Intermittent fasting for beginners. Human Digestive System Why does my blood sugar rise during fasting?

Intermittent fasting is considered an ancient health secret as it has been practiced throughout human history. It was also considered a secret because this powerful habit had been virtually forgotten. But now many are rediscovering the dietary effects of ISIS. Fasting can have huge benefits if done right: weight loss, reversing type 2 diabetes, increased energy, and much more.

We asked the great IS guru, Dr. Jason Fung, to put together this beginner's guide so you can learn everything you want about it.

Intermittent fasting (fasting) - is it literally hunger or not?

No. Fasting differs from famine in one significant way. Control. Hunger is the forced absence of food. It is not considered an intentional or controlled action. On the other hand, fasting is a voluntary abstinence from food for the sake of spiritual improvement, health, or other reasons.

Food is readily available, but you decided don't eat it. This can be any period of time, from a few hours to several days or even weeks on end. You can start the fast at any time of your choice, and you can also end it at your own discretion. You can start or stop fasting for any reason or no reason.

Fasting does not have a standard duration, as it is simply the absence of food. Any time you are not eating, you are fasting. For example, you could fast between dinner and breakfast the next day, for about 12-14 hours. In this sense, fasting should be considered as part of everyday life.

Let's consider the term “break fast” (break/break a fast). This breakfast word refers to food that breaks your fast, which is done daily. Thus, the English language implicitly recognizes that fasting should be done daily, even for a short time.

Fasting is not something strange and outlandish, but part of everyday, normal life. This is perhaps the oldest and most powerful method of nutritional therapy imaginable. However, we have somehow forgotten its amazing power and ignored the therapeutic potential of IG.

Learning how to fast properly gives us the opportunity to decide whether it is worth using or not.

How does IG work?

At its core, fasting simply allows the body to burn excess fat. It is important to understand that this is normal and humans have evolved to fast without harmful health effects. Fat is simply energy from food that is stored in reserve. If you don't eat anything, the body will simply "eat" its own fat for energy.

Life is in balance. The good and the bad. Yin and yang. The same applies to food and fasting. Fasting, after all, is just the other side of eating. If you don't eat, you are fasting. Here's how it works:

When we eat, more energy from food enters the human body than can be used immediately. Some of this energy must be stored for later use. Insulin is a key hormone involved in storing energy from food.

Insulin rises when we eat, helping to store excess energy in two different ways. Sugar can be bound into long chains called glycogen and then stored in the liver. However, storage space is limited, and once all the reserves are full, the liver begins to convert excess glucose into fat. This process is called De-Novo Lipogenesis (literally meaning creating fat anew).

Some of this newly created fat is stored in the liver, but most is exported to other fat stores in the body. Although this is a more complex process, there is no limit to the amount of fat that can be created. Thus, two additional food energy storage systems exist in our body. One of the systems is easily accessible but has limited storage space (glycogen), while the other is much more difficult to access but has unlimited storage space (fat).

The process goes in the opposite direction when we do not eat (fast). Insulin levels drop, signaling the body to start burning stored energy since it is no longer coming from food. Blood glucose levels drop, so the body must now pull glucose from storage to burn for energy.

Glycogen is the most readily available source of energy. It breaks down into glucose molecules to provide energy for other cells. It can provide enough energy to the body for 24-36 hours. After this, the body will begin to burn fat for energy.

So, the body exists in only two states - fed (high insulin) and fasted (low insulin). We either store food energy or burn it. Either one or the other. If eating and fasting are in balance, then we will not gain weight.

If we start eating as soon as we roll out of bed and don't stop until we go to bed, we spend almost all of our time in a full state. Over time, we gain weight because... We didn’t give our body time to burn energy from food.

To restore balance or lose weight, we simply need to increase the amount of time we burn energy from food (fasting). Essentially, fasting allows the body to use all its stored energy. In the end, this is what works for us. It is important to understand that there is nothing wrong with fasting. Fasting exists because our body is designed for it. This is how dogs, cats, lions and bears live. This is how people live.

If you eat constantly, as is often recommended, then the body will simply use the incoming energy from food and never burn fat. You are just accumulating it. The body will store fat even when there is nothing to eat. You lack balance. There is not enough post.

Benefits of intermittent fasting?

The most obvious benefit of IG is weight loss. However, there are many benefits beyond this, many of which were widely known in ancient times.

