Home » Psychotherapy » A little-known story from the life of the Romanov dynasty. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov

A little-known story from the life of the Romanov dynasty. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov

Married to Alexandra Iosifovna (Frederike Henrietta Paulina Marianne Elisabeth), Princess of Saxe-Altenburg.

Konstantin Nikolaevich (9.09.1827-13.01.1892), Grand Duke, second son of the Emperor. Nicholas I, brother of the Emperor. Alexandra II. Since childhood, his father prepared him for naval service. Education was entrusted to the famous navigator Count. Litke. In 1831 he led. the prince was appointed honorary admiral general and chief of the guards crew. In 1834 he was promoted to midshipman, in 1844 to captain and received command of the first ship - the brig "Ulysses". In 1849, Konstantin Nikolaevich took part in the Hungarian campaign, and in 1850 he was appointed chairman of the commission for the revision and addition of the general set of maritime regulations and a member of the State Council. Under Alexander II in 1855 he led. the prince took the highest post of manager of the fleet and maritime department as a minister with the rank of admiral, and in 1860 received the appointment of chairman of the Admiralty Council. The period 1856-62 was the time of greatest influence. prince on state affairs. He had one of the leading places in reforms. Alexander II found particularly strong support in Konstantin Nikolaevich on the issue of liberating the peasantry. In the maritime department, he converted the sailing fleet into a steam fleet. According to the instructions of the leader. Prince, the personnel of the coastal commands was reduced, office work was simplified, an emerital cash register was opened, relations with Japan began to improve, etc. The abolition of corporal punishment in the navy marked the beginning of changes in all criminal legislation. Konstantin Nikolaevich attracted many writers to work in the maritime department: Grigorovich, Goncharov, Pisemsky and others. In 1861 he led. The prince received a gold medal for the liberation of the peasants in memory of the end of the reform, and in 1862 he was appointed governor of the Kingdom of Poland and commander-in-chief. His conciliatory policy did not lead to the desired results, and unrest in the region intensified. On the bike The prince was assassinated by the revolutionary Yaroshinsky. In view of the uprising that began in Poland in 1863, Konstantin Nikolaevich resigned his title as governor and commander-in-chief. In 1865-81 he was chairman of the State Council. In addition to the naval department and the State Council, Konstantin Nikolaevich chaired the special presence for military service, the committee for the organization of rural conditions and the committee for considering draft military judicial regulations.

Site materials used Great encyclopedia Russian people.

A relative's view

Romanov Dynasty (biographical index)

Romanovs after Nicholas I (genealogical table)

Grand Dukes Mikhailovich, their descendants (genealogical table)

Writer:

Koni A.F., Vel. Prince Konstantin Nikolaevich, in the book: Great Reform, vol. 5, (M., 1911).

The brother of Emperor Alexander II - Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich - went down in history as one of the largest public figures of the reform period of the 60s. XIX century, due to their content and significance, they were called Great. About his role in those crucial events Russian history testifies to the title of the main liberal of Russia.

Childhood and youth

Konstantin Nikolaevich (1827 - 1882) was the second son of Emperor Nicholas I and his wife Alexandra Feodorovna. The crowned parents decided that their son’s path would be to serve in the navy, so his upbringing and education were focused precisely on this. At the age of four he received the rank of admiral general, but due to his young age, full assumption of office was postponed until 1855.

Teachers of Grand Duke Konstantin Romanov noted his love for historical sciences. It was thanks to this hobby that already in his youth he formed his own idea not only of the past, but also of the future of Russia. Thanks to his extensive knowledge, Konstantin became the head of the Russian Geographical Society in 1845, where he met many prominent public figures. In many ways, it was these contacts that became the reason for the support that Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov provided to supporters of reforms and transformations.

"Spring of Nations"

Constantine's coming of age coincided with the rise of the revolutionary movement in Europe. The year 1848 went down in history under the symbolic name “spring of nations”: the goals of the revolutionaries no longer concerned only changing the form of government. Now they wanted to achieve independence from large empires like the Austro-Hungarian one.

Emperor Nicholas, distinguished by his conservatism, immediately came to the aid of his colleagues in the royal profession. In 1849, Russian troops entered Hungary. The biography of Grand Duke Konstantin Romanov was replenished with military exploits. But during the campaign, he realized how deplorable the state of the Russian army was, and forever abandoned his childhood dreams of conquering Constantinople.

Beginning of political activity

Upon returning from Hungary, Emperor Nicholas recruits his son to participate in government. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich participates in the revision of maritime legislation, and since 1850 has been a member of the State Council. Managing the maritime department became Konstantin’s main occupation for a long time. After its head, Prince Menshikov, was appointed ambassador to Turkey, Konstantin begins to manage the department himself. He tried to make positive changes to the fleet management system, but encountered dead resistance from the Nikolaev bureaucracy.

After the defeat in the Crimean War, Russia was deprived of the right to maintain warships in the Black Sea. However, the Grand Duke found a way to circumvent this ban. He founded and headed the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade six months after the conclusion of the peace treaty. Soon this organization was able to compete with foreign companies.

At the beginning of the reign of Alexander II

Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich’s successful leadership of the naval department did not go unnoticed. The elder brother who came to power left all naval affairs under the jurisdiction of Constantine, and also involved him in solving the most important internal political problems. In the administration of Alexander II, he was one of the first to openly prove the urgent need to abolish serfdom: from an economic point of view, they had long lost their profitability and became a brake on social development. Not without reason, Konstantin argued that the failure that befell Russia in the Crimean War was closely related to the preservation of an outdated system of social relations.

