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The division of the nervous system is strength, mobility and balance. Three types of human nervous system

The mobility of nervous processes, the speed of their occurrence and cessation, the ease of transition from an inhibitory process to an excitatory one. Outwardly manifested in the ability to quickly respond to stimuli, quickly calm down after strong excitement, and also easily switch to a state of excitement or, at the moment of excitement, quickly respond to inhibitory commands. Depending on this, nervous processes are mobile or inert. Most of the Newfoundland population, for example, is characterized by an inert type of nervous processes.

Trainer's Dictionary. V. V. Gritsenko.

See what “Motility of nervous processes” is in other dictionaries:

MOBILITY OF NERVOUS PROCESSES- one of the main functional properties of the nervous system, characterized by the speed with which the processes of excitation and inhibition replace each other; in case of good P. n. etc. such a change occurs quickly, in the case of low mobility slowly, with... ... Psychomotorics: dictionary-reference book

A property of the nervous system that expresses the relationship between excitation and inhibition. The concept of U. n. p., introduced by I.P. Pavlov, was considered by him as one of the independent properties of the nervous system, forming in combination with others (with strength and ... ...

balance of nervous processes- a property of the nervous system that expresses the relationship between excitation and inhibition. The concept of U.n.p introduced by I.P. Pavlov, was considered by him as one of the independent properties of the nervous system, forming in combination with others (with strength, and... ...

mobility- one of the primary properties of the nervous system, consisting in the ability to quickly respond to changes in the environment. The property of P. was described and studied in the laboratories of I. P. Pavlov. At the same time, the basic methodological techniques for it were proposed... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

higher nervous activity- Category. Neurophysiological processes taking place in the cerebral cortex and the subcortex closest to it and determining the implementation of mental functions. Specificity. As a unit of analysis of higher nervous activity... ... Great psychological encyclopedia

Higher nervous activity- activity of the higher parts of the central nervous system of animals and humans, “... ensuring normal complex relationships of the whole organism to the outside world...” (Pavlov I.P., Complete collection of works, vol. 3, 1949, p. 482 ), Unlike… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

HIGH NERVOUS ACTIVITY- (GND), integrative activities of higher education. departments center nervous system (CNS), which provides behavior, i.e. optimal adaptation of the body as a whole to external conditions. to the world. The structural basis of the GNI in all mammals (including humans) is the cortex... ... Russian Pedagogical Encyclopedia

MEMORY AND ATTENTION DISORDERS- Memory is a mental process that performs the function of accumulating, preserving and reproducing experience (ideas), a person’s sensory and rational knowledge of the environment and himself, which ensures his differentiated... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

mental retardation- underdevelopment of complex forms of mental activity due to pathological heredity, organic damage to the central nervous system in the prenatal period or at the earliest stages of postnatal development (the emergence of intellectual... ... Defectology. Dictionary-reference book

CONFLICT PERSONALITY- – an accentuated personality, striving to resolve the contradictions of life and interaction through conflicting actions. K. l. is often the initiator of conflicts, and these conflicts are usually destructive in nature... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

The nervous system, together with the endocrine system, exercises control over all processes in the body, both simple and complex. It consists of the brain, spinal and peripheral nerve fibers.

NS classification

The nervous system is divided into: central and peripheral.

The central nervous system is the main part, which includes the spinal cord and brain. Both of these organs are reliably protected by the skull and spine. The PNS is the nerves responsible for movement and sensory. It ensures human interaction with the environment. With the help of the PNS, the body receives signals and reacts to them.

There are two types of PNS:

Somatic - sensory and motor nerve fibers. Responsible for coordination of movement; a person can consciously control his body.
Autonomic - divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic. The first gives a response to danger and stress. The second is responsible for peace and normalization of the functioning of organs (digestive, urinary).

Despite their differences, both systems are interconnected and cannot work autonomously.

Properties of nervous processes

The classification of types of VND is influenced by the properties of nervous processes, these include:

balance - the same occurrence of processes in the central nervous system, such as excitation and inhibition;
mobility - rapid change from one process to another;
strength - the ability to respond correctly to a stimulus of any strength.

What are signaling systems

The signaling system is a set of reflexes that connect the body with the environment. They serve as a step in the formation of higher nervous activity.

There are two signaling systems:

reflexes to specific stimuli - light, sound (available in animals and humans);
speech system - developed in a person in the process of work.

Evolution of the central nervous system

The evolution of the functions of CNS cells occurred in several stages:

improvement of individual cells;
the formation of new properties that can interact with the environment.

The main stages of phylogenesis that the nervous system went through are:

The diffuse type is one of the oldest; it is found in organisms such as coelenterates (jellyfish). It is a type of network that consists of clusters of neurons (bipolar and multipolar). Despite its simplicity, the nerve plexuses, in response to irritations, give a reaction throughout the body. The speed at which excitation propagates through the fibers is low.
In the process of evolution, a stem type emerged - a number of cells gathered into trunks, but diffuse plexuses also remained. It is represented in the group of protostomes (flatworms).
Further development led to the emergence of the nodal type - some of the cells of the central nervous system are collected in nodes with the ability to transmit excitation from one node to another. The improvement of cells and the development of reception apparatuses occurred in parallel. Nerve impulses arising in any part of the body do not spread throughout the body, but only within the segment. Representatives of this type are invertebrates: mollusks, arthropods, insects.
Tubular - the highest, characteristic of chordates. Multisynaptic connections appear, which leads to qualitatively new relationships between the organism and the environment. This type includes vertebrates: animals that differ in appearance and have different lifestyles, and humans. They have a nervous system in the form of a tube that ends in the brain.