Fasting periods are often called “cleanses,” “detoxes,” or “cleanses,” but the idea is the same—fasting from food for a period of time to improve health. People think that this time of fasting will cleanse their organ systems of toxins and rejuvenate them.

Some of the supposed benefits of fasting on the body include:

• Increased Energy
• Prevention of Alzheimer's disease (potentially)
• Increased life expectancy (potentially)
• (potentially) by stimulating autophagy (a discovery for which the Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded in 2016)
• Reducing inflammation

Other benefits

Fasting offers many important unique benefits that are not available in regular diets. Dieting usually makes life more difficult, while fasting makes life easier. The diet costs a lot of money, but fasting is essentially free. Dieting can take some time, but fasting saves time. The diet has restrictions, fasting is available anywhere. Diet has varying effectiveness, but fasting has undeniable effectiveness. There is no more powerful method for lowering insulin levels and losing body weight.

Types of Intermittent Fasting

Short post (<24ч)

IS offers endless flexibility. You can fast as long or as short as you like, but here are some popular fasting plans. As a rule, shorter posts are made more often.

16: 8

This fast involves fasting daily for 16 hours. This is sometimes called the “8-hour eating window.” You eat within 8 hours and fast for the remaining 16 hours. Typically this is done daily or almost every day.

For example, you allow yourself to eat between 11:00 and until 19:00 in the evening. Typically this means skipping breakfast and you eat two or three times a day during that 8 hour period.

20: 4

The regimen includes a “4-hour eating window” and 20 hours of fasting. For example, you eat between 2 and 6 pm every day and fast for the remaining 20 hours. Typically, you will have either one large meal or two smaller meals during this period.

Longer posts (>24 hours)

24 hour posts

The scheme includes fasting from dinner to dinner (or from lunch to lunch). If you eat dinner on Day 1, you skip breakfast and lunch the next day, and eat dinner again on Day 2. This means you still eat every day, but only once during the day. As a rule, such fasting is carried out two to three times a week.

5: 2

Dr. Michael Mosley popularized this option in his book The Fast Diet. It includes 5 regular days of eating and 2 days of fasting. However, during these two days of fasting, you are allowed to eat 500 calories each day. These calories can be consumed at any time during the day - either spread out throughout the day or as one meal.

36 hour posts

The scheme involves fasting for the entire day. For example, if you ate dinner on Day 1, then fast for the entirety of Day 2 and do not eat until breakfast on Day 3. This works out to typically be a 36-hour fast. This type of fasting provides a more powerful weight loss benefit. Another benefit is that he avoids the temptation to overeat at dinner on the 2nd day.

Extended post

You can fast almost indefinitely. Typically, for fasts longer than 48 hours, I recommend taking a multivitamin to avoid micronutrient deficiencies. The world record for such a fast is 382 days, so being on the extended version for 7-14 days is certainly possible.

Frequently asked questions about fasting:

1. Who shouldn't go hungry?

You should not fast if you:

• Are underweight (BMI)<18,5)
• Pregnant: You need extra nutrients for your baby.
• Breastfeeding: You need extra nutrients for your baby.
• If you are a child under 18 years of age, you need extra nutrients to grow.

You can fast, but may need to be monitored by a doctor, under the following conditions:

• If you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
• If you are taking prescription medications.
• If you have gout or high uric acid levels.

1. Will I be put into starvation mode by fasting?

No. This is the most common myth about fasting. In fact, the opposite is true. Research strongly suggests that fasting increases a person's basal metabolic rate.

1. Can I exercise while fasting?

Yes. You should continue all your normal activities, including physical activity, while fasting. You don't need food to provide energy for exercise because your body will burn fat for energy during this time. And that's great!

1. What are the possible side effects?

There can be a number of possible unpleasant side effects. Here's what to do if you encounter them:

• Constipation is common. Eating less food means having fewer bowel movements. You do not need medication if you are not experiencing discomfort. Standard laxatives can help alleviate the situation.
• Headaches may occur but, as a rule, they disappear after the first trials of fasting. Taking extra salt often helps mitigate this side effect.
• Mineral water can help if your stomach often makes itself known.
• Other possible side effects include dizziness, heartburn, and muscle cramps.
• A more serious side effect is refeeding syndrome. Fortunately, this rarely happens and usually only happens with extended fasts (5 days or more).

1. Why do my blood sugar levels rise during fasting?

This is due to the hormonal changes that occur during fasting. Your body produces sugar to provide energy for your system. This is a change in the “dawn” phenomenon (increased blood glucose concentration in the morning).

