoken language also requires intellectual activity on the part of the listener. But reading is a more difficult operation than listening. In oral speech, intonations, pauses, vocal emphases, and a whole range of expressive means contribute to understanding. Using them, the speaker interprets what he has said and reveals the text of his speech to the listener. When reading, you need to, without the help of all these auxiliary means, relying on the text alone, having determined the correct ratio of the words included in a given text, give it an independent interpretation. By reading, the child learns to construct his speech in a new, coherent way.

Mastering writing is also very important. First of all, mastering the technique of writing presents some difficulties for a child; and these difficulties cannot but affect the level of written speech. The question then arises: is written language really a simple translation of spoken language into written signs? The German researcher Buserman drew attention to the fact that a child whose oral story is rich and lively behaves completely differently when he has to write a letter. He writes: “Dear, brave Franz, I am writing you a letter. Yours, Hans." We can say that written speech poses great difficulties for a schoolchild and reduces his mental activity to more low level not because it contains the same difficulties that were in oral speech, but due to other circumstances.

First circumstance.

A number of researchers have shown that written speech is more abstract than spoken speech. It is abstract in the sense that it is speech without intonation. A person begins to understand intonation earlier than speech itself. child in early childhood talks about objects that are in front of the eyes, and cannot speak when they are absent. Therefore, moving from specific subjects to talking about them presents significant difficulty for him. Even more difficult is the transition to written speech, which is in this regard more abstract.

Second circumstance.

Written speech is also abstract in the sense that it is performed without an interlocutor. Any living speech presupposes a situation where I speak and you listen to me, or where you speak and I listen to you. The child is accustomed to dialogue, i.e. to a situation where he speaks and immediately receives some kind of response. Speaking outside of a conversational situation is a great degree of distraction, since you need to imagine a listener, turn to a person who is not here now, imagine that he is now nearby. This again requires abstraction from the child, which is still poorly developed. It is very interesting to observe that children are on the phone early age they speak much worse than in a normal situation.

There is no doubt that a child’s written speech often reveals, along with undoubted lags in some respects, certain advantages over his oral speech in other respects; for the most part it is more planned, systematic, thought out; being less common, it is sometimes more compressed rather than less complete.

Psychological differences in the nature of written and spoken language .

In the development of speech, the differences between written and oral speech and their commonality are actually manifested; it also affects their interaction. At first, oral speech naturally dominates; it determines the child's written language; the child writes as he speaks: the forms of oral speech he develops determine at first the structure of his written speech.

But even in written speech, a number of expressive moments of oral speech inevitably fall out; if they are not replenished by a proper restructuring of its subject-semantic content, written speech therefore turns out to be poorer than oral speech. Subsequently, written speech, with the requirements for thoughtfulness, logic, and coherence that it imposes, begins to have a significant impact on the development of oral speech.

The main link in the development of written speech is the development of coherent speech - the ability to display in speech all the essential connections of the subject content so that the semantic content of the speech forms a context understandable to another. The development of coherent - contextual speech significantly depends on the development of written speech.

Studies of schoolchildren's written language show how only gradually secondary school students begin to cope with the difficulties associated with constructing a coherent context that is understandable to the reader. In this regard, specific tasks arise that must be resolved in the introduction, then others in the presentation and, finally, in the conclusion, when it is necessary to summarize the entire presentation in the light of the attitudes from which the writer proceeds: constructing a coherent context understandable to the reader, requires special techniques and means. Special work is required to master these means.