Varieties

The scientist Pavlov conducted laboratory research for many years, studying the reflexes of dogs. He concluded that in humans, the type of nervous system mainly depends on innate characteristics. It is the nervous system, its properties, that physiologically affect the formation of temperament.

However, modern scientists argue that this is influenced not only by hereditary factors, but also by the level of upbringing, training and social environment.

Thanks to all the research, the following types of nervous system have been identified, depending on the processes of excitation, inhibition and balance:

Strong, unbalanced - choleric. In this type, excitation of the nervous system predominates over inhibition. Cholerics are very energetic, but they are emotional, hot-tempered, aggressive, ambitious and lack self-control.
Strong, balanced, agile - sanguine. People of this type are characterized as lively, active, easily adapt to different living conditions, and have high resistance to life’s difficulties. They are leaders and confidently move towards their goals.
Strong, balanced, inert - phlegmatic. He is the opposite of sanguine. His reaction to everything that happens is calm, he is not prone to violent emotions, and I am sure he has great resistance to problems.
Weak - melancholic. A melancholic person is not able to resist any stimuli, regardless of whether they are positive or negative. Characteristic signs: lethargy, passivity, cowardice, tearfulness. With a strong irritant, behavioral disturbances may occur. A melancholic person is always in a bad mood.

Interesting: psychopathic disorders are more common in people with a strong unbalanced and weak type of GND.

How to determine a person's temperament

It is not easy to determine what type of nervous system a person has, since this is influenced by the cerebral cortex, subcortical formations, the level of development of signaling systems and intelligence.

In animals, the type of NS is influenced to a greater extent by the biological environment. For example, puppies from the same litter but raised in different environments may have different temperaments.

Exploring the central nervous system and human psychology, Pavlov developed a questionnaire (test), after passing which, you can determine your belonging to one of the types of GNI, provided that the answers are truthful.

The nervous system controls the activity of all organs. Its type affects a person’s character and behavior. People with a common type are similar in their reactions to certain life situations.

– This is a set of congenital and acquired properties of the nervous system that determine the nature of the interaction of the body with the environment and are reflected in all functions of the body.

The type of higher nervous activity is based on the individual characteristics of its occurrence in two areas: and inhibition. According to the views of I.P. Pavlov, the main properties of nervous processes are three:

1) The strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition (related to the performance of nerve cells).

The strength of excitation processes characterized by: high performance; initiative; determination; courage; courage; persistence in overcoming life's difficulties; the ability to solve complex situations without disruption of nervous activity.

Strength of braking processes characterized by: self-control; patience; high ability to concentrate, to differentiate the permissible, possible from the unacceptable and impossible.

Weakness of nervous processes characterized by: low performance; increased fatigue; weak endurance; indecision in difficult situations, and the rapid onset of neurogenic breakdowns; the desire to avoid difficulties, obstacles, active work and tension; low initiative; lack of persistence.

2) (related to the ratio of excitation and inhibition processes in terms of their strength).

Balance of nervous processes characterized by: even attitude towards people; restraint; ability to self-control, concentration, expectation; the ability to fall asleep easily and quickly; smooth speech, with correct and expressive intonation.

Imbalance with a predominance of excitement characterized by: increased impressionability; nervousness, and in the strong type this is expressed in a tendency to scream, in the weak type - in withdrawal, in tearfulness; restless with frequent nightmare content; fast speech (patter).

3) Mobility of excitation and inhibition processes (associated with the ability of nervous processes to replace each other).

Mobility of nervous processes characterized by: a fairly easy and quick transition to a new business; rapid transformation of habits and skills; ease of falling asleep and waking up.

Inertness of nervous processes characterized by: difficulty transitioning to a new business and changing habits and skills; difficulty waking up; calm with dreams without nightmares; slow speech.

Based on every possible combination of the three basic properties of nervous processes, a wide variety is formed. According to the classification of I.P. Pavlov, there are four main types of GNI , differing in resistance to neurotic factors and adaptive properties.

1) Strong, unbalanced , ("unrestrained") type characterized by strong processes of excitation that prevail over inhibition. This is a passionate person; with a high level of activity; vigorous; hot-tempered; irritable; with strong, quickly arising, clearly reflected in speech, gestures, facial expressions.

2) Strong, balanced, agile (labile or living) type is different strong processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance and the ability to easily replace one process with another. He is a man of great self-control; decisive; overcoming difficulties; vigorous; able to quickly navigate a new environment; mobile; impressionable; with a bright expression and easy changeability.

3) Strong, balanced, inert (calm) type characterized strong processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance, but low mobility of nervous processes. This is a very efficient person; able to restrain himself; calm; slow; with weak expression of feelings; difficulty switching from one type of activity to another; does not like to change his habits.

4) Weak type is different weak excitation processes and easily occurring inhibitory reactions. This is a weak-willed man; sad; dreary; with high emotional vulnerability; suspicious; prone to dark thoughts; with a depressed mood; closed; timid; easily susceptible to other people's influence.