1. How to manage hunger?

The most important thing to understand is that hunger comes like a wave. Most people fear that hunger will increase until it becomes unbearable, but this does not happen. Instead, hunger comes in waves. If you just ignore him and drink a cup of tea or coffee, he will go away.

During long fasts, hunger often increases on the second day. After this, he gradually retreats; and many report a complete loss of hunger for 3-4 days. Your body is now powered by fat. Essentially, the body eats its own fat for breakfast, lunch and dinner, so you no longer feel hungry.

1. Does fasting burn muscle?

No. During fasting, the body first breaks down glycogen into glucose for energy. The body then increases the breakdown of fats to produce energy. Excess amino acids (the building blocks of proteins) are also used to produce energy, but the body does not burn its own muscle for fuel.

It takes a lot of imagination to imagine that our bodies store energy so thoroughly in the form of glycogen and fat only to burn muscle mass when needed.

Fasting has been practiced for thousands of years without difficulty. In my experience, out of over 1,000 patients on various fasting regimens, not one has ever complained of noticing significant muscle loss.

1. What are your top tips for IS?

Here are the top nine tips, in a nutshell:

• Drink water
• Stay busy
• Drink coffee or tea
• Survive the waves of hunger
• Don't tell those who don't support you that you're fasting
• Give yourself one month
• Stick to between fasting periods. It will reduce hunger and make fasting much easier. It can also increase the effect of weight loss and type 2 diabetes, etc.
• Don't overeat after fasting

1. How to break a fast?

Carefully. The longer you fast, the more carefully you should break it. For short-term fasts, eating too much food after IF (a mistake that everyone has made, myself included) usually results in pain and heaviness in the abdomen. But this is not a very serious problem; people quickly learn to eat as normally as possible after fasting.

1. Isn't breakfast every morning a sacred meal?

No, that's not true. This old fallacy is based on speculation and statistics and does not stand up to the test of facts. Skipping your morning meal simply gives your body more time to burn fat for energy. Since hunger is usually lowest in the morning, it's often easier to skip breakfast and break the fast later in the day.

1. Can women fast?

Undoubtedly. The only exception is for women who are underweight, pregnant or breastfeeding. Other than that, there's no particular reason for them not to try it. Women have problems during fasting, but the same as men. Sometimes women don't get the results they want, but this happens to men too.

Women fasted for thousands of years without much incident. Research shows that the average weight loss for women and men while fasting is the same.

1. Is fasting the same as cutting calories?

Absolutely not. Fasting reduces the time spent eating and addresses the question of “when to eat.” Calorie reduction looks at the question of “what to eat.” These are separate issues and should not be confused with each other.

Fasting does reduce calories, but its benefits extend far beyond that.

1. Can I lose weight?

Undoubtedly. It's almost unthinkable that you won't lose weight if you don't eat.

I call the post “The Ancient Secret of Weight Loss” because it is one of the most powerful dietary interventions for weight loss, but it has been almost completely forgotten in recent years.

How to start IG?

Now that you know everything you need to know to have a successful fast, where do we start? Just follow these steps:

• Decide what type of post you will use.
• Decide how long you will fast.
• Start fasting. If you're not feeling well, or if you have any problems, stop and get help.
• Continue with your normal activities without eating. Keep busy and live your life as usual. Imagine that your body is eating a delicious lunch from its own fat reserves.
• Break your fast carefully.
• Repeat.

Yes. It really is that simple.

One of the main conditions for life is the intake of nutrients into the body, which are continuously consumed by cells in the process of metabolism. For the body, the source of these substances is food. Digestive system ensures the breakdown of nutrients into simple organic compounds(monomers), which enter the internal environment of the body and are used by cells and tissues as plastic and energy material. In addition, the digestive system ensures that the body receives the required amount of water and electrolytes.

Digestive system, or gastrointestinal tract, is a convoluted tube that begins with the mouth and ends at the anus. It also includes a number of organs that ensure the secretion of digestive juices (salivary glands, liver, pancreas).

Digestion is a set of processes during which food is processed in the gastrointestinal tract and the proteins, fats, and carbohydrates contained in it are broken down into monomers and the subsequent absorption of monomers into the internal environment of the body.

Rice. Human digestive system

The digestive system includes:

• the oral cavity with the organs located in it and the adjacent large salivary glands;
• pharynx;
• esophagus;
• stomach;
• small and large intestine;
• pancreas.