In adolescence and youth, in connection with mental development, especially with good culture, speech, both written and oral, becomes more and more rich, multifaceted, more and more literary: in connection with the mastery of scientific knowledge in the learning process and the development of thinking in concepts, speech becomes more adapted to the expression of abstract thoughts. The words already at the child’s disposal acquire a more generalized, abstract meaning. In addition to the semantic development of the existing vocabulary, a number of new special terms are included in speech - technical scientific speech is developing. Along with this, the speech of a teenager is brighter than that of a child studying in elementary school, its emotionally expressive – lyrical and rhetorical – moments appear. Sensitivity to form, to the literary presentation of what is said and written is growing; The use of metaphorical expressions becomes more frequent. The structure of speech - especially written - becomes more or less significantly more complicated, the number of complex structures increases; other people's speech, which was previously presented mainly in the form of direct speech, is transmitted more often in the form indirect speech; in connection with the expanding circle of reading and developing skills in working with books, quotations are beginning to be used; there is some floweriness in speech; it manifests itself as a result of a certain disproportion between the intensity of the experience and the means of speech for its adequately objectified and yet quite vivid expression.

Conclusion.

A person’s speech usually reveals the entire psychological makeup of the individual. Such an essential aspect as the degree and peculiarity of sociability, which underlies many character classifications, is directly manifested in speech. What is usually indicative is how a person starts a conversation and how he ends it; in the tempo of speech his temperament appears more or less clearly, in its intonation, rhythmic, generally expressive pattern - his emotionality, and in its content his spiritual world, his interests, their orientation.

Literature used:

1. Ladyzhenskaya T.A. Oral speech as a means and subject of learning. M.: Flinta, 1998.

2. Formanovskaya N.I. Speech etiquette and culture of communication. M.: graduate School, 1989.

3. Rubinstein S.L. Fundamentals of general psychology. M.: Pedagogy, 1989.

4. Vygotsky L.S. Educational psychology. M.: Pedagogy, 1991.

Without communication, like without air, a person cannot exist. The ability to communicate with other people allowed man to achieve a high civilization, break into space, sink to the bottom of the ocean, and penetrate into the bowels of the earth. Communication makes it possible for a person to reveal his feelings, experiences, talk about joys and sorrows, ups and downs. Communication for a person is his habitat. Without communication, the formation of a person’s personality, his upbringing, and the development of intelligence are impossible.

At first glance, it seems that the content of the concept of “communication” is clear to everyone and does not require any special explanation. Meanwhile, communication is a very complex process of interaction between people. As rightly noted by A.A. Leontiev, in modern science When it comes to communication, there are a huge number of conflicting definitions of this concept. Representatives of various sciences - philosophers, psychologists, linguists, sociologists, cultural scientists, etc. - deal with problems of communication.

It is through speech that communication between people most often takes place. Human speech activity is the most complex and most widespread. Without it, no other activity is possible; it precedes, accompanies, and sometimes forms, forms the basis of any other human activity (production, commercial, financial, scientific, managerial, etc.).

Oral speech - This any sounding speech. Historically, the oral form of speech is primary; it arose much earlier than writing. The material form of oral speech is sound waves, i.e. pronounced sounds that arise as a result of the activity of the human pronunciation organs. This phenomenon is associated with the rich intonation capabilities of oral speech. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the intensity (loudness) of speech, duration, increase or decrease in the tempo of speech and the timbre of pronunciation. In oral speech, the place of logical stress, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, and the presence or absence of pauses play an important role. Oral speech has such intonation variety of speech that it can convey all the richness of human experiences, moods, etc.

The perception of oral speech during direct communication occurs simultaneously through both the auditory and visual channels. Oral speech is accompanied, enhancing its expressiveness, by such additional means as the nature of the gaze (wary or open, etc.), the spatial arrangement of the speaker and listener, facial expressions and gestures. A gesture can be likened to an index word (pointing to some object), can express emotional state, agreement or disagreement, surprise, etc., serve as a means of contact, for example, a raised hand as a sign of greeting.

Irreversibility, progressive And linear character deployment in time - one from main properties oral speeches. It is impossible to return to some point in oral speech again, so the speaker is forced to think and speak at the same time, i.e. he thinks as if “on the go”, in connection with this, oral speech may be characterized by sluggishness, fragmentation, division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent units: the secretary’s message to the meeting participants “The director called. He’s delayed. Will be there in half an hour. Start without him.” . On the other hand, the speaker is obliged to take into account the reaction of the listener and strive to attract his attention and arouse interest in the message. Therefore, in oral speech there appears intonation highlighting of important points, underlining, clarification of some parts, auto-commenting, repetitions: “The department carried out a lot of work during the year / yes / I must say / great and important / And educational, and scientific, and methodological / Well / educational/ everyone knows/ Do I need detailed/ educational/ No/ Yes/ I also think/don’t/.

