home » Psychology of Personality » Goddess of laws in ancient Greece. Gods of Ancient Greece - list and description Goddess of Justice Themis

Goddess of laws in ancient Greece. Gods of Ancient Greece - list and description Goddess of Justice Themis

The last beech is the letter "e"

Answer for the clue "Ancient Greek goddess of law", 6 letters:
ananke

Alternative questions in crossword puzzles for the word ananke

Satellite of Jupiter (planet, not god)

ancient greek goddess of law

In Greek mythology - a goddess personifying inevitability (death)

Works of the Polish writer S. Lem

Goddess of Law in Ancient Greece

Word definitions for ananke in dictionaries

Mythological dictionary The meaning of the word in the dictionary Mythological Dictionary
(Greek) - the goddess of necessity, inevitability, the mother of moira - the arbiters of human destinies. Between the knees of A. the world spindle rotates, the axis of which is the world axis.

Examples of the use of the word ananke in the literature.

Oh how I wish that Ananke saw things through my eyes,” Azzi continued, ignoring Ylith's remark.

Maybe, Ananke would be a better ruler if it were not for the unpredictability of her actions - a purely feminine trait.

Later, when the war was over and Ananke summed it up, Azzi and Gabriel even became friends - well, maybe not quite friends, but still they were much closer to each other than just acquaintances.

Listening attentively to Lucifer's complaint, Ananke did not put the case in the drawer of her desk and immediately announced her decision.

After Adam failed for the seventh time, Ananke reversed her earlier decision and decreed that Adam could not, under any circumstances, return to Eden.

Source: Maxim Moshkov Library

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goddess of law in ancient greece

The Celts began to migrate to Western Europe from the east. In the IV century BC. they attacked Italy and Greece, threatening to bury these states along with their culture. Rome then barely managed to resist. Meanwhile, the Celts mixed with the peoples who settled in central and western Europe - with the Iberians and Cimmerians. By this time, the natives of Scotland had already learned how to make objects from bronze, they made various jewelry from this metal. Thanks to metal objects, it became possible to clear forests and cultivate the land more efficiently. A little later - already in Celtic times - iron appeared in Western Europe, first for the purpose of making weapons, then for more peaceful uses.

The Celts knew how to make fabrics - archaeologists find primitive spinning wheels in Scotland. They built buildings and stone towers, the remains of which still exist today throughout Scotland. These were towers up to 20 meters high and 10-15 meters in diameter, made of perfectly fitted stones, the thickness of the walls reached several meters. When danger approached, the entire population of the village took refuge in such a tower, it stored water and food supplies, with which it was possible to wait until the danger receded.

Ruins of a Celtic tower built of wild stone in Scotland

Spiral magical symbols of the Celts on stones in Scotland

In the I millennium BC. In Scotland, the religious cult of the Druids appeared. As altars, near which the rituals took place, huge stones were used, placed vertically. Apparently, this religion, where natural forces and, first of all, the Sun were deified, was brought with them from the east by the resettling tribes of the Celts. The druids had a well-established hierarchical system of government, there were frequent sacrifices, often people were sacrificed. The Druid class had sacred immunity, it actually controlled the entire society of the ancient Celts. Mistletoe was sacred to the Druids. In the Celtic religion, stone circles and spirals served as magical symbols. Thus, the Druids were the clergy - priests - of the Celts and ruled over their society.

Similar spirals, only larger, made of stones, are found on the shores of the White Sea, for example, on the Solovetsky Islands.

The Celts appeared in Ireland in the 5th-4th centuries BC. and dominated the island for a millennium, successfully resisting attempts at assimilation by other peoples and other cultures. Who were these people and where did they come from? The term "Celtic" denotes a group of languages of the Indo-European family. The Celts appeared in Europe at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. and quickly spread across the territory of modern Germany, France, England, mixed with the Iberians in Spain and seriously threatened the Roman Republic. The Celts clearly differed from the Germans, who lived to the north of the Celts, and from the Proto-Slavs, who lived to the east.

The names of cities and regions in Europe speak of the power of the Celtic civilization: Gaul in France and Galicia in Spain, individual tribes of the Celts gave the names of Belgium, Bohemia and Aquitaine. The most important of the gods of the Celtic pantheon is Luga (emphasis on the first syllable). Recall that this is the name of the river in the Baltic States on the border of Estonia and Russia.

Greek historians of the 5th century BC wrote about the Celts. e. - Hecateus of Miletus and Herodotus. In the period between VI-III centuries. BC e. Celtic tribes settled northern Spain, Britain, the southern regions of modern Germany and the territory of modern Hungary and the Czech Republic. Separate Celtic tribes penetrated the Balkans. In the III century BC. e. detachments of the Celts moved to Macedonia and Greece, they fought in Asia Minor, where they formed a strong state of Galatia.

Some scholars believe that Carpathian Galicia is also a fragment of the ancient Celtic civilization, which was subjected to subsequent Slavicization. Maybe that is why Western Ukrainians are so non-complementary to Eastern Ukrainians, and this non-complementarity today is tearing Ukraine into two parts?

The root "gal" is present in the name of the city in the Kostroma region, which is called Galich. Did the Gauls (Celts) visit there too?

The dwellings of the Celts were quite primitive: usually it was a stone or wooden house with a floor sunk into the ground (semi-dugout), covered with straw. Such houses constituted a village not protected from enemy raids. They hid from enemies in a stone tower. Later, during periods of frequent wars of one tribe against another, the settlers sought refuge in the settlements that were arranged on the hills. The settlement was protected by a rampart, a wall made of logs and stone, and a moat. The tribal nobility of the Celts built themselves more complex dwellings - castles.

The settlements of the Celts were the centers of political and economic life. Such a city also played an important role in religious life, there were temples here and priests performed their rites here.

The Celts buried the dead in the ground, mounds were poured over the graves (burial chambers). In 1953, the grave of a Celtic princess dating back to the 6th century BC was discovered. e. A wooden burial chamber was built under the mound with a diameter of 42 m. The body of the "princess" rested on a four-wheeled cart. The head was crowned with a golden diadem weighing 480 g, golden bracelets were worn on the hands, and an amber necklace was worn around the neck. In addition to the funeral chariot, the chamber contained a huge bronze cauldron 164 cm high and weighing 208 kg. Probably, food for the feast was prepared in it.

The houses of the Celts were most often built of wild stone and the roofs were covered with turf or thatch. The houses were buried in the ground

Early Celtic societies were organized around warfare. Greek and Roman authors wrote that the Celts are violently insane (the main sign of the high passionarity of the ethnos). War for them was not a means of territorial conquest, but rather a sport like hunting. For example, young warriors from Ireland would leave the tribal area for a period of time to raid and hunt.

When the Celts came into contact with the Romans, they changed their manner of warfare. It was this manner that the classical authors considered insane. The Celtic method of warfare was to stand in front of an opposing army and hurl spears at the enemy's shields with a shout. They would then begin to run towards the opposing army and shout loudly, and this often had the effect of intimidating the opposing soldiers, who ran away; and fighting a fleeing army was relatively easy.