The digestive system consists of a digestive tube, the length of which in an adult reaches 7-9 m, and a number of large glands located outside its walls. The distance from the mouth to the anus (in a straight line) is only 70-90 cm. The large difference in size is due to the fact that the digestive system forms many bends and loops.

The oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus, located in the human head, neck and chest cavity, have a relatively straight direction. In the oral cavity, food enters the pharynx, where there is a crossroads of the digestive and respiratory tracts. Then comes the esophagus, through which food mixed with saliva enters the stomach.

In the abdominal cavity there is the final section of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, colon, liver, pancreas, and in the pelvic area - the rectum. In the stomach, the food mass is exposed to gastric juice for several hours, liquefied, actively mixed and digested. In the swollen intestine, food continues to be digested with the participation of many enzymes, resulting in the formation of simple compounds that are absorbed into the blood and lymph. Water is absorbed in the colon and feces are formed. Undigested and unsuitable for absorption substances are removed out through the anus.

Salivary glands

The oral mucosa has numerous small and large salivary glands. The large glands include: three pairs of large salivary glands - parotid, submandibular and sublingual. The submandibular and sublingual glands secrete both mucous and watery saliva; they are mixed glands. The parotid salivary glands secrete only mucous saliva. The maximum release, for example, from lemon juice can reach 7-7.5 ml/min. The saliva of humans and most animals contains the enzymes amylase and maltase, due to which a chemical change occurs in food already in the oral cavity.

The amylase enzyme converts food starch into a disaccharide, maltose, and the latter, under the action of a second enzyme, maltase, is converted into two glucose molecules. Although salivary enzymes are highly active, complete breakdown of starch in the oral cavity does not occur, since food remains in the mouth for only 15-18 seconds. The saliva reaction is usually slightly alkaline or neutral.

Esophagus

The wall of the esophagus is three-layered. The middle layer consists of developed striated and smooth muscles, during the contraction of which food is pushed into the stomach. Contraction of the esophageal muscles creates peristaltic waves, which, arising in the upper part of the esophagus, spread along the entire length. In this case, the muscles of the upper third of the esophagus are sequentially contracted, and then the smooth muscles in the lower sections. When food passes through the esophagus and stretches it, a reflex opening of the entrance to the stomach occurs.

The stomach is located in the left hypochondrium, in the epigastric region and is an extension of the digestive tube with well-developed muscular walls. Depending on the phase of digestion, its shape may change. The length of an empty stomach is about 18-20 cm, the distance between the walls of the stomach (between the greater and lesser curvature) is 7-8 cm. A moderately filled stomach has a length of 24-26 cm, the greatest distance between the greater and lesser curvature is 10-12 cm. The capacity of the adult stomach person varies depending on the food and liquid taken from 1.5 to 4 liters. The stomach relaxes during the act of swallowing and remains relaxed throughout the meal. After eating, a state of increased tone occurs, which is necessary to begin the process of mechanical processing of food: grinding and mixing the chyme. This process is carried out due to peristaltic waves, which occur approximately 3 times per minute in the area of ​​the esophageal sphincter and propagate at a speed of 1 cm/s towards the exit into the duodenum. At the beginning of the digestion process, these waves are weak, but as digestion in the stomach ends, they increase in both intensity and frequency. As a result, a small portion of chyme is forced to exit the stomach.

The inner surface of the stomach is covered with a mucous membrane that forms a large number of folds. It contains glands that secrete gastric juice. These glands consist of main, accessory and parietal cells. The main cells produce gastric juice enzymes, the parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid, and the accessory cells produce mucoid secretions. The food is gradually saturated with gastric juice, mixed and crushed by contraction of the stomach muscles.

Gastric juice is a clear, colorless liquid that is acidic due to the presence of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. It contains enzymes (proteases) that break down proteins. The main protease is pepsin, which is secreted by cells in an inactive form - pepsinogen. Under the influence of hydrochloric acid, pepsinohep is converted into pepsin, which breaks down proteins into polypeptides of varying complexity. Other proteases have a specific effect on gelatin and milk protein.

Under the influence of lipase, fats are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. Gastric lipase can only act on emulsified fats. Of all food products, only milk contains emulsified fat, so only it is broken down in the stomach.