The socio-political views of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich can be briefly described as close to moderate liberalism. Against the background of conservatism and retrograde into which Russia plunged during the reign of his father, even this position looked defiant. That is why the appointment of Konstantin as a member of the Secret Committee, which was preparing a project for peasant reform, caused discontent among aristocratic families.

Preparations for the liberation of the peasants

Konstantin joined the work of the Secret Committee on May 31, 1857. This organization had already existed for eight months, but did not offer any specific solutions to the aggravated issue, which caused Alexander’s indignation. Konstantin immediately got down to business, and already on August 17, the fundamental principles of the future reform were adopted, which boiled down to a three-phase liberation of the peasants.

In addition to working in government organizations, Konstantin, as the head of the naval department, had the opportunity to independently decide the fate of the serfs stationed at the Admiralty. Orders for their release were given by the prince in 1858 and 1860, that is, even before the adoption of the main reform law. However, the active actions of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich caused such strong discontent among the nobles that Alexander was forced to send his brother abroad on an unimportant assignment.

Adoption and implementation of reform

But even having lost the opportunity to directly participate in the preparation of the reform, the Grand Duke did not stop working on the problem of liberating the peasants. He collected documents indicating the depravity of the serf system, studied various studies and even met with the then most prominent German expert on the agrarian problem, Baron Haxthausen.

In September 1859, Konstantin returned to Russia. During his absence, the Secret Committee became a publicly functioning body and was renamed the Main Committee for Peasant Affairs. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich was immediately appointed its chairman. Under his leadership, 45 meetings were held, at which the direction and main steps of the upcoming reform to abolish serfdom were finally determined. At the same time, the Drafting Commissions began to operate, which were tasked with drawing up versions of the final bill. The project they prepared, providing for the liberation of the peasants with their land, caused fierce resistance from the landowners who sat on the Main Committee, but Konstantin managed to overcome their resistance.

The Manifesto for the liberation of the peasants was read out. The reform, around which there was a fierce struggle for so many years, has become a reality. Emperor Alexander called his brother his main assistant in resolving the peasant issue. With such a high assessment of the Grand Duke’s merits, it is not surprising that his next appointment was the chairmanship of the Main Committee on the Organization of the Rural Population, which was involved in the implementation of the main points of the reform.

Kingdom of Poland

The adoption and implementation of great reforms coincided with the rise of anti-Russian protests and the independence movement in the Polish possessions Russian Empire. Alexander II hoped to resolve the accumulated contradictions through a policy of compromise, and it was for this purpose that on May 27, 1862 he appointed Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich as governor of the Kingdom of Poland. This appointment occurred during one of the most critical periods in the history of Russian-Polish relations.

On June 20, Konstantin arrived in Warsaw, and the next day an attempt was made on his life. Although the shot was fired at point-blank range, the prince escaped with only a slight wound. However, this did not dissuade the new governor from his original intention to negotiate with the Poles. A number of their demands were met: for many important posts for the first time since 1830, it was allowed to appoint Polish officials, postal services and control of communications were removed from subordination to all-empire departments, and the Polish language began to be used in matters of routine administration.

However, this did not prevent a large-scale uprising. The Grand Duke had to restore martial law, and military courts began to operate. However, Konstantin could not find the strength to apply stricter measures and asked to resign.

Judicial reform

The legal system in the Russian Empire was extremely slow and no longer corresponded to the times. Realizing this, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, within the framework of his naval department, took a number of steps to reform it. He introduced new rules for recording court proceedings, and also abolished a number of useless rituals. In accordance with the judicial reform carried out in Russia, at the insistence of the Grand Duke, the most striking processes related to crimes in the navy began to be covered in the press.

In July 1857, Constantine established a committee to review the entire system of naval justice. According to the head of the maritime department, previous judicial principles should be rejected in favor of modern methods consideration of cases: publicity, adversarial process, participation in the jury's decision. To obtain the necessary information, the Grand Duke sent his assistants abroad. The judicial innovations of Grand Duke Constantine in the maritime department essentially became a test of the viability of European traditions in Russia on the eve of the adoption of a project for an imperial reform of judicial proceedings in 1864.

On the problem of representation

Unlike the other Romanovs, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich was not afraid of the word “Constitution”. The noble opposition to the government course prompted him to present to Alexander II his project for introducing elements of representation into the system of administration of power. The main point of Konstantin Nikolaevich’s note was the creation of a deliberative assembly, which would include elected officials from cities and zemstvos. However, by 1866, reactionary circles were gradually gaining the upper hand in the political struggle. Although Constantine's plan essentially only developed the provisions of already existing laws, it was seen as an attack on the prerogatives of the autocracy and an attempt to create a parliament. The project was rejected.

Selling Alaska

Lands that belonged to Russia North America in their content were burdensome for the empire. In addition, the economic rise of the United States made us think that the entire American continent would soon become their sphere of influence, and therefore Alaska would be lost in any case. Therefore, thoughts began to arise about the need to sell it.

Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich immediately established himself as one of the strongest supporters of signing such a treaty. He attended the meetings devoted to the development of the main provisions of the contract. Despite the doubts of the ruling circles, weakened economically after civil war The United States, in the feasibility of acquiring Alaska, in 1867, an agreement was signed by both parties.