Oral speech Maybe be prepared(report, lecture, etc.) And unprepared(conversation, conversation).

Prepared oral speech is distinguished by thoughtfulness and a clearer structural organization, but at the same time, the speaker, as a rule, strives for his speech to be relaxed, not “memorized,” and to resemble direct communication.

Unprepared oral speech characterized by spontaneity. An unprepared oral utterance (the basic unit of oral speech, similar to a sentence in written speech) is formed gradually, in portions, as one realizes what has been said, what should be said next, what needs to be repeated, clarified. Therefore, in oral unprepared speech there are many pauses, and the use of pause fillers (words) like uh, um) gives the speaker the opportunity to think about the future. The speaker controls the logical-compositional, syntactic and partially lexical-phraseological levels of the language, i.e. makes sure that his speech is logical and coherent, chooses the appropriate words to adequately express thoughts. Phonetic and morphological levels of language, i.e. pronunciation and grammatical forms are not controlled and are reproduced automatically. Therefore, oral speech is characterized by less lexical precision, short sentence length, limited complexity of phrases and sentences, the absence of participial and participial phrases, and the division of a single sentence into several communicatively independent ones.

Oral speech just like written normalized And regulated, however, the norms of oral speech are completely different. “Many of the so-called flaws of oral speech - the functioning of unfinished statements, the introduction of interruptions, auto-commentators, contactors, reprises, elements of hesitation, etc. - are a necessary condition for the success and effectiveness of the oral method of communication.” The listener cannot retain in memory all the grammatical and semantic connections of the text, and the speaker must take this into account; then his speech will be understood and meaningful. Unlike written speech, which is constructed in accordance with the logical movement of thought, oral speech unfolds through associative additions.

Oral form speeches fixed for everyone functional styles Russian language However, it has an advantage in the colloquial style of speech. The following functional varieties of oral speech are distinguished: oral scientific speech, oral journalistic speech, types of oral speech in the field of official business communication, artistic speech and colloquial speech. It should be said that colloquial speech influences all types of oral speech. This is expressed in the manifestation of the author’s “I”, the personal principle in speech in order to enhance the impact on the listeners. Therefore, in oral speech, emotionally and expressively colored vocabulary, figurative comparative constructions, phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, and even colloquial elements are used.

Russian written oral literary

External and internal speech. The speech of people, depending on various conditions, acquires unique characteristics. Accordingly, they allocate different types speech. First of all, a distinction is made between external and internal speech. External speech serves communication (although in some cases a person can think out loud without communicating with anyone), therefore its main feature is accessibility to perception through the auditory or visual channel of other people.

Inner speech- This is an internal silent speech process. It is inaccessible to the perception of other people and, therefore, cannot be a means of communication. Usually they say about it that it is a verbal shell of thinking. Inner speech is unique. It is very abbreviated, collapsed, almost never exists in the form of complete, expanded sentences. Often entire phrases are reduced to one word (subject or predicate). This is explained by the fact that the subject of one’s own thought is quite clear to a person and therefore does not require detailed verbal formulations from him. They develop inner speech, like external speech, only in those cases when they experience difficulties in the process of thinking.

Oral and written speech. Depending on whether sounds or written signs are used for external speech, a distinction is made between oral (usually audible spoken speech) and written speech. Oral and written speech have their own psychological characteristics.

When speaking, a person perceives listeners and their reaction to his words. By receiving instant feedback, he can adjust his further speech. In addition to the actual linguistic means, a person can use extra-linguistic ones (gestures, facial expressions, speech rate, pauses, etc.), which also affect the degree to which listeners understand his speech.