In the stomach, the breakdown of starch that began in the oral cavity continues under the influence of salivary enzymes. They act in the stomach until the bolus of food is saturated with acidic gastric juice, since hydrochloric acid stops the action of these enzymes. In humans, a significant part of starch is broken down by salivary ptyalin in the stomach.

Hydrochloric acid plays an important role in gastric digestion, which activates pepsinogen to pepsin; causes swelling of protein molecules, which promotes their enzymatic breakdown, promotes the curdling of milk to casein; has a bactericidal effect.

2-2.5 liters of gastric juice are secreted per day. On an empty stomach, a small amount of it is secreted, containing mainly mucus. After eating, secretion gradually increases and remains at a relatively high level for 4-6 hours.

The composition and amount of gastric juice depend on the amount of food. The largest amount of gastric juice is secreted for protein foods, less for carbohydrate foods, and even less for fatty foods. Normally, gastric juice has an acidic reaction (pH = 1.5-1.8), which is caused by hydrochloric acid.

Small intestine

The human small intestine starts from the pylorus of the stomach and is divided into the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The length of the small intestine of an adult reaches 5-6 m. The shortest and widest is the 12-part intestine (25.5-30 cm), the jejunum is 2-2.5 m, the ileum is 2.5-3.5 m. Thickness The small intestine is constantly decreasing along its course. The small intestine forms loops, which are covered in front by the greater omentum, and are limited from above and from the sides by the large intestine. In the small intestine, chemical processing of food and absorption of the products of its breakdown continue. Mechanical mixing occurs and food moves towards the large intestine.

The wall of the small intestine has a structure typical of the gastrointestinal tract: mucous membrane, submucosal layer, which contains accumulations of lymphoid tissue, glands, nerves, blood and lymphatic vessels, muscular layer, and serous membrane.

The muscular coat consists of two layers - the inner circular and the outer - longitudinal, separated by a layer of loose connective tissue in which nerve plexuses, blood and lymphatic vessels are located. Due to these muscle layers, the intestinal contents are mixed and moved towards the outlet.

A smooth, moist serous membrane facilitates the sliding of the viscera relative to each other.

The glands perform a secretory function. As a result of complex synthetic processes, they produce mucus that protects the mucous membrane from injury and the action of secreted enzymes, as well as various biologically active substances and, first of all, enzymes necessary for digestion.

The mucous membrane of the small intestine forms numerous circular folds, thereby increasing the absorption surface of the mucous membrane. The size and number of folds decreases towards the colon. The surface of the mucous membrane is dotted with intestinal villi and crypts (depressions). Villi (4-5 million) 0.5-1.5 mm long carry out parietal digestion and absorption. Villi are outgrowths of the mucous membrane.

In ensuring the initial stage of digestion, a large role belongs to the processes occurring in the duodenum. On an empty stomach, its contents have a slightly alkaline reaction (pH = 7.2-8.0). When portions of the acidic contents of the stomach pass into the intestine, the reaction of the contents of the duodenum becomes acidic, but then due to the alkaline secretions of the pancreas, small intestine and bile entering the intestine it becomes neutral. In a neutral environment, gastric enzymes stop acting.

In humans, the pH of the contents of the duodenum ranges from 4-8.5. The higher its acidity, the more pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal secretions are released, the evacuation of stomach contents into the duodenum and its contents into the jejunum slows down. As it moves through the duodenum, the food contents are mixed with secretions entering the intestine, the enzymes of which already in the duodenum hydrolyze nutrients.

Pancreatic juice does not enter the duodenum constantly, but only during meals and for some time after that. The amount of juice, its enzymatic composition and the duration of release depend on the quality of the food received. The largest amount of pancreatic juice is secreted into meat, the least into fat. 1.5-2.5 liters of juice are released per day at an average rate of 4.7 ml/min.

The gallbladder duct opens into the lumen of the duodenum. Bile is released 5-10 minutes after eating. Under the influence of bile, all intestinal juice enzymes are activated. Bile enhances intestinal motility, promoting the mixing and movement of food. In the duodenum, 53-63% of carbohydrates and proteins are digested, fats are digested in smaller quantities. In the next section of the digestive tract - the small intestine - further digestion continues, but to a lesser extent than in the duodenum. Basically, the absorption process takes place here. The final breakdown of nutrients occurs on the surface of the small intestine, i.e. on the same surface where suction occurs. This breakdown of nutrients is called parietal or contact digestion, in contrast to cavity digestion, which occurs in the cavity of the digestive canal.