Russian society assessed this operation ambiguously: in its opinion, the price of 7.2 million dollars for such vast territories was clearly insufficient. To such attacks, Konstantin, like other supporters of the sale, responded that the maintenance of Alaska cost Russia a much larger amount.

Decline in popularity

A brief biography of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich after the sale of Alaska and the conservatives coming to power is a story of the gradual loss of former influence. The emperor consults with his brother less and less, knowing about his liberal views. The era of reforms was ending, the time had come for their correction, which coincided with the emergence of terrorist revolutionary organizations that staged a real hunt for the emperor. Under these conditions, Constantine could only maneuver among numerous court groups.

Recent years

The long life by the standards of the 19th century (1827 - 1892) of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, whose biography was filled with struggle to make significant decisions for Russia, ended in complete obscurity on an estate near Pavlovsk. The new Emperor Alexander III (1881 - 1894) treated his uncle with emphasized hostility, believing that it was his liberal inclinations that largely led to a social explosion in the country and rampant terrorism. Other prominent reformers of the Great Reforms were also pushed away from making political decisions together with Constantine.

Family and children

In 1848, Konstantin married a German princess, who received the name Alexandra Iosifovna in Orthodoxy. From this marriage six children were born, of whom the most famous were the eldest daughter Olga - the wife of the Greek King George - and Constantine, a prominent poet Silver Age.

The fate of the children became another reason for disagreement with Alexander III. Due to the fact that the number of members of the Romanov dynasty had increased significantly, the emperor decided to bestow the title of Grand Duke only on his grandchildren. The descendants of Konstantin Nikolaevich became princes of the imperial blood. The last man from the Konstantinovich family died in 1973.

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Historical readings 2013

Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov

Work completed:

student of class 9-7 Naumenko Evgeniy,

GBOU Lyceum No. 1502 at MPEI,

Head: history teacher

Klochkova Larisa Vyacheslavovna

INconducting

In the year of celebration of the 400th anniversary of the House of Romanov, the closest attention of those who, like me, become acquainted with Russian history, will be focused on those who ruled the state for three hundred years, achieved its greatness and prosperity, turning Russia into an empire, into a leading power of Europe and the world, or, conversely, to those rulers whose names are associated with critical, turning points of Russian statehood and the choice of paths further development. But in fact, the ruler is just the tip of the iceberg called the state. In addition, behind the figures of tsars, emperors and empresses who, by the will of fate, came to the Russian throne, there are other representatives of the Romanov dynasty, who were near the throne, but played a significant role in the upbringing, formation of the character, attitude and worldview of the Russian autocrats. It is enough to recall the first tsar from this dynasty - Mikhail Romanov, elected by the Zemsky Sobor in 1613, but in fact incapable of independent rule. And next to him is the bright, imperious figure of his father - Patriarch Filaret, who gradually molded his son into a ruler and, at the same time, restored Russian statehood after the Time of Troubles.

For three hundred years, the “inner circle” - brothers, sisters, wives, uncles and aunts, remaining in the shadow of history, as they would now say “behind the scenes”, contributed brick by brick to the history of the House of Romanov, and, therefore, to history Russian state. And it would be unfair today to pay attention to Alexei Mikhailovich, Peter I, Catherine II or Alexander II and ignore those who made up the “inner circle”, were close to them, influenced them, the development of historical events, and in general often represented an extraordinary personality.

Such an extraordinary person, according to the testimony of contemporaries and reviews of researchers, was Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, the brother of Emperor Alexander II. His talents, intelligence, will, energy, and outstanding organizational skills allowed him to take a place among the great Russian statesmen. He was an extraordinary person, received an excellent education, owned several musical instruments, and was well versed in painting.

The second son of Emperor Nicholas I will remain forever in Russian history as one of the initiators and main participants in the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform of 1861. A group of progressives rallied around Konstantin Nikolaevich politicians(contemporaries called them “Konstantinovtsy”). And the Tsar-Liberator directly called his brother his “first assistant.”

But I would like to especially draw attention to Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, as a reformer of the Russian fleet. All the transformations carried out in the 2nd half of the 19th century in the Maritime Department are associated with his name: reforms in maritime legislation, in shipbuilding, in transforming the lives of military sailors (increasing the material security of life, introducing benefits for the children of sailors, severance pay, abolition of corporal punishment in the fleet), the establishment of the main printed organ of the Navy - “Maritime Collection”, the creation of Maritime assemblies in all ports of Russia and much more. And, probably, it is no coincidence that in 1999 the Russian State Archive of the Navy (RGAVMF) took the initiative to hold annual Konstantinovsky readings dedicated to the Admiral General of the Russian Fleet, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. Already at the first readings, as noted by the authors of the website dedicated to these readings, it became clear that the personality of Konstantin Nikolaevich, as a like-minded person and associate of Emperor Alexander II, his reformist government activities arouse great interest not only among naval historians, archivists, museum workers, but also many researchers interested in Russian history. At the same time, it became obvious that not everything has been studied and covered in the history of the Russian fleet and our country in the second half of the 19th century.

Thus, the extraordinary personality of Admiral General Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich attracts and unites different people.