These types of higher nervous activity correspond to the temperaments described by Hippocrates:

Properties of nervous processes	Temperaments (according to Hippocrates)
Properties of nervous processes		Sanguine	Phlegmatic person	Melancholic

Equilibrium	Unbalanced, with a predominance of the excitation process	Balanced	Balanced
Mobility		Mobile	Inert

However, in life such “pure” ones are rare; usually the combination of properties is more diverse. I.P. Pavlov also wrote that between these main types there are “intermediate, transitional types and they must be known in order to navigate human behavior.”

Along with the indicated types of GNI common to humans and animals, I.P. Pavlov specifically identified human types (particular types) based on the different ratio of the first and second signaling systems:

1. Art type characterized by a slight predominance of the first signaling system over the second. Representatives of this type are characterized by an objective, figurative perception of the surrounding world, operating in the process with sensory images.

2. Thinking type characterized by the predominance of the second signaling system over the first. This type is characterized by a pronounced ability to abstract from reality and to perform subtle analysis; operating with abstract symbols in the process of thinking.

3.Medium type characterized by the balance of signaling systems. Most people belong to this type; they are characterized by both figurative and speculative conclusions.

This classification reflects the nature of the functional interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain and the features of their interaction.

The doctrine of the types of higher nervous activity is important for understanding the patterns of formation of such important psychological characteristics of the individual as temperament and character. The type of GNI is the physiological basis of temperament. However, the type of GNI can be reduced to temperament, because the type of GNI is a physiological property of a person, and temperament is a psychological property of a person and is related to the dynamic side of a person’s mental activity. It should be remembered that temperament does not characterize the content side of a person (a person’s worldview, beliefs, views, interests, etc.). Features of the type of GNI and the prevailing temperament form the natural basis of the individual’s uniqueness.

Each individual has predominantly genetically determined characteristics of the functioning of the nervous system, which determine differences in the nature of the response to the same influences of the physical and social environment and, therefore, form the basis for the formation of behavior.

I. P. Pavlov identified three main properties of nervous processes: strength, balance and mobility.

The strength of nervous processes - This is the ability of nerve cells to maintain adequate performance under significant stress of excitatory and inhibitory processes. It is based on the severity of excitation and inhibition processes in the central nervous system. People with a stronger nervous system are more resilient and stress-resistant.

Balance of nervous processes – this is the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, creating the basis for more balanced behavior.

Mobility of nervous processes speaks of the ability to quickly transition from excitation to inhibition. People with a more mobile nervous system have greater behavioral flexibility; they adapt more quickly to new conditions.

Subsequently, additional properties of nervous processes were identified.

Dynamism – the ability of brain structures to quickly generate nervous processes during the formation of conditioned reactions. The dynamism of nervous processes underlies learning.

Lability – the rate of emergence and cessation of nervous processes. This property allows you to make movements with high frequency, quickly and clearly starting and finishing the movement.

Activation characterizes the individual level of activation of nervous processes and underlies the processes of memorization and reproduction.

Various combinations of these characteristics of nervous processes determine one or another type of temperament and, to some extent, character and personality properties. For example, the strength of the arousal process underlies endurance, energy, efficiency, ardor, courage, bravery, activity, boldness, ability to overcome difficulties, initiative, risk-taking, independence, determination, perseverance. And the power of braking determines such properties as caution, self-control, patience, secrecy, restraint, composure.

When the processes of excitation and inhibition are unbalanced, when excitation predominates over inhibition, a tendency towards increased excitability, a tendency to take risks, ardor, intolerance, and a predominance of persistence and compliance appear. Such a person is more of a man of action; waiting and patience are difficult for him. And such character traits as caution, restraint, restraint, calmness, lack of inclination towards excitement and risk are associated with the predominance of inhibition processes in the nervous system. Balance, i.e. the presence of a balance between inhibition and excitation presupposes moderation, prudence, dimensionality in activity, combined with the possibility of applying sufficient effort to achieve the goal, and, if necessary, risk. With pronounced mobility of excitatory processes, impulsivity and a tendency to quickly interrupt the work started when it ceases to arouse interest may arise. It is difficult for such a person to develop persistence in achieving a goal. When combined with the mobility of the inhibitory process, there may be a quick response to external stimuli, sociability, initiative - it is difficult for such people to be secretive, attached and constant.

Based on various combinations of the three main properties of nervous processes, various types of GNI are formed. In I. P. Pavlov’s classification, there are four main types of GNI, differing in adaptability to external conditions:

1) strong, unbalanced (“uncontrolled”) type characterized by high strength of excitation processes, predominant by inhibition. This is a person with a high level of activity, quick-tempered, energetic, irritable, addicted, with strong, quickly arising emotions that are clearly reflected in speech, gestures and facial expressions;
2) strong, balanced, mobile (labile or "live") type characterized by strong, balanced processes of excitation and inhibition with the ability to easily replace one process with another. These are energetic people, with great self-control, decisive, able to quickly navigate a new environment, agile, impressionable, clearly expressing their emotions;
3) strong, balanced, inert (calm) type characterized by the presence of strong processes of excitation and inhibition, their balance, but at the same time low mobility of nervous processes. These are very efficient, able to restrain themselves, calm people, but slow, with weak expression of feelings, difficult to switch from one type of activity to another, committed to their habits;
4) weak type characterized by weak excitation processes and easily occurring inhibitory reactions. These are weak-willed, sad, sad people, with high emotional vulnerability, suspicious, prone to gloomy thoughts, to a depressed mood, they are timid, and often succumb to the influence of others.