In the small intestine, the most intense absorption occurs 1-2 hours after eating. The absorption of monosaccharides, alcohol, water and mineral salts occurs not only in the small intestine, but also in the stomach, although to a much lesser extent than in the small intestine.

Colon

The large intestine is the final part of the human digestive tract and consists of several sections. Its beginning is considered to be the cecum, at the border of which with the ascending section the small intestine flows into the large intestine.

The large intestine is divided into the cecum with appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum. Its length ranges from 1.5-2 m, its width reaches 7 cm, then the large intestine gradually decreases to 4 cm at the descending colon.

The contents of the small intestine pass into the large intestine through a narrow slit-like opening located almost horizontally. At the point where the small intestine flows into the large intestine there is a complex anatomical device - a valve equipped with a muscular circular sphincter and two “lips”. This valve, which closes the hole, has the shape of a funnel, with its narrow part facing the lumen of the cecum. The valve opens periodically, allowing contents to pass in small portions into the colon. When the pressure in the cecum increases (during mixing and moving food), the “lips” of the valve close, and access from the small intestine to the large intestine is stopped. Thus, the valve prevents the contents of the large intestine from flowing back into the small intestine. The length and width of the cecum are approximately equal (7-8 cm). A vermiform appendix (appendix) extends from the lower wall of the cecum. Its lymphoid tissue is the structure of the immune system. The cecum directly passes into the ascending colon, then the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum, which ends in the anus (anus). The length of the rectum is 14.5-18.7 cm. In front, the rectum with its wall is adjacent in men to the seminal vesicles, vas deferens and the section of the bottom of the bladder lying between them, even lower - to the prostate gland; in women, the rectum borders in front with the posterior wall of the vagina along its entire length.

The entire process of digestion in an adult lasts 1-3 days, of which the longest period of time is spent with food residues remaining in the large intestine. Its motility provides a reservoir function - accumulation of contents, absorption of a number of substances from it, mainly water, its promotion, formation of feces and their removal (defecation).

In a healthy person, the food mass begins to enter the large intestine 3-3.5 hours after ingestion, which fills within 24 hours and is completely emptied within 48-72 hours.

In the large intestine, glucose, vitamins, amino acids produced by bacteria in the intestinal cavity, up to 95% of water and electrolytes are absorbed.

The contents of the cecum undergo small and long movements, first in one direction or the other, due to slow contractions of the intestine. The colon is characterized by contractions of several types: small and large pendular, peristaltic and antiperistaltic, propulsive. The first four types of contractions ensure mixing of the intestinal contents and increasing pressure in its cavity, which helps thicken the contents by absorbing water. Strong propulsive contractions occur 3-4 times a day and push intestinal contents towards the sigmoid colon. Wave-like contractions of the sigmoid colon mix feces into the rectum, the distension of which causes nerve impulses that are transmitted along the nerves to the center of defecation in the spinal cord. From there, impulses are sent to the anal sphincter. The sphincter relaxes and contracts voluntarily. The defecation center in children of the first years of life is not controlled by the cerebral cortex.

Microflora in the digestive tract and its function

The large intestine is abundantly populated with microflora. The macroorganism and its microflora constitute a single dynamic system. The dynamism of the endoecological microbial biocenosis of the digestive tract is determined by the number of microorganisms entering it (about 1 billion microbes are ingested orally per day in humans), the intensity of their reproduction and death in the digestive tract and the removal of microbes from it in feces (in humans, 10 are normally excreted per day 12 -10 14 microorganisms).

Each section of the digestive tract has a characteristic number and set of microorganisms. Their number in the oral cavity, despite the bactericidal properties of saliva, is large (I0 7 -10 8 per 1 ml of oral fluid). The contents of the stomach of a healthy person on an empty stomach are often sterile due to the bactericidal properties of pancreatic juice. The contents of the colon contain the maximum number of bacteria, and 1 g of feces of a healthy person contains 10 billion or more microorganisms.

The composition and number of microorganisms in the digestive tract depends on endogenous and exogenous factors. The first includes the influence of the mucous membrane of the digestive canal, its secretions, motility and the microorganisms themselves. The second includes the nature of nutrition, environmental factors, and the use of antibacterial drugs. Exogenous factors influence directly and indirectly through endogenous factors. For example, the intake of this or that food changes the secretory and motor activity of the digestive tract, which shapes its microflora.