On the Celtic vessels, fighting men were depicted, dressed in ports and cloaks that fell in loose folds. On other vessels, fighting women in bell-shaped embroidered skirts were depicted: they are fighting, clutching each other's hair. Nearby we see curly-haired beauties in dresses expanding downwards, which are concentratedly spun and woven. Others are captured by the violent elements of the dance and dance, selflessly spreading their arms. One of the depicted women plays the lyre, the favorite musical instrument of the Celts. The other, wearing a bell-shaped skirt tightly tied at the waist and tight harem pants, sits on a horse. Burial scenes were also depicted on the vessels: the body of the deceased was being taken to the grave on a four-wheeled funeral chariot.

Throughout the space inhabited by the Celts, a single culture and a single language dominated (of course, with dialectal differences). However, the ancient Celts did not have a written language. It’s not that they didn’t know it, it’s just that they had a taboo on writing their own history, religious dogmas, technologies, etc. in writing. All knowledge the Celts kept in oral form, passing them from one generation to another.

The Celts had a blood feud. The blood relative of the murdered man was supposed to avenge him. To many, this custom seems barbaric, but it stopped people in moments of rage and a desire to kill a fellow tribesman. After all, by doing so, he endangered not only himself, but dragged his entire family into an endless war.

The position of women in Celtic society was quite high. In the earliest periods of Celtic history, women participated in warfare and even sat on the royal throne. But in later times, the Celts adopted a strict patriarchal model of social organization, but even then they still retained the memory of women leaders.

Each Celtic tribe had its own gods and corresponding mythology, although at the core the religion of all the Celts was the same. There were common Celtic gods, whose cult spread over large areas. In the general Celtic pantheon, the god of heaven Taranis, the goddess patroness of horses Epona, the triad of nurse goddesses were revered. Among the main deities belonged to Cernunos - Esus, then leaving for the underworld of the dead and then called Cernunos, then returning to earth as Esus. Cernunos - Esus also symbolized the time cycle of the year (cold dead winter and blooming summer).

The Celts deified natural phenomena, rivers, mountains, animals; among their gods were three-faced deities, a snake with a ram's head, small dwarf spirits; in addition, there were many local gods. At the same time, the Celts did not depict their deities in human form. When in 278 B.C. e. the Celts captured the famous Greek sanctuary at Delphi, their leader Brenn was outraged by the human appearance of the Greek gods. It seemed to him blasphemy, since the Celts, deifying the forces of nature, always depicted them in the form of symbolic signs and figures.

The Celts believed that after death in the “other” world they would be reborn, so they had no fear of death. The other world of the Celts did not at all resemble the gloomy and sinister underworld of the Mediterranean religions, it was a place full of the most desirable joys for the Celt - feasts, duels, raids, hunting, horse racing, stories of exciting adventures, love of beautiful women, enjoyment of the beauties of nature.

Warrior Celt shows the leader the severed head of the enemy

The cult of the dead head is associated with the religious ideas of the ancient Celts. The severed heads of enemies had a religious meaning, so the skulls were kept in sanctuaries. This custom was so widespread that one can perhaps say that the severed head is a kind of symbol of the religion of the Celts. In one of the legends of the Welsh epic "Mabinogion" it is said that the head of the giant Bran (isn't our word "scold" from this name?), cut off from the body at his own request, continued to live and was a good comrade and manager at feasts in the world “other”, where she distributed food and drinks to the gods.

The cult of the severed head is undoubtedly connected with the custom of making heads from gourds during the festival of Heluvim. So stable are the ancient pre-Christian customs in Western Europe!

Remember A.S. Pushkin in the poem episode "Ruslan's fight with the head". I think that this plot got into Russian folk tales from ancient times from the great ancestors of the Celts. Probably, the name of the hero Ruslan is not accidental, it is somehow connected with the name of the Rus tribe.

Celtic society was divided into three main classes or castes: "noble" (priests, soothsayers, poets, warriors), "free" (artisans and farmers) and "slaves", who made up the majority of the population. Relations between the three classes of Celtic society were carried out within the framework of Celtic law - a very ancient and complex legal system that was recognized even by the Romans. Celtic law established for each member of society, no matter how low his position, certain rights; a person was deprived of the protection of the law only when he committed a serious crime, then he was excommunicated from participation in sacrifices, the tribe renounced him, dooming him to a life of an outcast.

Ignoring writing had practically no effect on the level of development of Celtic society. Knowledge was transmitted orally, the carriers of knowledge in the Celtic society were the druids. The lack of writing put the druid caste out of competition, which is probably why they established a taboo on recording their knowledge.

Druids ruled the courts and taught in educational institutions. Those wishing to become a druid had to memorize instructions orally and acquire knowledge for 20 years (!) and only then could they be admitted to the druid caste. The Druids can be compared with the learned clergy of antiquity: the priests of Ancient Egypt, the Indian Brahmins, the Pythagoreans, the Chaldean astronomers of Babylon, the Russian sorcerers, the Slavic sorcerers. Julius Caesar, who studied the Druids a great deal, wrote that they “know a lot about the stars and astronomical movements, about the size of the Earth and the universe, about the nature of things and the purpose of the power of the immortal gods; and these things they teach their students.”

We all fell under the influence of the arrogance of ancient Rome and Byzantium, which called everything non-Roman and non-Byzantine barbarian. The Romans called the Celts and Scythians barbarians, therefore, these ethnic groups were wild primitive people by definition. But the fact that these peoples possessed the technologies of iron smelting, the manufacture of excellent weapons, the fact that they had a plow with metal plowshares, which was moved by a pair of oxen, there were chic jewelry made of gold and silver, a loom, an accurate calendar - all this makes us to doubt the justice of the Roman and Greek authors. In general, we judge the Celts and Scythians by what their enemies wrote about them. And as you know, good things are not written about enemies. Let's remember what the Nazis wrote about the Russians during the Second World War, or what the Russians wrote about the Germans at the same time.

Jewelery was a passion of the Celts and was worn by both women and men. The most typical Celtic decoration is the "torque", a golden neck torc. This is a thick metal hoop, smooth or twisted from several strips, ending either in balls, or in a simple rectangular buckle, or in an intricate interweaving of stylized leaves and branches. Gold Celtic jewelry, neck torcs and bracelets are distinguished by an amazing variety of shapes.

In a number of Celtic cemeteries were found helmets made of sheet bronze, some of them inlaid with coral. The richest is a helmet found near Amfreville-sur-le-Monts (France). This bronze headpiece is adorned with a soldered gold circlet embossed with fine spiral line shamrocks. This pattern is very characteristic of Celtic ornamentation.

Look at these decorations. How could such decorations be made by wild barbarians? In my opinion, it's time to reconsider the idea of the ancient world as a world consisting of civilized Rome, Greece, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Urartu and Persia, surrounded by barbarian peoples. It's time to expand the concept of civilization, it's time to finally notice the great empires of the Cimmerians, Scythians, Celts, Vikings, Russ, Mongols, Chinese, Indians and many other peoples in Asia, America and Africa.

The Celts were not the first inhabitants of Ireland, which was inhabited by tribes of pre-Indo-European origin before their arrival. However, the Celts had a great advantage over the natives - iron weapons. Celtic expansion into Ireland took place in two ways - through the north-west of France and the north of Spain, as well as through England, by that time already conquered by the Celts. The exact date of the arrival of the Celts in Ireland cannot be established, most likely it is 500 BC. e., but it is known that a century before the birth of Christ, this entire island was Celtic.