Monologue and dialogue(polylogue). Depending on the conditions of communication, oral speech takes the form of either monologue or dialogic speech. A speech in which more than two people participate is called polylogue. In a dialogue (polylogue), people speak alternately. In everyday conversation, dialogical speech is not planned. The direction of such a conversation and its results are largely determined by the statements of its participants, their remarks, comments, approvals or objections. Therefore, they say that this speech is supportive, since the speech of each participant in the dialogue is always supported by questions, answers, and objections of the interlocutors. If there is no such support, then speech either turns into a monologue or stops altogether.

Sometimes the dialogue is organized specifically to clarify a specific issue, then it is purposeful (for example, a student’s answer to a teacher’s question).

Dialogue speech, as a rule, places fewer demands on the construction of a coherent and detailed statement than other types of external speech; no preliminary preparation is needed here, since the interlocutors are in the same situation, perceive the same facts and phenomena and therefore understand each other relatively easily, sometimes “without a word”. They do not need to express their thoughts in detailed speech form. An important requirement for interlocutors during dialogical speech is to be able to listen to the interlocutor to the end, understand his objections and respond to them, and not to his own thoughts. Dialogue speech is characterized by the active use of extralinguistic means. It is conducted with emotional and expressive contact between speakers.

Monologue speech assumes that one person speaks, while others only listen without participating in the conversation. Monologue speech in the practice of human communication with higher education occupies a large place and manifests itself in a wide variety of speeches: report, lecture, appearance on radio or television, etc. General and characteristic feature all forms of monologue speech - its pronounced orientation towards the listeners.

The purpose of such a speech is to achieve the necessary impact on listeners, to convey knowledge to them, to convince them of something. In this regard, monologue speech is extensive in nature and requires a coherent presentation of thoughts, and, consequently, preliminary preparation and planning. As a rule, monologue speech is associated with a certain tension. It requires the speaker to be able to logically and consistently express his thoughts, express them in a clear and distinct form, and be smooth and continuous.

Features of written speech. Written speech addressed to an absent reader who does not see or hear the writer and will read what is written only after some time. The lack of direct contact between the writer and the reader creates certain difficulties in constructing written speech.

Written speech, unlike oral speech, has almost no additional extra-linguistic means for better expression of thoughts, as is the case in oral speech. It does not presuppose any knowledge of the situation by the addressee; it cannot use gestures, facial expressions, intonation, or pauses. You can only use highlighting text elements in font, italics or paragraph. So written language is usually less expressive than spoken language. Therefore, written speech must be especially comprehensive, both semantically and grammatically. The writer must structure his message in such a way that the reader can go all the way back from extensive external speech to the internal meaning of the material being presented.

On the other hand, written speech, compared to oral speech, has an advantage: what is written can always be re-read, i.e. arbitrarily return to all the links included in it. Therefore, in written speech, excessively frequent repetitions of the same thought, even if presented in a different linguistic shell, are not necessary, and even hinder. Moreover, written speech, unlike oral speech, makes it possible to carefully work on the expression of thoughts. It follows that written speech occupies a dominant position in the process of forming a person’s general speech culture.

Genuine oral speech is created at the moment of speaking. According to V.G. Kostomarov, oral speech is spoken speech, which presupposes the presence of verbal improvisation, which always takes place in the speaking process - to a greater or lesser extent.

In our time, oral speech “has not only surpassed written speech in terms of the possibilities of actual dissemination, but has also acquired an important advantage over it - immediacy, or, as they now say, immediacy of information transmission, which is extremely important for the rapid pace and rhythms of the 20th century. In addition, oral speech acquired a different quality: the ability to be recorded, preserved, preserved and reproduced" (Kostomarov V.G. Problems of modern philology. - M., 1965. - P. 176)

So, oral (spoken) speech is designed for the semantic perception of the spoken speech created at the moment of speaking. Therefore, when we characterize oral speech as spoken, we mean only one of its varieties, associated with the generation of speech. In fact, there is another side, closely related to speaking - listening, perception, understanding of the generated speech. The speaker creates his statement based on its semantic perception. And in this regard, it is not at all indifferent to how much the speaker knows and takes into account the characteristics of the interlocutor, the audience, how fluent he is in oral speech.