I, too, by force of circumstances, was among those who became interested in the activities of this man. Back in the 8th grade, during history lessons dedicated to the era of the 1860-70s. This was the first time I heard about the Grand Duke and his role in the “great reforms” of Alexander II. Much of what I heard and read then forced me to return to this topic again, but with the goal of studying it more deeply. In preparing this work, I first tried to “embrace the immensity”: I set myself the goal of considering all aspects of Konstantin Nikolaevich’s activities, his influence on various aspects of society. But in the process of work, my teacher and I came to the conclusion that it was better to focus on several or even one aspect of the Grand Duke’s activities. As a result, the main goal of my work was to consider Konstantin Nikolaevich’s contribution to the modernization of the Russian Navy, which was especially important after Russia’s catastrophic defeat in the Crimean War. Achieving the main goal is unthinkable without considering particular problems. Thus, the tasks of my work also include consideration of the problem of the formation and development of the personality of the Grand Duke, his interaction with various public (for example, the Russian Geographical Society) and government organizations and departments.

When preparing this work, the main materials for me were various Internet resources that made available to me:

* not only few books(and, by the way, very little has been written about Konstantin Nikolaevich),

* but also articles about him

* materials already mentioned by me Konstantinovskikh readings 1999 - 2013 gg. (and this is a whole storehouse of interesting and useful information!),

* correspondence Great Prince with many faces - with his father Emperor Nicholas I, with his older brother - Emperor Alexander II, with Grand Duchess y Elena Pavlovna, with prominent dignitaries - P.D. Kiselev, N.N. Muravyov-Amursky, Ya.I. Rostovtsev and others. Very interesting is the correspondence between Konstantin Nikolaevich and his closest friend and adviser A.V. Golovnin.

1 . Formationpersonalities

1.1 Briefbiographicalreference

Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov fleet

I will start with a brief historical and biographical note, which will give an idea of the career of the Grand Duke. Although the question of career is, for members of the imperial family, less a question of their personal achievements, and more of a formal path prepared for them by origin. However, a predetermined path can be taken in different ways.

So, Konstantin Nikolaevich Romanov (1827 - 92), Grand Duke, second son of Emperor Nicholas I, statesman and naval leader, admiral general (1831). In 1853 - 81 he headed the Navy Ministry and the Navy, carried out major naval reforms.

From 1860, he was simultaneously the chairman of the Main Committee on Peasant Affairs, and from 1861 to 1881 he was chairman of the Standing Committee on the Agricultural Conditions.

In fact, he became one of the initiators and leaders of the preparation and implementation of the peasant reform of 1861.

In 1862 - 63 was the governor and commander-in-chief of the troops of Young Constantine in the Kingdom of Poland.

And from 1865 to 1881 he also chaired the State Council. After the accession of Emperor Alexander III to the throne with the beginning of counter-reforms, he resigned.

1.2 UpbringingAndeducation

From his very birth, his father Nicholas I predetermined that the life of young Constantine would be connected with the sea. That is why his upbringing was carried out by the outstanding scientist and admiral Fyodor Litke, who achieved everything in life solely thanks to his abilities and hard work.

Coming from a poor and humble family, Fyodor Petrovich Litke achieved everything in life thanks to his abilities and enormous hard work. During his service, he made many trips, including trips around the world, and made a huge contribution to the exploration of the Arctic. Based on the materials of four expeditions to explore Novaya Zemlya, Litke wrote a book that brought him recognition and fame. At the age of 35, having already become a captain of the 1st rank and a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, being the author of extensive scientific works translated into many European languages, Fyodor Petrovich was promoted to aide-de-camp and received an offer from the Sovereign to become the tutor of his son Konstantin. Litke accepted the offer. He sincerely became attached to his pupil and was with him continuously. The young Grand Duke responded to his “uncle” with almost filial love. "U me Now three father,- he wrote to his teacher, - everywhereatgood Father heavenly, Dad, which V That same time And my sir, And You, which Always bakes O mine happiness. How Maybe Not be happyAndyou V like this family!» . rys-arhipelag.ucoz.ru

In addition, it is worth noting that his upbringing was influenced by the mentor of his brother Alexander, poet Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky. From the age of 14, the heir corresponded with the old poet, and the published correspondence shows quite clearly that Zhukovsky’s advice was not in vain . "Greatth princeb, -- writes Zhukovsky, -- must understand yours time, must nOput myself on height his century his comprehensive enlightenment" flot.su . Then Zhukovsky constantly reminds the Grand Duke of the upcoming government activities obliging him to develop strong habits, independent thinking, and a strong will: "Your years should be joy Russian people his honor, With benefit V present, And slaVwhining page V his history." flot.su

Academic success "With himself started were fast thanks to extraordinaryOvenous abilities Great prince, with day on day developing". As a reward for a lesson well learned, the boy received a ten-kopeck piece; these ten-kopeck pieces were set aside, and the accumulating sums were sent to Moscow in the name of an unknown person for the benefit of the poor.

1.3 Traitscharacter

Many contemporaries noted the extraordinary abilities of the Grand Duke. For example, the head of the Main Directorate for Press Affairs E.M. Feoktistov wrote : "I found V him person smart And possessed multifacetednthem information. He many read And All, What happened to him read, remembered to the smallest details -- memory his was truly amazing." his.1september.ru

This is what P.A. writes about him. Valuev: "He smart, But fulfilled strange contradictions, has experience V affairs And sometimes amazing immature hugs fast, understands thin And V some issues almost childishly naive." his.1september.ru

From this we can conclude that Konstantin Nikolaevich’s judgments were superficial, which stemmed from his imbalance and impulsiveness. The Grand Duke was an enthusiastic, energetic person, but at the same time harsh and hot-tempered, which influenced the attitude of those around him. Therefore, such a person’s assessments are somewhat inconsistent.