In the period between 500-250 years. BC e. The Celts reached their peak. Then this ethnic group lost its former passionarity, and a gradual decline of the Celtic civilization began, a decrease in its influence on the surrounding tribes. the power of the Celts fell under the blows of the rapidly rising Rome. The period of Celtic domination in Europe ended, the Celtic empire fell into decline in the first centuries of our era, Rome expanded on part of its territory, the Germans captured part of it, and Asian migrants, the Huns, captured a significant part in the east. By the time Rome fell to the Goth invaders, the Celts had already been driven far to the west and north, to England, Wales and Ireland, and later to Scotland and the northern coast of France. Of the Celtic lands, only Ireland and Scotland remained outside the control of the Roman Empire.

Two Celtic periods in the history of Europe should be distinguished. The first is the ancient Celts - contemporaries of Ancient Greece, contemporaries of the empire of Alexander the Great, whom the Romans forced out to the British Isles. The second late period is the Christian Celts who lived in Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The Celts of the second period are nothing more than a relic ethnic group. We owe to the Celts the first "real" European literature: these are the Irish and Welsh sagas, the tales of King Arthur, of Tristan and Iseult. Consequently, the roots of modern Western European civilization should be sought in the Celts.

Retreating under the onslaught of Rome, some part of the Celts could go to the northeast - to the eastern Baltic and even further, to Lake Ladoga and Onega and further to the White Sea. Here, having conquered the local Pomor tribes and merged with them, they could form a new ethnos Rus. At the very least, the Scandinavian Vikings are most likely the successors of the Celts who did not submit to Rome.

Today, about two million people speak languages belonging to the Celtic group. We are talking about the peoples living on the Atlantic coast of Europe, which includes Brittany (Breton), Wales (Welsh), part of Scotland (Gaelic) and Ireland (Old Irish). The Welsh language was also called Cymric (from the name of the Celtic Cymrian people) or Cumbrian (from Cumbria, the medieval name for Wales). The undoubted relationship of verbal forms, leading from the Indo-European language, is evidence of common cultural traditions dating back to the 3rd century. BC. Although, depending on certain combinations of vowels, linguists distinguish two dialect groups (P-Celtic and Q-Celtic).

For example, the terms denoting mysterious magalic structures have Celtic roots: men - stone, hir - length, hence menhir - long stone; crom - circle or circle (in Russian there is a carpenter's word "kromit" - to hew a board or log), lech - a standing stone, cromlech - stones arranged in a circle. But this does not mean that the inhabitants of European regions, where there are many megalithic structures, although they left the names of these objects known to them, were skillful authors of these majestic monuments or knew the “secrets” of their construction. These structures may be even older.

Genetic analysis of the population of Europe shows that the highest concentration of Celtic gallogroups in human populations takes place in Scandinavia, Iceland, Finland, Yugoslavia, Ukraine, Germany and France.

Distribution of the original haplogroups in the human populations of Europe

The red sectors are the Iberians (European autochthonous), the pink ones are the Celts (also autochthonous), the yellow ones are Slavs (Aryans), the purple ones are Finno-Ugric, the green ones are Semites, the blue ones are Berbers, the cream ones are Caucasians, the purple ones are Eskimos.

The ancient gods have left their mark on many aspects of modern life. One of these images, passing through the centuries, is Themis. This is a modern symbol of the legal and the entire legal system, the image of the ancient goddess symbolizes the judicial system in many countries of the world.

The idea that justice is the privilege of a deity hovered in ancient Egypt. The famous goddess Maat (Ma), which is the eye of Osiris, was a symbol of truth and justice. The symbol of the Egyptian goddess was a feather. Her figurine was an obligatory attribute of the judge's attire - it was hung around the neck, believing that the wisdom of the goddess would help make the right and fair decision. Other incarnations of justice possessed similar features. In general, although the court has always personified a man, justice in many religions was personified by a woman - the daughter, wife or sister of God.

The mythology of ancient times did not escape this trend and also made the goddess a symbol of justice. The female image of truth and justice is also present in later religions. Themis is the goddess of the pantheon of ancient Greece, personifying law and legal order in all earthly affairs. She came from the Titans and was the daughter of Gaia and Uranus. The goddess Themis is the first wife of Zeus. From marriage with the lord of Olympus, moiras were born - the arbiters of fate. Themis always sits at the right hand of Zeus, gives him advice, announces the verdict.

Of course, such an important deity could not do without its own symbols. The main attributes of justice were the scales and the sword. The scales of Themis is an emblem of justice, a balanced decision. The sword is a symbol of the inevitability of punishment. These symbols are still used in judicial symbols of different countries.

Like any Greek deity, the goddess of justice had her own counterpart in the Roman pantheon. She was the great Justitia - the Roman goddess of justice. The modern figurine, symbolizing a fair trial, is rather just Justice, and not Themis. This judgment is confirmed by an additional attribute - a blindfold, which symbolizes equality and impartiality. Themis among the Greeks judged with open eyes. So a curious incident arose: in the modern world, the goddess of justice is called Themis, but is portrayed as Justice.

In general, the modern goddess Themis is necessarily depicted as a woman full of dignity, in a long robe, with a bandage over her eyes. In her left hand she holds a scale, in her right she holds a sword. The tip of the sword is exposed, but lowered. The sword and scales are among the main symbols of justice, the history of which is so ancient that it would be naive to attribute such a visual emblem only to the ancient Greeks. Most likely, this emblem came to the shores of the Aegean Sea from some ancient, half-forgotten religion. The latest symbols are a bandage and a mantle - they are present only in the Roman Justice.

The sword is the oldest symbol of spiritual and physical strength. The sword that Themis holds in his hands is a symbol of just punishment. the blade of the sword is double-edged - after all, the law not only punishes the guilty, but also prevents crimes. It is also symbolic that the goddess holds the sword in her right hand - this is a symbol of "just cause", faith in justice.

Libra is the oldest emblem of measure and justice. Evidence of guilt and innocence, good and evil is constantly balancing on the scales of justice. Libra is in the left hand, responsible for intuition and sensations.

The mantle is a ritual, identical decoration, intended to perform certain ceremonial actions, in this case, justice, the symbol of which is Themis. This robe emphasizes the importance of a judge wearing a robe in the performance of his duties, reserving civilian dress for mundane matters.

The bandage on the eyes symbolizes impartiality. A fair court must turn a blind eye to property and class differences and consider only fair facts. When considering a case, the judge must be blind, in the sense that both the plaintiff and the defendant are only reflections of the facets of the law for him.

Such a multifaceted perception of the symbols of the goddess of justice only emphasizes the ancient craving of mankind for justice. And the divine essence of Themis reflects the eternal desire for the final, highest judgment, which, according to many beliefs, awaits us at the end of life's journey.

Everyone is familiar with such a concept as the goddess of justice. She is represented as a woman holding a sword and scales, and her eyes are covered with a bandage. All these attributes have a certain symbolism. Themis is a generally accepted symbol of law and order. She is depicted on many elements that are related to the judicial system.