These types of GNI correspond to the classical description of temperaments by Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician who lived almost 2.5 millennia before I.P. Pavlov (Table 13.2).

Table 13.2

Correlation of types of higher nervous activity and temperaments according to Hippocrates

However, usually the combination of properties of the nervous system is more diverse, and therefore in life it is rarely possible to see such “pure” types of GNI. Even I.P. Pavlov noted that between the main types there are “intermediate, transitional types, and you need to know them in order to navigate human behavior.”

It is interesting to note that the main types of GNI are common to humans and animals. But along with them, I.P. Pavlov identified types that are unique to humans, based on the different ratio of the first and second signaling systems:

– artistic type - characterized by a slight predominance of the first signaling system over the second. Individuals belonging to this type are characterized by an objective, figurative perception of the surrounding world, a tendency to operate with sensory images in the process of thinking;
– thinking type - characterized by the predominance of the second signaling system over the first. Representatives of this type are characterized by the presence of pronounced abilities for abstraction, operating with abstract symbols in the process of thinking, and well-developed abilities for analysis;
– medium type – differs in the balance of signaling systems. Most people relate to him. Representatives of this type are characterized by both figurative impressions and abstract conclusions.

This classification is associated with the functional interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain, the peculiarities of their interaction: it is believed that the artistic type corresponds to right-hemispheric dominance and a predominantly simultaneous (holistic) way of processing information, and the thinking type corresponds to left-hemispheric dominance and a successive (sequential) way of processing information.

The ability to change behavior in accordance with changing living conditions. A measure of this property of the nervous system is the speed of transition from one action to another, from a passive state to an active one, and vice versa, the opposite of mobility is the inertia of nervous processes.

According to the teachings of I.P. Pavlov, individual behavioral characteristics and the dynamics of mental activity depend on individual differences in the activity of the nervous system. The basis of individual differences in nervous activity is the manifestation and correlation of the properties of two main nervous processes - excitation and inhibition

Three properties of the processes of excitation and inhibition were established:

1) the strength of the processes of excitation and inhibition,

2) balance of excitation and inhibition processes,

3) mobility (changeability) of the processes of excitation and inhibition.

The strength of nervous processes is expressed in the ability of nerve cells to tolerate long-term or short-term, but very concentrated excitation and inhibition. This determines the performance (endurance) of the nerve cell.

The weakness of nervous processes is characterized by the inability of nerve cells to withstand prolonged and concentrated excitation and inhibition. When exposed to very strong stimuli, nerve cells quickly go into a state of protective inhibition. Thus, in a weak nervous system, nerve cells are characterized by low efficiency, their energy is quickly depleted. But a weak nervous system has great sensitivity: even to weak stimuli it gives an appropriate reaction.

An important property of higher nervous activity is the balance of nervous processes, that is, the proportional ratio of excitation and inhibition. For some people, these two processes are mutually balanced, while for others this balance is not observed: either the process of inhibition or excitation predominates.

One of the main properties of higher nervous activity is the mobility of nervous processes. The mobility of the nervous system is characterized by the speed of alternation of processes of excitation and inhibition, the speed of their occurrence and cessation (when living conditions require it), the speed of movement of nervous processes (irradiation and concentration), the speed of appearance of the nervous process in response to irritation, the speed of formation of new conditioned connections, the development and changes in the dynamic stereotype.

Combinations of these properties of nervous processes of excitation and inhibition were used as the basis for determining the type of higher nervous activity. Depending on the combination of strength, mobility and balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition, four main types of higher nervous activity are distinguished.

Weak type. Representatives of a weak type of nervous system cannot withstand strong, prolonged and concentrated stimuli. The processes of inhibition and excitation are weak. When exposed to strong stimuli, the development of conditioned reflexes is delayed. Along with this, there is a high sensitivity (i.e., a low threshold) to the actions of stimuli.

Strong balanced type. Distinguished by a strong nervous system, it is characterized by an imbalance of the basic nervous processes - the predominance of excitation processes over inhibition processes.

Strong balanced mobile type. The processes of inhibition and excitation are strong and balanced, but their speed, mobility, and rapid turnover of nervous processes lead to relative instability of nerve connections.

Strong balanced inert type. Strong and balanced nervous processes are characterized by low mobility. Representatives of this type are always outwardly calm, even, and difficult to excite.

The type of higher nervous activity refers to natural higher data; this is an innate property of the nervous system. On this physiological basis, various systems of conditioned connections can be formed, i.e., during the course of life, these conditioned connections will be formed differently in different people: this is where the type of higher nervous activity will manifest itself. Temperament is a manifestation of a type of higher nervous activity in human activity and behavior.

The characteristics of a person’s mental activity, which determine his actions, behavior, habits, interests, knowledge, are formed in the process of a person’s individual life, in the process of upbringing. The type of higher nervous activity gives originality to a person’s behavior, leaves a characteristic imprint on the entire appearance of a person - it determines the mobility of his mental processes, their stability, but does not determine either the behavior or actions of a person, or his beliefs, or moral principles.