"I Think, No another person, on whom erected would so many slander", his.1september.ru - writes Secretary of State E.A. Peretz. According to V.P. Meshchersky, Konstantin Nikolaevich was aware of the harm that his character often caused him: "They, these bad features, in to me sitting, How wicked spirit ; They strong in to me, And You Not believe me what to me efforts required With nAndmi fight. his.1september.ru

There were many different rumors circulating around Konstantin Nikolaevich. The most widespread rumor among them was that the Grand Duke was challenging the right to the throne from Alexander II. After the death of Alexander A.A. Bobrinsky, who did not like Konstantin Nikolaevich, wrote in his diary: "Great prince Konstantin Nikolaevich became hated. Some directly accused his V volume, What He stood in chapter murderers. Pretty reputation!".his.1september.ru

The Grand Duke's inconsistency was evident in many of his actions. He was often influenced; Having his own mature convictions, striving to “fulfill his duty,” he carefully monitored impressions and attitudes towards himself. "Liberal beliefs combined at him With Vlastolyubeat And inability tolerate objections; champion publicity, He could OSsfall editor newspapers areal curses for unflattering reviews O politics his ministries, noble aspirations work only on good fleet And fatherland lost my sincerity at his immeasurable pride And aspiration To popularity; passionate struggle With treasury officerdquality And bribery Not interfered to him himself participate V railwayOhorny ones frauds which So got carried away great princes." his.1september.ru

Despite all his shortcomings, Constantine's role in the reforms of the mid-19th century in general and in naval reform in particular cannot be denied.

1.4 Startmilitarycareers

As I already noted, from childhood his father prepared Konstantin for naval service.

In 1831, the Grand Duke was appointed honorary admiral general and chief of the guards crew; this, of course, is a formal side of the issue, because the truly young admiral was barely four years old.

In 1834, at the age of seven, he was promoted to midshipman (an interesting turn of his “career”: from admiral general to midshipman) and made his first inland voyage in the Gulf of Finland. In 1844 (this, it is worth noting, is already a relatively “respectable” age - 17 years old) he was promoted to captain of the 2nd rank and Konstantin received command of the first ship - the brig "Ulysses", on which, in his new capacity as an active officer, he made his first overseas swimming.

In 1846, the Grand Duke was promoted to captain of the 1st rank and appointed commander of the Pallada; on which Konstantin Nikolaevich repeatedly goes to the Baltic Sea and to the shores of England, and in the winter he commanded a battalion of the Life Guards of the Finnish Regiment. As we see, his naval career developed rapidly; by the age of 21, he became an active officer who knew firsthand about the sea. In 1847, the Grand Duke received the rank of rear admiral.

In 1848-49, when a revolutionary storm broke out in a number of European countries, Konstantin Nikolaevich took part in the Hungarian campaign, "shared With troops works hike... remained under deadly dethaction enemy batteries... was under the most strong rifle fire, different courage And selflessness". golos-epohi.ru

In 1849, and for military distinctions, he received from the hands of Field Marshal I.F. Paskevich St. George's Cross. However, he then saw not only the heroic, but also the tragic side of the war (which he wrote to his Sovereign), so in 1854, together with Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, he began organizing the work of helping the sick and wounded, and in 1864 he headed the Committee for the Care of the Wounded .

2 . InchapterMarineministriesAndAdmiralty-advice

In 1849, Konstantin Nikolaevich was appointed to be present on the State and Admiralty Councils. But the real state activity of the Grand Duke began in 1850, when he headed the Committee to revise and supplement the General Code of Naval Charter and the Council of Military educational institutions. Work on the Naval Charter marked the beginning of his activity as head of the Russian fleet. This document, the most important for the fleet, has remained unchanged since Peter the Great’s time and is actually already outdated. Therefore, to draw up a new Charter, a special committee was created, which worked hard for almost three years. The Grand Duke, who was its chairman, demanded great responsibility and thoroughness from everyone. He himself delved into all the details: he personally wrote a chapter about the commander-in-chief, and compared the draft charter with the French analogue. Even while undergoing treatment abroad, the Admiral General constantly worked on the document, looked through all the comments, and there were about 4.5 thousand of them, and corrected drafts in many articles based on them. The result of this painstaking work on the Draft Maritime Charter was the new Maritime Charter, adopted in 1853, for which Konstantin Nikolaevich received his second order - St. Vladimir, 1st degree.

The acquaintance with A.V. had a great impact on the subsequent life and work of the Grand Duke. Golovkin, son of the famous admiral. Golovkin, appointed to serve under the Grand Duke, introduced him to a whole galaxy of young talented people who later contributed to Konstantin Nikolaevich not only in the reforms of the naval department, but also in the general renewal of Russia. Names M.A. Reiterna, P.N. Glebova, K.S. Warrand and others known at one time under the name “Konstantinovsky eagles” are closely connected with the name and activities of Konstantin Nikolaevich.

2 .1 Civil service

Already in 1850, the Grand Duke was entrusted with the leadership of major legislative work on the maritime department, namely the revision and general set of maritime regulations; from September 3, 1850, Konstantin Nikolaevich chaired the committee formed for this purpose, as I wrote about above.