The differences between oral and written speech of a psychological and situational nature can be presented in the following comparative table:

Oral speech

Written speech

Features of oral speech.

Oral speech, as speech created at the moment of speaking, is characterized by two features - redundancy and brevity of utterance (laconicism), which, at first glance, may seem mutually exclusive. Redundancy, i.e. direct repetitions of words, phrases, sentences, more often repetitions of thoughts, when words that are close in meaning are used, other constructions that are correlative in content are explained by the conditions of the creation of oral text, the desire to convey certain information to listeners. Aristotle wrote about this feature of oral speech: “...Phrases not connected by conjunctions and frequent repetition of the same thing in written speech are rightly rejected, and in oral competitions these techniques are also used by orators, because they are stagey.”

Since oral speech is characterized (to a greater or lesser extent) by verbal improvisation, then - depending on various circumstances - oral speech can be more or less smooth, fluid, more or less intermittent. Intermittency is expressed in the presence of involuntary, longer (compared to others) stops, pauses (between words, sentences), in the repetition of individual words, syllables and even sounds, in the “stretching” of a sound like [e] and in expressions like How to say this?

All these manifestations of intermittent speech reveal the process of creating an utterance, as well as the difficulties of the speaker. If there are few cases of intermittency, and they reflect the speaker’s search for the necessary, optimal means of expressing thoughts for a given speech situation, their presence does not interfere with the perception of the statement, and sometimes activates the attention of listeners. But intermittency of oral speech is an ambiguous phenomenon. Pauses, self-interruptions, breakdowns of begun constructions may reflect the state of the speaker, his excitement, lack of composure, and may also indicate certain difficulties of the one who creates the spoken word: that he does not know what to talk about, what to say, and that he finds it difficult to express thoughts.

Functional and stylistic varieties of speech.

There are complex relationships between the forms of language and its styles. Each of the functional styles is used both in oral and written speech. However, some styles are realized primarily in a certain form of language (speech). For example, conversational style is most often associated with the oral form of the language. In this case, as V.G. points out. Kostomarov, the features of the conversational style are especially closely intertwined with the features of the oral form of speech. On the other hand, there are styles that function the same (or almost the same) in both spoken and written language. This primarily applies to the journalistic style, which has features that come from both forms of speech. Thus, oratory, which functions in oral form, is characterized by a conscious orientation towards means of expression (for example, the use of various figures), which is typical for book styles of written speech. (Kostomarov V.G. Spoken speech: definition and role in teaching // Russian language in the national school. - 1965. No. 1). At the same time, oratory uses such extra-linguistic means of expression as gesture and facial expressions, which are associated with the oral form of oratory.

The scientific style can also be realized in oral speech, for example in a report on a scientific topic, and in written speech in a scientific article. “It is impossible to speak, for example, on scientific topics, even in the most relaxed atmosphere of dialogue, without switching to a scientific style or, at best, to a mixture of a scientific style with elements of colloquial speech” (Lapteva O.A. On the structural components of colloquial speech // Russian language at the national school. – 1965. No. 2).

Actually, many book styles of language (official business, scientific), which arose in connection with writing and developed in written form, now function in oral form. At the same time, naturally, the form of speech leaves a certain imprint on its style. In the oral form, the functioning of book styles allows elements of a conversational style to penetrate into them more easily and naturally, they are more “free” in syntactic constructions, etc. Thus, although “the style of speech is not assigned to the form,” it is not indifferent whether the statement is made orally or in writing, since depending on this, various modifications of the same “functional-stylistic categories” arise. (Vinokur T.G. Stylistic development of modern Russian colloquial speech // In the book: Development of functional styles of the modern Russian language. - M., 1968).