The ancient goddess of justice was the wife of Zeus, who gave her the right to solve complex issues. He loves her just like his second wife Hera. Themis and Zeus had three children, so the story goes. "Moir" and "Horus", among which was a daughter named Dike, who symbolizes justice. As mythology describes, Zeus did not do justice without his wife and daughter.

The wife of the Olympian God always gave him good advice and did not want to rebel against him. She is always to the right of the ruler and is his main adviser. The blind goddess of justice is one of the most important in the myths of ancient Greece. She is one of the first to start the fight to uphold law and order. Then she had followers who somehow contributed to history.

The goddess Themis is known to everyone who somehow believes in the Gods and connects everything that happens in our lives with their influence. She is the central image, which is described in many sources of ancient myths, plays a big role in the daily life of every person. It is associated with all events and situations. It is endowed with such attributes that explain its “goals” and “opportunities”:

sword - symbolizing retribution for deeds, punishment;
scales - determining the measure of punishment;
a blindfold is a sign of an objective decision.

With the help of scales, the goddess weighs all the pros and cons, after which she determines what the punishment will be. She is a symbol of the entire judicial system, which works on the principle of justice. Every bad deed must be punished. The goddess of justice is known throughout the world and flaunts on many buildings of the judicial system. Now a law award is even named in her honor.

Nemesis is the goddess of retribution and punishment. It symbolizes law and justice. Everyone who does not follow the established order is punished by Nemesis and Themis. Both of these goddesses are endowed with the right to punish, but Themis can still decide what the punishment will be and whether it will be at all, because justice does not always end with punishment. Sometimes a person can be found not guilty. Nemesis is depicted with the following elements:

scales - moderation;
sword or whip - control over disobedience and punishment;
wings or a chariot with griffins - the speed of punishment and its inevitability.

In ancient Greek myths, a woman is represented with wings. She is the daughter of Oceanus, and is sometimes a nymph, although she is more described as a goddess of vengeance. Nemesis was given the duty to control sinful souls. If the benefits were unfairly distributed among them, punishment followed. Nemesis is perceived by many as a cruel Goddess, but this is where her justice lies.

The goddess of justice Justitia was a symbol of truth in Rome. The people characterize her as a woman who has the right to judge. So, the goddess of justice in Greek mythology was called Themis, responsible for the legal order. Justice was dealt with by Dike. As a result, the Roman people united the rights of the two goddesses into one, from where Justitia appeared. Jupiter or Saturn is considered her father. The Romans portray the goddess with a blindfold. She has a sword in her right hand and scales in her left. With the help of such attributes, a woman weighed the guilt and innocence of people.

The goddess of justice Astrea is the child of Zeus and Themis. In mythological sources, she is presented as a woman who descended from heaven to establish order in the human world. She exercised control and punished those who violated the order. All this happened in the golden age, and after its end, Astrea returned back to heaven, because people have deteriorated, and their morals left much to be desired. Some sources say that Astrea is the goddess Dike, symbolizing justice and truth. Astrea is depicted with scales and a crown of stars.

Dike is the goddess of justice, who was the child of Themis and Zeus. When her father served as supreme judge, she was there, as was her mother, who was in charge of law enforcement. The Greek people understood that the observance of the law and justice are different concepts, therefore Dike represented the interests of justice, and Themis represented the law. Her duties and rights were different from those of her mother. The Goddess embodies personal morality and responsibility for pleasing decisions.

Dike is also the keeper of the keys to the gates through which day and night pass. She administers justice in the cycle of souls who are "entangled" in the present tense. If a person was a criminal, the goddess followed him and punished him with the cruelty inherent in crime. She is depicted as a woman who strangles and beats injustice, which were represented in the image of Corinth.

Adrasteia in Greek mythology is depicted as a goddess punishing evil. She brought retribution where it was right from the point of view of justice. All her punishments were inevitable - if a person committed a sin, he must be punished. It also determined the further fate of souls in the cycle. Her image in some sources is an analogue of Nemesis and a prototype of Dike.

In mythology, the images are very intertwined and it is not so easy to determine who the goddess of justice is - each of them brings justice and retribution for violating the order and laws of life. Themis is the most important and central image - she determines the measure of punishment with complete impartiality, and also rewards the guilty person in full.

In this article, we will study the history of the Greek goddess of justice Themis and reveal some of its secrets. Topic " Justice”has been and remains a burning and significant throughout the history of mankind. It is relevant even today. Let's turn to the free encyclopedia Wikipedia: " Themis, Themis second wife Zeus. In the Mycenaean era, the word " themis» ( establishment by custom) is found in locality names: ti-mi-to a-ke-e (Themisto Agee?), te-mi-ti-ja (Themistia?). According to Musaeus, she nursed Zeus (more precisely, raised). Mentioned in the Odyssey (II 68).

From the union with Zeus, she gave birth to three Or: Eunomia (" goodness”), Dicke (“ justice"") to Eiren (" World"), and Nemesis.

According to Aeschylus, Themis- the mother of Prometheus, while she is clearly moving closer to the earth - Gaia and is thought of by one deity under different names.

Possessing the gift of prophecy , Themis reveals to Prometheus the secret that the marriage of Zeus to Thetis will lead to the birth of a son who will overthrow Zeus. From mother Gaia she received the Delphic oracle, where she gave predictions, which she passed on to her sister Phoebe, who gave it to her grandson Apollo.

Themis helps Zeus unleash the Trojan War. Calls the gods to council.

Themis was the first to teach divination, sacrifices and divine rites. According to some, she invented the heroic hexameter. She brought up the piety of the Indians.

In Olympia, near Stomion (Zev, Hole), near the altar of Gaia with her oracle and the altar of Zeus, there was an altar of Themis. As the goddess of Olympic mythology, Themis is no longer identified with the earth, but is its offspring, as well as wife of Zeus as the basis of law and order.

Themis was a great goddess, which ruled a 13-month year divided into two seasons by the summer and winter solstice. In Athens, these seasons were personified by Tallo and Karpo, which respectively means the deities of "blooming" and "ripe fruit". Orphic hymn LXXIX is dedicated to her.

Themis is always depicted with a blindfold, as a symbol of impartiality,. Scales good and evil The cornucopia in the hand of Themis- symbol retribution or non-retribution brought before her court.

allegorically : Themis - justice, law; , Justice sword .

During the reconstruction of the building of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, a sculpture of Themis, the work of the sculptor Alexander Tsigal, was installed above the entrance to the complex from the side of Bolshoy Rzhevsky Lane, on whose face there is no bandage - a symbol of impartiality, which caused numerous critical publications in the press.

Themis without a blindfold is mentioned by V. A. Gilyarovsky in Moscow and Muscovites.