The Emperor appointed him comrade of the Chief of the Main Naval Staff, Prince A.S. Menshikov, who, while in this position, managed the Maritime Ministry. The following year, when Prince Menshikov was sent as ambassador to Constantinople, Konstantin Nikolaevich replaced him on January 21, taking over the management of the Naval Ministry, which earned him the reputation of the “Ministry of Progress.” The young Grand Duke zealously and successfully managed the ministry entrusted to him. “The energy of the Admiral General broke the routine of administrative work that had developed for decades. He raised dozens of questions at once and overwhelmed his subordinates with orders and requests.. But the framework of the Nikolaev system strictly determined the scope of possible transformations in these years. Reforms were allowed only in the form of partial improvements, and there was no hope for radical changes during the life of Nicholas I». his.1september.ru

Serious changes in the naval department began with the accession of Alexander II, in 1855. One of the most effective ways Konstantin Nikolaevich considered transparency in management affairs, openness, direct and frank information about the actual state of affairs to improve the way things were done. “I will be especially demanding,” he warned in one of the orders, “fornot an indicationriots and will not allow praise in any way. It is necessary thatfacts, not phrases, praised us".golos-epohi.ru In the magazine “Sea Collection” they laid the foundation for the liberation of the press from preliminary censorship.

The main activity of the Admiral General began in the most difficult period for Russia and its fleet. After the defeat in the Crimean Company, which showed the enormous technical backwardness of Russia and, first of all, its sailing fleet, which could not compete with the new steam ships of the Europeans, the new Sovereign and his associates were faced with the full task of modernizing literally all industries in the country. Among other things, Russia needed a new, modern fleet. Konstantin Nikolaevich energetically got down to business. The Grand Duke did not put technology at the forefront, but people. " It seems to me,” he wrote, “that our first duty should be to discard all personal glorification and say that our life should be spent in modest... labor... for the future... Therefore, not about naval victories... we should think, not about creation suddenly a large number of ships, but about the continuous voyages of a small number of good ships to prepare a whole generation of future experienced and passionate sailors". golos-epohi.ru

The Admiral General saw the main task as reviving the fleet spiritually, “to create that atmosphere, that favorable attitude... towards the thoughts of subordinates, in which they could find application with the greatest benefitspiritual strength of personnel...". golos-epohi.ru

2 .2 Technical side of reforms

At the end of the Crimean War, the Admiral General began important reforms in the naval department. Reconstructing the Russian navy, organizing the construction of new military vessels and new naval artillery by Russian forces, renewing and training the fleet personnel - these were the main tasks of the Grand Duke’s activities as admiral general. In connection with them, all aspects of Russian naval affairs were significantly transformed.

After his first acquaintance with the maritime administration, Konstantin Nikolaevich was convinced of the need for its radical reform in order to eliminate outdated practices, simplify and revitalize the management mechanism. Through a series of successive partial measures, he immediately began to prepare a general reform. For better success of the matter, the Admiral General resorted to publicity. To thoroughly study the issues, the Naval Ministry tried to generalize the experience of various specialists and take into account all incoming opinions. A special department was created in the Marine Collection to discuss reforms. The initial project for the transformation of the Maritime Ministry and port management, drawn up in 1856, was sent out several times to leaders of the maritime and other ministries and revised based on comments. Since 1858, estimates of the Maritime Ministry began to be submitted to the State Council in printed form and sent to the institutions of the maritime department, whereas previously estimates were a state secret.

After the Crimean War, the Russian fleet urgently needed modernization. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich wrote about the state of the naval forces of the Empire after the end of hostilities: "Black Sea fleet nOdied, protecting Sevastopol, A Baltic by force things appealed V row Blokshivov, which remained disassemble on firewood".ru.wikipedia.org

During the Crimean War, the main efforts were aimed at the emergency construction in Kronstadt and St. Petersburg of 75 screw gunboats and corvettes at the Okhtinskaya shipyard and six clippers in Arkhangelsk. Construction battleships and large frigates slowed down, and in some cases stopped completely. At the beginning of 1856, the Baltic sailing fleet consisted of the following number of ships: 22 ships (of which 9 were old and at the port), 15 frigates (9 old and at the port), two corvettes (one old), 14 yachts, transports, etc. , 126 rowing gunboats.keu-ocr.narod.ru The Crimean War showed that sailing ships could not have combat value against ships with steam engines. Of the sailing ships of the Baltic Fleet, some were used only for a very short time for foreign and domestic navigation and hydrographic work. As screw ships were built, sailing ships were assigned to the port or dismantled due to their dilapidation for firewood and scrap. In 1856, the Baltic sailing fleet was armed for the last time, which ended its existence by transporting the troops remaining in Finland to Kronstadt and St. Petersburg. In addition, the frigate Amphitrite served as an artillery training ship during the 1856 campaign, and the frigate Castor and the brig Philoctetes were sent as part of a steam squadron to the Mediterranean in the fall of the same year. They were the last sailing combat ships on overseas voyages. In 1862, sailing ships, frigates and corvettes were excluded from the fleet.

The Russian fleet urgently required modernization. In 1856, Konstantin Nikolaevich petitioned the State Council to allocate funds for the construction of battleships. They were found only three years later. However, in Russia there were not only ships, but also factories equipped for the construction of modern ships. N.I. became a real find for the Grand Duke and his associates. Putilov. Himself a naval officer, a teacher of the Naval Corps, the author of numerous scientific works, already during the Crimean War he became the admiral general's authorized representative for the construction of gunboats. Admiral Shestakov recalled: "Rushing everywhere For openings possibilities create flotilla, We started already OTto expect. One day… director Shipbuilding department came co to me With proposal consume For supplies boats mechanicshmami official special instructions Putilova, vouching What He will open Wednesdaydquality, If They only exist Although would V embryo, And will revive such, which for a long time buried, But once upon a time existed. Great Prince Can was see in all sorts of things time By report simple lAkay. He immediately was notified O flashed hope, called Putilova, And To fly flotilla was ready. Talented, vigorous, nothing Not defeatable And never Not despondent Putilov made up to myself subsequently enviable glory industrial figure... I'll introduce you with abilities Putilova anecdote.