Choleric- an unbalanced, unrestrained, hot-tempered, even unbridled personality. Choleric temperament is characterized by great intensity and vivid expression of emotional experiences and the speed of their occurrence. A choleric person is characterized by quick temper and quick-wittedness, which immediately follows violent outbursts of feelings. A choleric person is a hot-tempered, passionate person, characterized by a sharp change in feelings, which are always deep for him and capture him completely. He experiences both joy and sorrow deeply and strongly, which finds its (sometimes violent) expression in his facial expressions and actions. Has difficulty performing monotonous work, reactions are fast and strong. He gets down to business with passion, but quickly cools down - a “don’t care” mood appears.

In communication he is impatient and harsh. Facial expressions and movements are energetic, the pace of work is fast. Often teenagers with such a temperament disrupt lessons, get into fights, and generally cause a lot of trouble for parents and teachers. These are perky, fighting, active guys. They become the ringleaders among their peers, involving them in various romantic ventures.

Melancholic- unbalanced, deeply worried about any event with a sluggish and weak external response. The reaction is slow. Peculiarities of melancholic temperament are manifested externally: facial expressions and movements are slow, monotonous, restrained, poor, the voice is quiet, inexpressive.

Sensitive, vulnerable, afraid of difficulties, characterized by increased anxiety. Avoids unexpected situations. Prefers to perform activities that do not require mental stress.

The feelings and moods of a melancholic person are monotonous and at the same time very stable.

Melancholic children cannot resist injustice, they often fall under the influence of others, they are teased and offended. These guys often find it difficult to work in a team. Melancholic teenagers are often timid and shy, they can easily cry.

Sanguine- a balanced personality, his reactions are distinguished by speed and moderate strength, but he is distinguished by a relatively weak intensity of mental processes and the rapid replacement of some mental processes by others. He quickly masters new professional knowledge and can work for a long time without getting tired, provided that the work is varied. A sanguine person is characterized by the ease and speed of the emergence of new emotional states, which, however, quickly replacing each other, do not leave a deep mark in his consciousness.

Usually a sanguine person is distinguished by rich facial expressions; his emotional experiences are accompanied by a variety of expressive movements. This is a cheerful person, distinguished by great mobility. The external mobility of a sanguine person is associated with the speed of mental processes: he is impressionable, quickly responds to external stimuli and is less focused and deep in his personal experiences.

A sanguine person can easily cope with tasks that require quick thinking, unless these tasks are particularly difficult and serious. He easily takes on different things, but at the same time easily forgets about them, becoming interested in new ones.

Phlegmatic people

Outwardly, a person of phlegmatic temperament is distinguished, first of all, by low mobility, his movements are very slow and even sluggish, not energetic, quick actions cannot be expected from him. Phlegmatic people are also characterized by weak emotional excitability. His feelings and moods are of an even character and change slowly. This is a calm person, measured in his actions. He rarely leaves an even, calm emotional state, he can rarely be seen very excited, and affective manifestations of personality are alien to him.

The facial expressions and gestures of a phlegmatic person are monotonous, inexpressive, speech is slow, devoid of liveliness, and is not accompanied by expressive movements.

Scientists give different definitions to concepts "extrovert" and "introvert". For the classification of K. Leonhard, priority was person's attitude to information, to the reaction to events in the external environment: extroverts are receptive to such information and react to it; Introverts, on the other hand, can largely ignore the external environment, focusing on their own inner world.

Due to the differences in approach, K. Leonhard makes the main conclusion that introvert - the personality is more strong-willed, strong, resistant to outside influence.Extroverts in this regard, they are less persistent - they are easily influenced by others and, unlike introverts, they can change their internal attitudes depending on the external environment.

Circle of friends introverts rather narrow, they are prone to philosophizing and soul-searching. Some of them oppose themselves to the environment, and therefore do not follow changing circumstances at all, falling behind the pace of life. As a rule, introverts categorically do not tolerate interference in their lives, in their attitudes and in their inner world. Such individuals are accustomed to following their principles and beliefs to the end. Extroverts adapt better to changing conditions, make acquaintances more easily and expand their social circle, and are open to new things, including new information. They are ready to sacrifice their beliefs for the sake of a certain goal and easily give in to other people. They are not prone to self-examination; some extroverts can even be accused of frivolity.

Mental self-regulation - This control of one’s psycho-emotional state, achieved by a person’s influence on himself with the help of words, mental images, control of muscle tone and breathing.

Character- this is the framework of the personality, which includes only the most pronounced and closely interconnected personality traits, clearly manifested in various types of activities. All character traits are personality traits, but not all personality traits are character traits. Character- an individual combination of the most stable, significant personality traits, manifested in human behavior, in a certain respect: 1) to yourself(degree of demandingness, criticality, self-esteem); 2) to other people(individualism or collectivism, selfishness or altruism, cruelty or kindness, indifference or sensitivity, rudeness or politeness, deceit or truthfulness, etc.); 3) to the assigned task(laziness or hard work, neatness or sloppiness, initiative or passivity, perseverance or impatience, responsibility or irresponsibility, organization, etc.); 4) reflected in character strong-willed qualities: willingness to overcome obstacles, mental and physical pain, degree of perseverance, independence, determination, discipline. Character human is a fusion of innate properties of higher nervous activity with individual traits acquired during life. Individual character traits depend on each other, are connected with each other and form an integral organization, which is called character structure. In the structure of character, two groups of traits are distinguished. Under character trait understand certain features of a person’s personality that are systematically manifested in various types of his activities and by which one can judge his possible actions in certain conditions. TO first group include traits that express the orientation of the individual (stable needs, attitudes, interests, inclinations, ideals, goals), a system of relationships to the surrounding reality and represent individually unique ways of implementing these relationships. To the second group include intellectual, volitional and emotional character traits.