Rice. one. Themis with weights and Roman sword ". Statuette. " Themis(Θέμις), in ancient myth-making, the ancient Greek goddess of justice and lawful order, titanide, organizer and guardian of moral foundations and the whole structure of life, daughter of Uranus and Gaia, after the goddess Metis the second legal wife of Zeus, mother ohr and moir (goddesses of fate) (Hesiod, Theogony, 135, 901-906). Goddess Themis was the mother of numerous offspring. Her daughters were goddesses of fate - moira and goddesses of the seasons - ora or the mountains. According to one version of the myth, Themis is the mother of Prometheus. Possessing the gift of divination, Themis reveals to Prometheus the secret that Marriage of Zeus to Thetis will lead to the birth of a son who will overthrow the supreme thunder god. Her prediction upset Thetis' marriage to Zeus. In the myth of Prometheus it is told that the hero discovered this secret only after thousands of years of torment, to which Zeus doomed him(Aeschylus, Prometheus, 18). From mother Gaia Themis received Delphic oracle, which the passed on to her sister Phoebe, she gave it « soothsayer » to his grandson Apollo(Aeschylus, Eumenides, 2-8). According to Ovid she warned Atlas that one day the son of Zeus would steal apples from his daughters of the Hesperides. According to Homer she acts as the herald of the supreme god Zeus on Olympus , convenes gods to meetings, presides at the feasts of the celestials. In meaning advisers of the supreme Olympic god, sitting near his throne, she often appears in post-Hesiodian poetic works. Thanks to the cares of Themis, external order is maintained both in the life of the gods on Olympus and among people on earth, and the very name of the goddess is also used to denote the abstract concept of legal norms (θέμιστες), regulating human life. Under her patronage are all those seeking hospitality, the oppressed, the victims of injustice. In works of art, Themis was depicted with a bandage ( a symbol of impartiality) in front of his eyes, with a sword, sometimes with a cornucopia and scales in his hands. In Olympia, the inhabitants of ancient Greece put altars to Zeus, Gaia and Themis nearby, which shows how much they revered this goddess of law and order.

This is where it starts the first mystery in the image of the goddess of justice Themis next to or riding an ostrich .

Rice. 2. Themis Luca Giordano, 1686. In the picture, the goddess of justice Themis is depicted " standing on or next to an ostrich?! Where does this symbolic image come from? Ostrich as a symbol: "Symbol of avoiding problems:" ". In the Australian coat of arms ostrich Emu is shield holder along with the kangaroo." However, this expression is bury your head in the sand like an ostrich » wrong. "African ostrich(lat. Struthio camelus) is a keelless flightless bird, the only modern representative of the ostrich family (Struthinodae). "sparrow-camel" (Greek στρουθίο-κάμηλος). Legend, that a frightened ostrich hides its head in the sand, probably comes from the fact that a female ostrich sitting on a nest, in case of danger, spreads her neck and head on the ground, trying to become invisible against the background of the surrounding savannah. Ostriches do the same when they see predators. If you approach such a hidden bird, it instantly jumps up and runs away. “The common opinion that ostriches hide their heads in the sand to escape predators originates in the works of the Roman scientist Pliny the Elder, in whose notes we read: “ostriches imagine that when they stick their heads and necks into the ground, their whole body seems to be hidden » ». The ostrich habitat covers the dry, treeless expanses of Africa and the Middle East, including Iraq (Mesopotamia), Iran (Persia) and Arabia. However, due to intensive hunting, their population has been greatly reduced. Near Eastern subspecies, S. c. syriacus, has been considered extinct since 1966. Even earlier, in the Pleistocene and Pliocene, various species of ostriches were distributed in Western Asia, in the south of Eastern Europe, in Central Asia and in India. Beautiful flight and tail feathers of ostriches have long been in demand - they were used to make fans, fans and plumes of headdresses. The strong shell of ostrich eggs was used by African tribes as vessels for water, and in Europe beautiful goblets were made from these eggs. Because of the feathers that went to decorate ladies' hats and on fans, ostriches were almost exterminated. in the XVIII - early XIX centuries. If in the middle of the XIX century. ostriches were not farmed, they would probably have been completely exterminated by now, as the Middle Eastern subspecies of the ostrich was exterminated.

Rice. 3. « African ostrich- the largest of modern birds: its height reaches 250 cm, weight up to 150 kg. The ostrich has a dense physique, a long neck and a small flattened head. The beak is straight, flat, with a horny " claw» on the mandible, rather soft. The eyes are large - the largest among land animals, with thick eyelashes on the upper eyelid. Each eye is the size of a brain. The mouth opening reaches the eyes. ... The hind limbs are long and strong, with just two fingers. One of the fingers ends with a likeness horny hoof- the bird leans on it when running. … Ostrich lives in open savannas and semi-deserts, north and south of the equatorial forest zone. Outside of the mating season, ostriches are usually kept in small flocks or families. The family consists of an adult male, four or five females and chicks. Often, ostriches graze along with herds of zebras and antelopes, and together with them make long migrations across the African plains. Due to their height and excellent eyesight, ostriches are the first to notice danger. In case of danger, they rush to flight, developing speed up to 60-70 km/h and taking steps in 3.5-4 m wide, and if necessary, abruptly change the direction of the run without slowing down. The young ostriches at the age of one month may run at speeds up to 50 km/h. The usual food of ostriches is plants - shoots, flowers, seeds, fruits, but on occasion they also eat small animals - insects (locusts), reptiles, rodents and leftovers from predators' meals. Young birds eat only animal food. In captivity, an ostrich needs about 3.5 kg of food per day. Since ostriches have no teeth, to grind food in the stomach, they swallow small pebbles, and often everything they come across: nails, pieces of wood, iron, plastic, etc. Ostriches can go without water for a long time, getting moisture from the food they eat. plants, but on occasion they willingly drink and like to swim. Now ostriches are bred in more than 50 countries of the world.(including cold climates such as Sweden), but most of their farms are still concentrated in South Africa. You can ride ostriches. An adult male carries a person without difficulty. (Perhaps the ancients thought that ostrich « riding » Themis bird? Note. ed.) Currently, ostriches are bred mainly for expensive skin and meat. Ostrich meat resembles lean beef - it is lean and contains little cholesterol. Additional products are eggs and feathers. Feathers are not pulled out of birds, but once or twice a year they are carefully cut close to the skin. Only two-three-year-old and older ostriches are suitable for such an operation - feathers are not valuable in young birds. ( It's interesting that) An ostrich has bigger eyes than its brain. Most of the coats of arms of Poland have ostrich feathers in the crest.

Rice. four. « Ostrich- polygamous bird. Most often, ostriches can be found in groups of 3-5 birds - one male and several females. ... The dominant male covers all the females in the "harem", but forms a pair only with a dominant female and hatches chicks with her . (How does it look like the "tricks" of Zeus! Note. ed.). All females lay their eggs in a common nesting hole, which the male scrapes out in the ground or in the sand. Its depth is only 30-60 cm. Ostrich eggs are the largest in the bird world, although they are small relative to the size of the bird itself: the length of the egg is 15-21 cm, the weight is from 1.5 to 2 kg (this is approximately 25-36 chicken eggs ). The shell of ostrich eggs is very thick - 0.6 cm, its color is usually straw yellow, rarely darker or white. In North Africa, the total clutch usually consists of 15-20 eggs, in the south of the mainland - from 30, in East Africa the number of eggs reaches 50-60. Each female lays eggs, apparently once every 2 days.