Normal microflora - eubiosis - performs a number of important functions for the macroorganism. Its participation in the formation of the immunobiological reactivity of the body is extremely important. Eubiosis protects macroorganism from the introduction and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms in it. Disturbance of the normal microflora during illness or as a result of long-term administration of antibacterial drugs often entails complications caused by the rapid proliferation of yeast, staphylococcus, Proteus and other microorganisms in the intestines.

Intestinal microflora synthesizes vitamins K and group B, which partially cover the body's need for them. Microflora also synthesizes other substances important for the body.

Bacterial enzymes break down cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins undigested in the small intestine, and the resulting products are absorbed from the intestine and included in the body's metabolism.

Thus, the normal intestinal microflora not only participates in the final link of digestive processes and has a protective function, but also produces a number of important vitamins, amino acids, enzymes, hormones and other nutrients.

Some authors distinguish heat-generating, energy-generating and stimulating functions of the large intestine. In particular, G.P. Malakhov notes that microorganisms living in the large intestine, during their development, release energy in the form of heat, which warms the venous blood and adjacent internal organs. And according to various sources, from 10-20 billion to 17 trillion microbes are formed in the intestines during the day.

Like all living things, microbes have a glow around them - bioplasm, which charges the water and electrolytes absorbed in the large intestine. It is known that electrolytes are one of the best batteries and energy carriers. These energy-rich electrolytes, together with the blood and lymph flow, are carried throughout the body and give their high energy potential to all cells of the body.

Our body has special systems that are stimulated by various environmental influences. Through mechanical stimulation of the sole of the foot, all vital organs are stimulated; through sound vibrations, special zones on the auricle are stimulated, connected with the entire body, light stimulation through the iris of the eye also stimulates the entire body and diagnostics are carried out using the iris, and on the skin there are certain areas that are connected with internal organs, the so-called Zakharyin zones. Geza.

The large intestine has a special system through which it stimulates the entire body. Each section of the large intestine stimulates a different organ. When the intestinal diverticulum is filled with food gruel, microorganisms begin to rapidly multiply in it, releasing energy in the form of bioplasma, which has a stimulating effect on this area, and through it on the organ associated with this area. If this area is clogged with fecal stones, then there is no stimulation, and the function of this organ begins to slowly fade, then the development of a specific pathology. Particularly often, fecal deposits form in the folds of the large intestine, where the movement of feces slows down (the place of transition of the small intestine to the large intestine, the ascending bend, the descending bend, the bend of the sigmoid colon). The junction of the small intestine and the large intestine stimulates the nasopharyngeal mucosa; ascending bend - thyroid gland, liver, kidneys, gall bladder; descending - bronchi, spleen, pancreas, flexures of the sigmoid colon - ovaries, bladder, genitals.

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All our bank operators have false teeth, but if I had not said this, no one would have ever guessed;
In the foyers of all our offices you can see play areas for adults who suddenly decided to feel like children;
The head of the board of trustees of our bank is a latent homosexual; We've been waiting for five years now for him to decide to come out. There is a legend among bank employees: on the day when this does happen, the silver cockerel on the spire of the bank church will come to life and fly away to Israel;
The salivary secretions of our bank employees, from the general director to the cleaning lady, have the ability to heal wounds. The longer an employee’s work experience, the more life-giving his saliva;
The strong Chinese accent of our employees is a kind of distinctive sign, a trademark of our bank, which has nothing to do with the actual nationality and language practices of the employees. Everyone who gets a job at our bank undergoes a three-week course to acquire a Chinese accent;
Our bank is tolerant of the sanitary and safe condition of clients' underwear. Our motto: “We welcome everyone, regardless of the condition of our visitors’ underpants.”