Main observation for construction And supplies boats was chargeeBut… Lisyansky And to me. We stood at Putilova over soul, Not contented, What hard worker myself to myself Not gave peace, got bored to him without any stingOsti... Some kind of cylinder Not climbed V boat, And I Not could find his neither on one from factories, open or resurrected Putilov. Frenzied mine WithOopinions witch planted me V carriage And lucky V courtier crew hAleading! There missing without lead appeared before me almost overnny,… his did secretly, Not only without lead For me, But And without Vedasohm mAndnistra yard And courtier offices!. golos-epohi.ru In only four months, Putilov provided the fleet with a flotilla of 32 gunboats. At the same time, the tireless Nikolai Ivanovich built a repair shop for damaged ships in Kronstadt, which later became the Kronstadt Steamship Plant. At the same time, he assisted Admiral Putyatin in the construction of 14 floating batteries, Admiral Popov - 6 steam clippers, and the Riga Governor General - 6 gunboats. At the same time, Putilov still managed to publish 37 volumes of the “Collection of News from the War of 1853-1855.”

In 1857, a draft of the regular composition of the fleet on all seas was drawn up. Baltic Fleet - 18 screw battleships, 12 frigates, 9 wheeled steam frigates, 14 screw corvettes and 100 gunboats.keu-ocr.narod.ru Under the terms of the peace treaty concluded in Paris on March 18, 1856, the Black Sea was declared neutral and closed for warships of all states. Russia and Turkey were allowed to have only six armed steamships with a displacement of no more than 800 tons and four patrol vessels of 200 tons each. Therefore, according to the 1857 state, the Black Sea Fleet, within the limits of the Treaty of Paris, was to consist of six screw corvettes, nine transports and four steamships . There are three steamships and two transports in the White Sea; in the Siberian flotilla - six screw corvettes and six clippers.

Turning to the question of the construction of ships under the Grand Duke, it is necessary to note that before the Eastern War, our fleet in the Baltic and Black Seas consisted almost exclusively of wooden sailing ships, while in the West they had long since switched to steam, iron and even armored ships. Therefore, in both seas we were forced to limit ourselves to only passive defense; but in the Baltic Sea, Konstantin Nikolaevich began the immediate construction of screw ships and, despite the complete unpreparedness of Russian factories (not a single machine had yet been made in Russia), work began to boil: the Grand Duke was involved in everything, and only thanks to his personal influence, perseverance and supervision, plans were drawn up, engines were built, and in less than 2 years 75 screw gunboats and 14 corvettes were ready; Only 38 gunboats launched for the 1855 campaign were able to take part in hostilities.

After the war, the task of shipbuilding was defined by the formula: “Russia must be a first-class naval power, occupy 3rd place in Europe in terms of fleet strength after England and France, and be stronger than the union of minor naval powers”;flot.su according to the new state in the Baltic Sea it was supposed to have already 69 screw vessels; but “such a composition of the fleet,” reported the Grand Duke, “cannot be considered finally approved, for naval art is constantly moving forward.”

In 1858, he draws attention to a new weapon of war - floating batteries, and points out the need to “keep up with other naval powers”; but due to finances and difficulties, thoughts of its implementation are not realized, the budget is increasingly being reduced, and only in 1863, when the Polish uprising began, 6 million rubles were allocated for armored shipbuilding. (from 1856 to 1863, 26 propeller ships were built). Less than a year after that, we already had 10 monitors and 1 tower boat on the water, and by 1870 the Baltic Fleet consisted of 23 ships.flot.su

To ensure the construction of a modern steam propeller fleet, the Maritime Department under the leadership of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich took the following measures: “In accordance with the new composition of the fleet, our admiralties, shipyards, docks, shops and port institutions in general were organized according to the model of the best foreign institutions; arrangements have been made to receive, through our naval agents, through our ships sent on foreign voyages, and in other ways from states that are ahead of us in shipbuilding, the best drawings and information about all the latest improvements in shipbuilding; it has been established to send our naval engineers, mechanics and other more capable naval officers to foreign maritime states to improve themselves in the theory and practice of their chosen specialty, as well as to inspect foreign ships, ports, factories, admiralties and to collect useful special information. All this information was then published in the “Marine Collection” for the general benefit of the service.”flot.su

2 .3 Socialsidereforms

The main principles underlying the radical transformation of the management of the maritime department were the dispersal of management, giving independence to local authorities, simplifying office work, improving the living conditions of employees and reducing their number. The new position conveyed the idea that coastal institutions exist for the fleet, and not vice versa.

The project for the General Education of the Administration of the Maritime Department and the Port Authority was approved on January 27, 1860. Approving for 5 years the project for the transformation of the Maritime Ministry, Alexander II set the principles that formed its basis "V example everyone gentlemen ministers And mainOmanager". After the probationary period, in 1867 changes were made in the regulations in the direction of decentralization, reduction and simplification of office work. The Shipbuilding and Commissariat departments and the artillery and construction departments were reduced. The reporting system was transformed - the ministry's estimates began to be completely frank and truthful. All sums of the naval department were concentrated in one central treasury, and thus for the first time the principle of unity of the treasury was applied, later extended to the entire Empire. The Maritime Department was the first to introduce a new control system in 1860, which served as the basis for the later general reform of the control part for all departments.