When the dominant female has laid all the eggs, she demands that the rest of the females leave, rolls her own eggs into the center of the clutch (she distinguishes them by the texture of the shell) and proceeds to incubate. ... The female, having laid eggs, never approaches them again. All care is taken by the male father. Often during the day, eggs are left unattended and heated by the rays of the sun. Incubation lasts 35-45 days. However, often many eggs, and sometimes all, die due to under-incubation. Only the male incubates the eggs. The chick cracks the strong shell of an ostrich egg for about an hour, sometimes more. It rests with one foot on the blunt end of the egg, with the other foot on the sharp one, and beats with its beak in one place until a small hole appears. Then he does so a few more holes. Then, in order to break its way out, the chick hits the shell with the back of the head, so African ostrich chicks hatch with hematomas on the back of the head, which quickly disappear. When the chicks hatch, the adult bird breaks the eggs, which are definitely spoiled (usually they lie on the edges). Flies flock to them, which serve as food for the chicks. ... Ostriches hatch sighted, covered with down and capable of movement. A newly hatched ostrich weighs approx. 1.2 kg, and by four months reaches 18-19 kg. The chicks leave the nest the day after hatching and travel with their father in search of food.. (Here, it turns out, how not just to get life in the Material World?! Note. ed.)

So, our studies of the correspondence Ostrich as a symbol , associated with Themis, were practically unsuccessful. As a result, left for reflection are ostrich qualities: beautiful, graceful, sharp-eyed, vegetarian and not aggressive. Hardy, strong, fast, prolific. They have beautiful feathers, delicious meat, the ability to breed in captivity, centenarians, are attached to humans and to each other. Seniors take responsibility for guarding and nurturing " ostriches - children ":" Ostriches become capable of breeding at 2-4 years. African ostriches live like people, that is, an average of 75 years. The chicks are tightly attached to each other. If two groups of chicks are too close, they mix and cannot be separated. The parents fight each other. The winners take care of all the chicks. Therefore, groups of chicks of different ages are often found. Learn about this the opinion of the artist painting Themis Luca Giordano, 1686 we can't either. Note that the name of the Ostrich in Greek: " Its scientific name in Greek means"sparrow-camel" (Greek στρουθίο-κάμηλος)". However, everything we have learned about features "ostrich, this is interesting and can serve as positive characteristics of these birds for" symbol» the goddess of justice Themis.

In our work on the site, the section " mediterranean": The Olympic gods Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, their father Kronos in the matrix of the Universe, and the secret of the number 666, we talked about the hierarchical statuses of the Greek gods by writing them in Greek" names» into the matrix of the Universe. There we also learned that Mount Olympus on which all the Olympian gods exist " situated» also in the matrix of the Universe. In fact, this is the same mountain that is called the mountain in the Vedas. Meru (Sumeru) - Olympus and Meru - two names of the same mountain in the matrix of the Universe.

Rice. 5. The figure shows: 1. The name of Mount Olympus - " OLYMPOS". The arc bracket at the top left shows the position in the Upper world of the Name matrix Brahma. 2. Names in Greek of the Olympian gods Zeus – « Zeus" and Poseidon – « POSEIDON in the order in which the brothers divided the Universe among themselves. Both "Names" occupy the space of the matrix from the 21st level of the Upper world to the 15th level of the Lower world of the matrix of the Universe. The Matrix of the Universe was the sacred basis for the creation of the entire pantheon of the "Names" of the Greek gods the ancient sages. This secret" names"The gods and the sacred mountain in the matrix of the Universe, the Greeks borrowed from the Egyptian priests.

Rice. 6. The figure similar to the previous one shows the entry in Greek " name» the goddess of justice Themis into the matrix of the Universe. " Themis, Themis(ancient Greek Θέμις) - in ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of justice, titanida, second wife Zeus." The arc bracket at the top left shows the position in the Upper World of the matrix " name» Themis. « Name» Themis– Themis occupies the space of the matrix from the 15th level of the Upper World to the 1st level inclusive of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe. On the left of " name» Themis outline drawing shown « correct» image of Themis with a sword and scales in her hands. About why it correct»The image of Themis will be described below. The rest of the details of the images and " names” are clearly visible in the figure.

Consider a number of different images of Themis known from literary (Internet) sources.

Rice. 7. The figure shows contour images of the goddess of justice Themis. We know that "Themis is always depicted with a blindfold, as a symbol of impartiality, with a cornucopia and scales in his hands. Scales- an ancient symbol of measure and justice. On the scales of justice are weighed good and evil, deeds committed by mortals in life. The posthumous fate of people depended on which cup would outweigh. The cornucopia in the hand of Themis- symbol retribution or non-retribution brought before her court. allegorically : Themis - justice, law; scales of Themis - a symbol of justice; servants (priests) of Themis - servants of the law, judges. The Romans borrowed the goddess of justice from the Greeks in their world , but instead of a cornucopia they put it in the right hand Justice sword". Consider below in Figure 8 - a separate contour drawing in the upper right corner. It is convenient for research, since the goddess is standing in front of us in front.

Rice. eight. From the results of our research sacred symbols» in the mass of our articles on the site, we know that the ancient sages built images « characters» based on a sacred basis, which was matrix of the Universe. Not only the goddess Themis herself, but also every object in the drawing of the ancients was a sacred symbol associated with the matrix of the Universe. Such symbols are sword and scales in the hands of the goddess. From the result of combining the contour drawing of Themis, which is shown in the upper right corner of the previous figure, we see that the position of the sword is arbitrary, and the scales " justice» go beyond the boundaries of the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe. The crown of Themis's head should be combined with the 15th level of the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe, since from this level its “recorded” Name» above in figure 6. So we combined in this figure the contour image of the body of the goddess of justice Themis. On the right, arc brackets describe the space in the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe, where there are myriads Shower - Jiv Living creatures. We, in particular, told about this at the end of the work section " Egyptology» - The Dendera Zodiac in the matrix of the Universe revealed the secret of the sacred basis of the ancient science of Astrology.

Rice. 9. The figure shows a contour image of the goddess of justice Themis, which we have graphically edited. Sword in her hand" received» its symbolic meaning. He " tied» to the parameters of the matrix of the Universe (inclination angle). Its end reaches the 14th level of the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe and indicates the priority of the Upper world over the Lower world of the matrix of the Universe. At this level there is a bandage on the eyes of Themis. Bandage has the following symbolic meaning - " Goddess does not need eyes to see the deeds and destinies of Souls - Jiv ", which are subject to Themis. Scales found their place within the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe. The feet of the goddess reach the first level of the Upper world of the matrix. The image shown on the left Themis holding in her hands Cornucopia". From understanding the Priority of the Upper World ( Of the invisible world) over the Lower World (Visible World) follows an almost obvious conclusion ( this discovery), which is under " cornucopia» The ancient sages understood the pyramid of the Upper World of the matrix of the Universe. In the figure, bold arrows show the outer boundaries of " cornucopia". The sacred meaning cornucopia' can be expressed as follows: Everything originates or flows from the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe as from the Horn of Plenty ". Each Soul, embodied or not, receives " wealth of life " how blessing or how temptation.

A few words about modern understanding cornucopia»: « Cornucopia(lat. cornu copiae) - a symbol of abundance and wealth. It is depicted for the most part curved, filled with flowers, fruits, and the like (or spewing them and all sorts of blessings). In works of fine art, it is put into the hands of the little Plutos (the god of wealth in ancient Greek mythology), Fortune, Gaia, and also Hercules. In architecture, it is depicted on capitals and cornices, especially of the Corinthian order, also above vaults, under windows and similar elements of buildings.