Accentuation of character and personality– this is an excessive expression of certain character traits, this is an extreme version of the norm bordering on psychopathy.

Character accents: 1. Hyperthymic type. He is in high spirits, optimistic, extremely sociable, and quickly switches from one thing to another. Doesn't finish what he starts, is not disciplined, is prone to immoral acts, is not obligatory, and has inflated self-esteem. Conflict-prone, often initiates conflicts. 2.Dysthymic type - opposite to the hyperthymic type. He is characterized by a pessimistic mood, is non-communicative, prefers loneliness, leads a secluded lifestyle, and is prone to low self-esteem. Rarely comes into conflict with others. Highly values friendship and justice. 3.Cycloid type . Characterized by fairly frequent periodic mood swings. During periods of high mood, behavior is hyperthymic, and during periods of low mood, it is dysthymic. Self-esteem is unstable. Conflictful, especially during periods of high mood. Unpredictable in conflict. 4. Excitable type . Differs in low contact in communication. Boring, gloomy, prone to rudeness and abuse. Unfriendly in a team, domineering in the family. In an emotionally calm state, he is conscientious and careful. In a state of emotional excitement, he is quick-tempered and has poor control over his behavior. He is conflict-provoking, often initiates conflicts, and is active in conflicts. 5. Stuck type . He is moderately sociable, boring, prone to moralizing, and often takes the position of a “parent.” Strives for high performance in any business, places increased demands on himself, and is sensitive to social justice. Touchy, vulnerable, suspicious, vindictive, jealous. Self-esteem is inadequate. He is conflict-prone, usually initiates conflicts, and is active in conflicts. 6. Pedantic type . He is distinguished by conscientiousness, accuracy, and seriousness in business. In official relations, he is a bureaucrat, a formalist, and easily cedes leadership to others. Rarely enters into conflicts. However, its formalism can provoke conflict situations. In conflict he behaves passively. 7. Anxious type. He is characterized by low contact, lack of self-confidence, and a minor mood. Self-esteem is low. At the same time, he is characterized by such traits as friendliness, self-criticism, and diligence. Rarely enters into conflicts, playing a passive role in them; the predominant strategies of behavior in conflict are withdrawal and concession. 8. Emotive type. Characterized by a desire to communicate in a narrow circle. Establishes good contacts only with a small selected circle of people. Overly sensitive. Tearful. At the same time, he is characterized by kindness, compassion, a heightened sense of duty, and diligence. Rarely enters into conflicts. In conflicts, he plays a passive role and is prone to concessions. 9. Demonstrative type. Characterized by ease of establishing contacts, desire for leadership, thirst for power and fame. Prone to intrigue. Courteous, artistic. At the same time, people of this type are selfish, hypocritical, and boastful. Conflicted. Active in conflict. 10. Exalted type ( from lat. exaltatio - an enthusiastic, excited state, painful liveliness). Characterized by high contact. Talkative, amorous. Attached and attentive to friends and relatives, susceptible to momentary moods. They sincerely worry about other people's problems.

Mechanisms of development and character formation

Character usually means the totality of some outstanding mental properties of an individual person. This refers to those mental properties that are formed after the birth of a person. Temperament, for example, has physiological and genetic roots, and therefore does not relate to character, because it is largely formed before birth. He, in turn, can either promote or hinder the development of certain character traits

Character is formed in the process of personality development and its social relations.

Character traits are formed at three levels:

physiological - based on temperament,

social - under the influence of society

at the level of consciousness - self-formation of character.

The main condition for the development and formation of a person’s character is, of course, the social environment. In simple words, all those people who surround a person in the process of growing up and beyond. There is no need to talk about clear boundaries of this process, because character is “filled” with various traits throughout life.

It is worth noting that the formation of a person’s character is characterized by a number of certain conditions and features at different age stages.

Periods of character formation

Although character begins to form from the first months, nevertheless, a special Sensitive period of life is distinguished. This period occurs approximately from the ages of 2-3 to 9-10 years, when children actively and extensively communicate both with the adults around them and with peers, readily accept them, imitating everyone and in everything. During this period, they are open to almost any outside influence. Children readily accept any new experience, imitating everyone and in everything. At this time, adults still enjoy the child’s boundless trust, so they have the opportunity to influence him with word, deed and action.

For the development of a child’s character, the communication style of the people around him is important:

Adults with adults

Adults with children

Children with children.

The style of communication of adults with each other in front of a child, the way of communicating with him himself is very important for the development of character.

The child adopts the communication style and tries to adapt to it, which in turn also affects the development of character. It is generally accepted that the way a mother and father act towards a child many years later becomes the way he treats his children when the child becomes an adult and starts his own family. However, this is both true and not true. The child not only adopts communication styles, he criticizes them in his own way. The older the child is and the more developed his intellect and the more willingly he uses the capabilities of his mind, the more critical he is. That is why a person’s attitude to truth is always included in the core of character. The inquisitiveness of a child’s mind cannot but leave an imprint on the formation of his character.

Some of the first traits in a person’s character are:

Kindness-selfishness,

Sociability-isolation

Responsiveness-indifference.