• December 23rd, 2018 , 03:06 pm

We are involved in a world of lack of spirituality; everywhere are traces of the disintegration of the moral foundations of society. One has only to listen to the speech of the people around us: dirty words, curses, vulgar philistine rantings, greasy, bourgeois abomination. This involuntarily makes our teeth ache, it turns us away from the joy of creation, it extinguishes the glimmers of creative activity in us. But there is a way out: a compact and easy-to-use filter that “cleanses” all the listed defects from your audio environment. You simply don’t hear them, thanks to which you maintain a pleasant tone of spirit and an even, benevolent attitude úrbi et órbi. When you purchase two audio filters, you receive another innovation as a gift: Angel Armpit nasal inserts, which odorize the air you inhale exactly as the name suggests.
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With extraordinary cynicism, from morning to evening, the same vile maxim is instilled in us: “Everything is bought, everything is sold.” In a world of insatiable profit, in a world where even a simple human smile turns into a marketing ploy to sell stale goods, it is very difficult for a person with a pure heart and noble aspirations to live. Such a person, finding himself in an alien and inhospitable concrete jungle, experiences a constant oppressive feeling of alienation, abandonment, and discomfort. But there is a way out: a five-day psycho-role-playing marathon “Let the Lamb Eat the Wolf,” where those same people with a pure heart and noble aspirations will be able to win their place in the godless Sin City and establish themselves there forever. Those who purchase the full package of marathon seminar offers will receive a ruby ​​whistle as a gift, scaring away the demons of profit.
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Everyone lies to us: parents, teachers, politicians, the media, clergy, friends, wives, husbands, mistresses, lovers, children. We are stuck in a tight network of lies that does not allow us to lift a finger without lying ourselves. They lie to us for the sake of self-interest, they lie to us for the sake of consolidating power, for the sake of personal peace of mind, to avoid punishment, to avoid being caught in a lie, to force us to lie in response, and just like that, for the sake of courage. If one fine day each of us knew the whole truth, we would not only be horrified, but we would suffer the fate of Lot’s wife. But there is a way out: a compact and easy-to-use shielding-transforming gadget “Lie©” (Russian transcription - “Laiko”). This device has a binary function: firstly, it prevents you from learning the truth that is traumatic for you, and secondly, it transforms false messages in such a way that they fit completely organically into your reality, immediately turning into a semblance of the truth. Those who purchase Lie© gadgets for their entire family will receive a set of Ken and Barbie in Hell dolls as a gift.

• November 28th, 2018 , 09:05 pm

"Mashuk: stay alive." Mount Mashuk, place of the duel between Lermontov and Martynov. You are Lermontov. Martynov is more than serious. Do everything possible to save your life.

"Pushkin's List". There is a well-known quote from Pushkin from a letter to V.F. Vyazemskaya (1830): “My marriage to Natalie (this, I note in parentheses, is my one hundred and thirteenth love) has been decided” (Mon mariage avec Natalie (qui par parenthèse est mon cent-treizième amour) est décidé). Based on this, it is obvious that there are 113 cards in the game: sequentially seduce 112 people and enter into a deathmatch with Natalya Nikolavna.

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• November 24th, 2018 , 08:06 pm

The press center of Russian Railways OJSC informs about a qualitatively new type of passenger service, which the company plans to introduce in the next six months. We are talking about the “Seven Days” package of services based on “Russia” trains on the Moscow – Vladivostok route.

The essence of the service is extremely simple: passengers who purchase tickets for these trains in advance (at least a month in advance) have the opportunity to enter into a temporary marriage and spend seven days of travel in cozy family carriages with their chosen one. The entire length of the journey is thus divided into seven stages: 1. Honeyday; 2. First disagreements; 3. Reconciliation-grinding; 4. New joys and new disappointments; 5. Indifference and apathy; 6. Last splash, last hope; 7. Divorce, arrival at the final station.

At the request of passengers, the mentioned seven stages can be changed, expanded, supplemented, that is, adjusted in any possible way. Material, legal, and emotional support for a temporary marriage falls on the shoulders of the service staff - both regular guides and professional animators, psychologists, lawyers and a friendly security team.

Marriages are concluded quite officially, but within the framework of the legal responsibility of JSC Russian Railways, that is, the marriage is valid only on the basis of rolling stock and only for the duration of the train’s movement across the territory of the Russian Federation.

An unforgettable atmosphere, a romantic adventure, a living human experience, a fountain of passion, a clash of characters, psychodrama, novelty of sensations, a test of fidelity, a feast for erotic gourmets - this is an incomplete list of what a passenger receives by purchasing the “Seven Days” service package.

RAILROAD IS A LITTLE LIFE

• October 24th, 2018 , 11:34 pm

Meager, insatiable.
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I remember my parents hid everything from me when it was my birthday. So as not to spend money on gifts and avoid other expenses. Only by the fact that they didn’t feed me that day and locked me in the underground until nightfall, when I was about twenty years old, I realized that this was not an easy day with a meaning.
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Those who had underwear were worn only on major holidays and over trousers - they say, that's what we are, not made with a finger, we have underwear. And if it’s also with lace, it’ll be the envy of the whole neighborhood.
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• September 4th, 2018 , 11:15 am