The idea of a cornucopia is borrowed from ancient Greek mythology, in which it belongs to the goat Amalthea or Aheloy who turned into a bull (Amalthein's horn, Amaltheev's horn). The expression as a proverb is already found in the poet of the VI century BC. e. Fokilida: " after all, the field, they say, is the horn of Amalthea» . The cornucopia was in the right hand of the goddess of justice Themis .

The cornucopia is depicted on the state emblems of Colombia, Panama, Peru; at the beginning of the 20th century, it was depicted on the emblems of the following cities of the Russian Empire: Akhaltsikhe, Verkhneudinsk, Korotyak, Voronezh province, Kungur, Novaya Ladoga, Pyatigor, Kyiv province, Rossien and Kharkov.

“In more ancient times, the cornucopia (like everything that had to do with wealth) was associated with by Hades, the realm of the dead. The cornucopia belonged to the god of wealth Plutus. The linguistic proximity of the names is not accidental. Plutus(Πλο ῦτος) and Pluto(Πλούτων), lords of the realm of the dead. In its early form, Pluto, like Pluto, is associated with Persephone. In the Eleusinian mysteries, Pluto and Pluto were identified. The latter was thought to be the owner of innumerable underground riches.

These are the secrets of the goddess of justice Themis we learned with the help of knowledge about the sacred basis « vego », known to the ancient sages , as the matrix of the Universe.

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Themis – Encyclopedia of Mythology- http://godsbay.ru/antique/themis.html

Delphic oracle- oracle, that is soothsayer at the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. According to Greek mythology, it was founded by Apollo himself on the site of his victory over the monstrous serpent Python. The Delphic oracle, which was in charge of the priestess (Pythia), was one of the main soothsayers in the Hellenic world. The oracle originally belonged to Gaea, was guarded by the dragon Python (according to another version, a dragon) and the place was called Pytho (ancient Greek πύθω - to rot). The first prophetess of Gaia was the mountain nymph Daphne (ancient Greek ἡ δάφνη - laurel). From her mother Gaia, Themis received the Delphic oracle, which she passed on to her sister Phoebe, and she gave it to her grandson Apollo, who, having learned the art of divination from Pan, arrived in Delphi, where he killed the dragon Python guarding the entrance to the soothsayer and took possession of the oracle. The dark chthonic prophecies of the son of the Earth gave way to the will of Zeus, the father of the gods and the organizer of the new, Olympian cosmic order, which was expressed by the “thrower of sun rays”, causing evaporation in the earth for divination. After the defeat of the dragon, Apollo collected his ashes in a sarcophagus and set up mourning games in honor of Python. Then Apollo went to look for priests for his temple. At sea, he saw a ship coming from Knossos, in Crete. Turning into a dolphin, he brought the ship to Chris with the power of his charms, where he revealed himself to the sailors and told about their destiny. In Chris, the sailors erected an altar to Apollo and it was named Delphic, in honor of the image in which Apollo appeared to them. From Chrissa, the sailors went to Parnassus, where they became the first priests of the temple of Apollo. The bees brought a wax temple from the country of the Hyperboreans, and all subsequent temples were built according to its model. Wikipedia- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%E5%EB%FC%F4%E8%E9%F1%EA%E8%E9_%EE%F0%E0%EA%F3%EB

An article about Themis reveals amazing secrets! Greek mythology appears in a completely different form - not a collection of "soap operas" about the Olympic gods, but a holistic description of the Universe. For me, at last, the secret of the "Cornucopia of Themis" was revealed. It turns out that this is a sacred symbol denoting the Upper world of the matrix of the Universe or, as the author calls it, the “Invisible World”! The image of Themis is also a sacred symbol, pointing to the spaces of the Divine Universe - the "Cornucopia", where retribution is made: punishment or reward for souls. The bandage on the eyes of Themis indicates that the goddess sees everything in its true light with "other divine eyes" that cannot be deceived. In fact, Themis herself is in the "Cornucopia" and she herself sends gifts and punishments to people from there to the "Visible World".

The Romans, instead of a cornucopia, put a sword into Themis's right hand (it just reaches the 14th level of the Upper World, Fig. 9), personifying punishment, reducing the role of Themis to a punishing goddess. The Greek priests did not put such a one-sided meaning into the role of this goddess of the Universe. Confirmation of this: “Themis is the daughter of Uranus and Gaia, the Titanides. The second wife of Zeus after the goddess of wisdom Metis (Metis).

According to Musaeus, she nursed Zeus (more precisely, raised). From the union with Zeus, she gave birth to three Or: Eunomia ("goodness"), Dike ("justice") and Eirene ("Peace"); and, according to one of the variants of the myth, three Moiras: Cloto (“Spinner”), Lachesis (“Fate”), Atropos (“Inevitable”).
Ores, Mountains, Horas (ancient Greek Ὥραι, “Times”) - the goddesses of the seasons in ancient Greek mythology, were in charge of order in nature. Daughters of Zeus and Themis (or daughters of Helios and Selena). Guardians of Olympus, now opening, then closing its cloudy gates. They are called gatekeepers of heaven. Orrs harness the horses of Helios.

So that Themis, together with her daughters, is the goddess of "Time in the Universe"! There is a time for everything, as the Ecclesiastes or the Preacher said - God is the Judge. Eccl. (3. 1:17):
“Ch.3.
1. There is a time for everything, and a time for every thing under heaven:
2. a time to be born and a time to die; a time to plant, and a time to uproot what is planted;
3. a time to kill, and a time to heal; a time to destroy, and a time to build;
4. a time to cry and a time to laugh; a time to mourn, and a time to dance;
5. a time to scatter stones, and a time to gather stones; a time to hug, and a time to avoid hugging;
6. time to seek, and time to lose; a time to save, and a time to throw;
7. a time to tear apart, and a time to sew; a time to be silent, and a time to speak;
8. a time to love and a time to hate; a time for war and a time for peace.
9. What is the benefit of the worker from what he is working on?
10. I saw this care that God gave to the sons of men, so that they would exercise in this.
11. He made everything beautiful in its time, and put peace in their hearts, although man cannot comprehend the works that God does, from beginning to end.
12. I knew that there is nothing better for them than to have fun and do good in their lives.
13. And if any man eats and drinks, and sees good in all his labor, then this is a gift of God.
14. I knew that everything that God does remains forever: there is nothing to add to it and nothing to take away from it - and God does so that they revere before His face.
15. What was, is now, and what will be, has already been, and God will call on the past.
16. I also saw under the sun: a place of judgment, and there iniquity; a place of truth, and there is untruth.
17. And I said in my heart, “God will judge the righteous and the wicked; because the time for every thing and [judgment] over every deed is there.” …

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The names of most of the gods are arranged as hyperlinks, where you can go to a detailed article about each of them.

The main deities of Ancient Greece: 12 Olympic gods, their helpers and companions

The main gods in Ancient Hellas were those that belonged to the younger generation of celestials. Once upon a time, it took power over the world from the older generation, which personified the main universal forces and elements (see about this in the article The Origin of the Gods of Ancient Greece). The gods of the older generation are usually called titans. Having defeated the titans, the younger gods, led by Zeus, settled on Mount Olympus. The ancient Greeks honored 12 Olympian gods. Their list usually included Zeus, Hera, Athena, Hephaestus, Apollo, Artemis, Poseidon, Ares, Aphrodite, Demeter, Hermes, Hestia. Hades is also close to the Olympian gods, but he does not live on Olympus, but in his underworld.