Research shows that these character traits begin to form long before the beginning of the school period of life, even in infancy.

Later, other character traits are formed:

Hard work is laziness,

Neatness-inaccuracy,

Good faith-maliciousness,

Responsibility-irresponsibility,

Persistence is cowardice.

These qualities, however, also begin to form in preschool childhood. They are formed and reinforced in games and available types of household work and other everyday activities.

Stimulation from adults is of great importance on the development of character traits. Both low and very high demands can have a detrimental effect on the formation of character.

In the preschool period, mainly those traits that are constantly supported are preserved and consolidated.

In the elementary grades of school, character traits that manifest themselves in relationships with people are developed. This is facilitated by the expansion of the child’s sphere of communication with others due to many new school friends and adults - teachers. If what a child as an individual acquired at home receives support at school, then the corresponding character traits are reinforced and most often remain throughout his entire life. If the newly acquired experience of communicating with peers, teachers, and other adults does not confirm as correct the characteristic forms of behavior that the child acquired at home, then a gradual breakdown of character begins, which is usually accompanied by pronounced internal and external conflicts. The restructuring of character that occurs does not always lead to a positive result. Most often, there is a partial change in character traits and a compromise between what the child was taught at home and what the school requires of him.

At school, the child begins to live a full social life, communicate with a large number of people, including those he knows little. The child’s responsibility for the results of their activities increases. They begin to compare him with other children. Therefore, it is in elementary school that such an important character trait as self-attitude is formed. School success can build confidence in one's own intellectual worth. Failures can form a kind of “loser complex”: the child stops trying because he is still a “loser”.

During adolescence, strong-willed character traits actively develop. In early adolescence, the basic moral and ideological foundations of the personality are finally formed, which most people carry through the rest of their lives. By the end of school, the character is finally formed. Further, the character is formed and transformed throughout life, but not so much that it becomes unrecognizable. Now a person becomes the creator of his character as a result of self-education.

Types of improper upbringing and character types with pathologies

The social environment, of course, is a very important condition for the formation of character. But no less important is education. The role of upbringing in the formation of character cannot be ruled out, since improper upbringing can cause certain pathologies in character. Education can be classified as purposeful or spontaneous.

According to the goals, education can be divided into three types:

education for the teacher,

education for society

education for the educated.

Parenting for the caregiver is aimed at developing traits that make parenting easier, such as obedience.

The task of education for society is the formation of socially significant traits (for example, law-abiding); Education for the person being educated poses the task of forming such character traits that are beneficial for the person himself and are capable of harmonizing his existence.

Capabilities– individual psychological characteristics of a person, manifested in activity and being a condition for its success. From the level of development abilities depend on the speed, ease and strength of the process of mastering knowledge, skills and abilities, but they themselves capabilities are not limited to knowledge, skills and abilities.

General abilities are called of a person, which to one degree or another are manifested in all types of his activities. These are learning abilities, a person’s general mental abilities, and his ability to work. They are based on the general skills necessary in each area of activity, in particular such as the ability to understand tasks, plan and organize their execution, using the means available in a person’s experience, to reveal the connections of those things to which the activity relates, to master new work techniques, to overcome difficulties on the way to the goal.

Under special understanding of abilities, which are clearly manifested in individual, special areas of activity (for example, stage, music, sports, etc.).

The division of general and special abilities is conditional. Actually, we are talking about general and special aspects of human abilities that exist in interconnection. General abilities are manifested in special ones, that is, in abilities for some specific, specific activity. With the development of special abilities, their general aspects also develop.

GIFTEDNESS- the presence of a person with favorable inclinations and abilities for any one or more types of activity. About giftedness a person can be judged by the nature of the development of abilities and mastery of knowledge, skills, abilities, by success and level of achievements in professional work.

The basis of any abilities are inclinations. Inclinations are understood as primary, natural (biological) characteristics with which a person is born and which mature in the process of his development. These are mainly innate anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the body, motor system, sensory organs, neurodynamic properties of the brain, features of functional asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres, etc. It is the originality of individual characteristics that acts as natural inclinations. Inclinations do not contain abilities and do not guarantee their development. They may or may not turn into abilities, depending on the person’s upbringing and activities. In the absence of proper upbringing and activity, even large inclinations will not become abilities, but with appropriate upbringing and activity, even small inclinations can develop abilities of a sufficiently high level.

B. M. Teplov points out some conditions for the formation of abilities. Abilities themselves cannot be innate. Only inclinations can be innate. Teplov understood his inclinations as certain anatomical and physiological features. Inclinations underlie the development of abilities, and abilities are the result of development. If the ability itself is not innate, therefore, it is formed in postnatal ontogenesis (it is important to pay attention to the fact that Teplov separates the terms “innate” and “hereditary”; “innate” - manifested from the moment of birth and formed under the influence of both hereditary and and environmental factors, “hereditary” - formed under the influence of hereditary factors and manifested both immediately after birth and at any other time in a person’s life). Abilities are formed through activity. Teplov writes that “...an ability cannot arise outside of the corresponding specific objective activity.” Thus, ability includes what arises in the activity corresponding to it. It also influences the success of this activity. Ability begins to exist only together with activity. It cannot appear before the activity corresponding to it has begun. Moreover, abilities are not only manifested in activities. They are created in it.

In psychology, there are three concepts of abilities:

A) the theory of heredity of abilities,

B) theory of acquired abilities,

C) acquired and natural in abilities.

1. The theory of heredity of abilities dates back to Plato, who argued that abilities have a biological origin, i.e. their manifestation depends entirely on who the child’s parent was, on what traits are inherited. Training and education can only change the speed of their appearance, but they will always manifest themselves in one way or another. www.pclever.ru

The approach to the hereditary nature of abilities is reflected in views linking a person’s abilities with the size of his brain. But these studies were not confirmed.

2. The theory of acquired abilities connects abilities exclusively with environment and upbringing. Back in the 18th century. K.A. Helvetius stated that with the help of special education genius can be formed. Supporters of this trend refer to cases where children from the most backward and primitive tribes, having received appropriate training, were no different from educated Europeans.

Examples are also given of cases where a child, for some reason, is deprived of the opportunity to communicate with adults and peers. As a result, a person in the full sense of the word does not emerge from him.

The American scientist W. Ashby argues that abilities and even genius are determined by acquired properties, and in particular by what pre-program and program of intellectual activity was formed in a person in childhood and in subsequent life, spontaneously and consciously during the learning process. For one, the program allows solving creative problems, while for the other - only reproductive ones. W. Ashby considers efficiency to be the second factor of ability.

But this concept has also met and continues to meet objections. Life observations and special studies indicate that the natural prerequisites for abilities cannot be denied. In a number of professions they are especially important.

3. Acquired and natural in abilities. This concept, which combines the above theories, is confirmed by practice and special research.

Researchers divide abilities into natural and acquired. This division is very conditional. Heredity is included, of course, as one of the conditions in the development of a person, but his abilities are not a direct function of his heredity. First of all, the hereditary and acquired in specific personality characteristics form an inseparable unity; Because of this alone, it is impossible to attribute any specific mental properties of a person to heredity alone.

Feel - this is the simplest mental cognitive process of reflecting individual properties of objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, as well as internal states of the body, arising from their direct impact on the senses.

Types and classification of sensations. According to the five sense organs known to the ancient Greeks, the following types of sensations are distinguished: visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, tactile (tactile). In addition, there are intermediate sensations between tactile and auditory - vibration. There are also complex sensations, consisting of several independent analytical systems: for example, touch is tactile and muscle-articular sensations; skin sensations include tactile, temperature and pain. There are organic sensations (hunger, thirst, nausea, etc.), static, sensations of balance, reflecting the position of the body in space.

There are various bases for classifying sensations.
The most ancient classification of sensations includes five points (according to the number of sense organs):
- sense of smell,
- taste,
- touch,
- vision
- hearing.
B.G. Ananyev identified eleven types of sensations.
The English physiologist C. Sherrington proposed a systematic classification of sensations. At the first level, sensations are divided into three main types:
- interoceptive,
- proprioceptive,
- exteroceptive.
Interoceptive combine signals that reach us from the internal environment of the body. Proprioceptive transmit information about the position in space of the body in general and the musculoskeletal system in particular. Exteroceptives provide signals from the outside world.

Interoceptive sensations

They signal the state of the internal processes of the body. They arise thanks to receptors located:
- on the walls of the stomach, intestines, heart, blood vessels and other organs,
- inside muscles and other organs.
As it turns out, this is the most ancient and most elementary group of sensations. Receptors that perceive information about the state of internal organs are called internal receptors. Interoceptive sensations are among the least conscious and most diffuse forms of sensations. Typically, they always retain their proximity to emotional states in consciousness.
Interoceptive sensations are also often called organic.

Proprioceptive sensations

They transmit signals about the position of the body in space, thereby forming the afferent basis of human movements, playing a decisive role in their regulation. Proprioceptive sensations include:
- a sense of balance (static sensation),
- motor (kinesthetic) sensation.
Receptors for proprioceptive sensitivity are located in muscles and joints (tendons, ligaments). These receptors are called Paccini bodies.
The role of proprioceptors has been well studied in physiology and psychophysiology. Their role as the afferent basis of movements in animals and humans was studied in detail in the works of A.A. Orbeli, P.K. Anokhina, N.A. Bernstein.
Peripheral receptors for the sensation of balance are located in the semicircular canals of the inner ear.

Exteroceptive sensations

They bring information from the outside world to human consciousness. Exteroceptive sensations are divided into:
- contact (taste and touch),
- distant (hearing, vision and smell).
The sense of smell, according to many authors, occupies an intermediate position between contact and distant sensations. Formally, olfactory sensations arise at a distance from the object, but the smell itself is a kind of object (we can say that it is a cloud of gas). And then it turns out that the nose is in direct contact with this object. You can also notice that the object itself has already ceased to exist, but the smell from it remains (for example, a tree burned, but the smoke from it remains). The sense of smell also plays a huge role in the perception of the quality of the product consumed.

Intermodal sensations

There are sensations that cannot be associated with any specific modality. Such sensations are called intermodal. These include vibration sensitivity, which integrates tactile-motor and auditory sensations. L.E. Komendantov believes that tactile-vibration sensitivity is one of the forms of sound perception. Tactile perception of sound vibration is understood as diffuse sound sensitivity. In the lives of deaf and deaf-blind people, vibration sensitivity plays a huge role. Deaf-blind people, thanks to the high development of vibration sensitivity, learned about the approach of a truck and other types of transport at a great distance.

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