Legends and myths of Ancient Greece. Cartoon

Goddess Artemis. Statue in the Louvre

Statue of Athena the Virgin in the Parthenon. Ancient Greek sculptor Phidias

Hermes with caduceus. Statue from the Vatican Museum

Venus (Aphrodite) de Milo. Statue ca. 130-100 BC

God Eros. Red-figure dish, ca. 340-320 BC e.

Hymen Companion of Aphrodite, god of marriage. According to his name, wedding hymns were also called hymens in ancient Greece.

Daughter of Demeter, kidnapped by the god Hades. The inconsolable mother, after a long search, found Persephone in the underworld. Hades, who made her his wife, agreed that she would spend part of the year on earth with her mother, and the other with him in the bowels of the earth. Persephone was the personification of the grain, which, being "dead" sown in the ground, then "comes to life" and comes out of it into the light.

The Abduction of Persephone. Antique jug, ca. 330-320 BC

Amphitrite Poseidon's wife, one of the Nereids

Proteus One of the Greek sea deities. The son of Poseidon, who had the gift to predict the future and change his appearance

Triton- the son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, the messenger of the deep sea, trumpeting the shell. In appearance - a mixture of man, horse and fish. Close to the eastern god Dagon.

Eirene- the goddess of the world, standing at the throne of Zeus on Olympus. In ancient Rome, the goddess Pax.

Nika- goddess of victory. Constant companion of Zeus. In Roman mythology - Victoria

Dike- in ancient Greece - the personification of divine truth, a goddess hostile to deceit

Tyukhe- Goddess of good luck and luck. The Romans - Fortuna

Morpheus- the ancient Greek god of dreams, the son of the god of sleep Hypnos

Plutus- god of wealth

Phobos("Fear") - the son and companion of Ares

Deimos("Horror") - the son and companion of Ares

Enyo- among the ancient Greeks - the goddess of violent war, which causes rage in the fighters and brings confusion to the battle. In Ancient Rome - Bellona

Titans

The Titans are the second generation of the gods of Ancient Greece, born of the elements of nature. The first titans were six sons and six daughters, descended from the connection of Gaia-Earth with Uranus-Sky. Six sons: Kron (Time. for the Romans - Saturn), Ocean (father of all rivers), Hyperion, Kay, Crius, Iapetus. Six daughters: Tethys(Water), Theia(Shine), Rhea(Mother Mountain?), Themis (Justice), Mnemosyne(Memory), Phoebe.

Uranus and Gaia. Ancient Roman mosaic 200-250 A.D.

In addition to the titans, Gaia gave birth to Cyclopes and Hecatoncheirs from marriage with Uranus.

cyclops- three giants with a large, round, fiery eye in the middle of the forehead. In ancient times - the personification of the clouds, from which lightning sparkles

Hecatoncheires- "hundred-armed" giants, against whose terrible power nothing can resist. Embodiments of terrible earthquakes and floods.

The Cyclopes and Hecatoncheires were so strong that Uranus himself was horrified by their power. He tied them up and threw them into the depths of the earth, where they still rage, causing volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. The stay of these giants in the womb of the earth began to cause her terrible suffering. Gaia persuaded her youngest son, Kronos, to take revenge on her father, Uranus, by castrating him.

Kron made it with a sickle. From the drops of blood of Uranus shed at the same time, Gaia conceived and gave birth to three Erinyes - goddesses of vengeance with snakes on their heads instead of hair. Erinnia's names are Tisiphone (killing avenger), Alecto (tireless pursuer) and Megara (terrible). From that part of the seed and blood of castrated Uranus that fell not on the ground, but in the sea, the goddess of love Aphrodite was born.

Night-Nyukta, in anger at the lawlessness of Kron, gave birth to terrible creatures and deities of Tanata (Death), Eridu(Discord) Apatou(Deceit), goddesses of violent death Ker, Hypnos(Dream-Nightmare) Nemesis(Revenge), Gerasa(Old age), Charon(carrier of the dead to the underworld).

Power over the world has now passed from Uranus to the Titans. They divided the universe among themselves. Kron instead of the father became the supreme god. The ocean received power over a huge river, which, according to the ideas of the ancient Greeks, flows around the whole earth. Four other brothers Kronos reigned in the four cardinal directions: Hyperion - in the East, Crius - in the south, Iapetus - in the West, Kay - in the North.

Four of the six Elder Titans married their sisters. From them came the younger generation of titans and elemental deities. From the marriage of Oceanus with his sister Tethys (Water), all earthly rivers and water nymphs-Oceanids were born. The titan Hyperion - ("high-walking") took his sister Teia (Shine) as his wife. From them were born Helios (Sun), Selena(moon) and Eos(Dawn). From Eos were born the stars and the four gods of the winds: Boreas(North wind), Note(South wind), Zephyr(west wind) and Evre(Eastern wind). The titans Kay (Celestial Axis?) and Phoebe gave birth to Leto (Night Silence, mother of Apollo and Artemis) and Asteria (Starlight). Kron himself married Rhea (Mother Mountain, the personification of the productive forces of mountains and forests). Their children are the Olympic gods Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, Zeus.

The titan Crius married the daughter of Pontus Eurybia, and the titan Iapetus married the oceanid Clymene, who gave birth to the titans Atlanta (he holds the sky on his shoulders), the arrogant Menetius, the cunning Prometheus (“thinking before, foreseeing”) and the feeble-minded Epimetheus (“thinking after").

From these titans came others:

Hesperus- god of the evening and the evening star. His daughters from the night, Nyukta, are the nymphs of the Hesperides, who guard a garden with golden apples on the western edge of the earth, once presented by Gaia-Earth to the goddess Hera during her marriage to Zeus

Ory- goddesses of parts of the day, seasons and periods of human life.

Charites- the goddess of grace, fun and joy of life. There are three of them - Aglaya ("Glee"), Euphrosyne ("Joy") and Thalia ("Abundance"). A number of Greek writers have charites with other names. In ancient Rome, they corresponded graces

Goddess of Justice and Justice

The wife of the Olympian God always gave him good advice and did not want to rebel against him. She is always to the right of the ruler and is his main adviser. The blind goddess of justice is one of the most important in myths. She is one of the first to start the fight to uphold law and order. Then she had followers who somehow contributed to history.

Goddess of Justice Themis

sword - symbolizing retribution for deeds, punishment;
scales - determining the measure of punishment;
a blindfold is a sign of an objective decision.

Goddess of Justice Nemesis

Nemesis is the goddess of retribution and punishment. It symbolizes the law and. Everyone who does not follow the established order is punished by Nemesis and Themis. Both of these goddesses are endowed with the right to punish, but Themis can still decide what the punishment will be and whether it will be at all, because justice does not always end with punishment. Sometimes a person can be found not guilty. Nemesis is depicted with the following elements:

scales - moderation;
sword or whip - control over disobedience and punishment;
wings or a chariot with griffins - the speed of punishment and its inevitability.

Goddess Justice

Goddess Astrea

Goddess Dike

Goddess Adrastea

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