Also, Konstantin Nikolaevich, soon after taking over the management of the maritime department, drew attention to the need to revise maritime criminal laws and, in particular, the laws of legal proceedings. In July 1857, he established a special committee under the Audit Department, which was supposed to draw up a draft maritime charter on new modern Western European principles. When developing the charter of 1858-1860. members of the committee were directly acquainted with the experience of modern legislation of the maritime powers (France, England). The draft maritime charter was of great importance both in the transformation of special maritime proceedings and in the matter of general judicial reform in Russia. It appeared two years earlier than the Basic Provisions of the Judicial Section in Russia approved in 1862. This was the first official project based on the principles of independence of judges, adversarial nature, oral and publicity of the criminal process and ensuring the right of defense of the accused. Thus, for the first time in Russia, the maritime department officially announced the start data.

The issue of abolition of corporal punishment was raised by Prince. N.A. Orlov when he was his envoy in Brussels. In March 1861, he presented the Tsar with a note on the need for this reform; in drafting the book's note. Orlov was assisted by Auditor General P.N. Glebov.

The Grand Duke immediately warmly welcomed and supported the humane initiative of the prince. Orlova. "Bodily punishments, wrote great prince V his official conclusion By this question, make up For states such evil, which leaves V people the most harmful consequences, dethstanding destructive on folk moral And exciting mass useleniya against established authorities." dic.academic.ru The use of corporal punishment in the army, he found, did not achieve the goal: "neither cruelty bodily executions And punishments, neither frequent use their Not lead To maintaining disciplineAndwe, A, against, cruelty bodily punishments And immoderate in useblaziness their, without extreme V volume necessity And without sufficient mature Objudgments misdemeanor the culprit can loosen force military disciplines undermining live connection between officers And lower ranks, settling V them feelings mutual disrespect And dislike." dic.academic.ru The Grand Duke energetically insisted on the urgency of abolishing punishments with whips and whips, which in essence, as Prince pointed out. Orlov, were not only cruel torture, but also a painful death penalty, since punishment with spitsrutens very often ended in the death of the criminal; the Grand Duke proposed to legalize the abolition of these punishments in the military and naval departments immediately and without waiting for a corresponding order in the civil department. The decisive voice of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich was especially influential in the publication of the humane law on April 17, 1863, because he rebelled against cruel punishments, although he was a representative of the naval department, in which the need for iron discipline seemed to justify the severity of punishments more than anywhere else.

Other measures taken to raise the morale of the personnel were to improve their living conditions and to provide them with sufficient funds and favorable conditions for both general and special development. Material well-being was raised by the issuance of benefits for raising children, an increase in combatant money in the campaign, depending on position, by more than 3, 2½, 1½ times (for a lieutenant by 68%); salaries for foreign navigation were increased from 11 to 42%, for inland maritime navigation - from 30 to 74%, an increase in salaries, the establishment of benefits in case of illness and transfers in 1859, the establishment of an emeritus pension fund for a capital of 1½ million from the balances of the maritime department in soon made it possible to perfectly provide for retiring naval officers, almost tripling the size of their pensions.dic.academic.ru The spiritual side was raised by the establishment of naval assemblies in the ports, where lectures were given on maritime and general issues, libraries and the magazine "Marine Collection".

A lot has also been done to improve the life of the lower ranks:

Literacy and vocational training began;

The compulsory labor of the lower ranks was destroyed, which made it possible to reduce the total number of personnel;

The number of non-combatants, which reached 63,163 people in 1855, decreased by the end of 1879 to 822 people;

Compulsory labor was replaced by civilian labor.

The institution of orderlies was also abolished. The liberation of the cantonist class (in 1856) and the Okhten and Black Sea Admiralty villagers from compulsory service to the naval department took place. The service itself and the life of the lower ranks have undergone great changes: instead of 25 years, the service life has been reduced to 10 years, and for the educated - to 5 and even 3 years, the content of non-commissioned ranks has been increased several times, food, clothing, and accommodation have been improved, with clear results which was a huge decrease in mortality among the lower ranks: in 1855, 88 people died per 1 thousand people, in 1878 - 11 people; the previously terrible scurvy epidemic decreased to isolated cases. Thanks to the comprehensive improvement of living conditions, the mortality rate among the lower ranks decreased by 8 times.flot.su

Konstantin Nikolaevich paid great attention to the education of future naval officers. The emergence of mine-torpedo weapons and their rapid development raised the question of training specialists of a new profile. For this purpose, a mine officer class and a mine school were created in Kronstadt. The authority of the Admiral General made it possible to attract the best forces to the educational process. Chemistry was taught by Mendeleev’s closest associate and student I.M. Cheltsov, lectures on electromagnetism and optics were given by the founder of the Russian school of electromagnetism, organizer and first chairman of the Russian Physical Society, professor of St. Petersburg University F.F. Petrushevsky, the inventor of radio, the great Russian scientist A.S. taught here for 18 years. Popov. It is not surprising that the Mine Officer Class soon turned into one of the leading educational institutions of the Empire. A few years later, the Artillery Officer Class was also created in Kronstadt.

Schools for junior specialists were created. The first libraries appeared in the sailor barracks, and free places for lower ranks were established in the Kronstadt Theater. In 25 years, more than half of the sailors in the Russian fleet have become literate.

Zconclusion

Summing up the results of my work, I would like to note once again that thanks to Konstantin Nikolaevich, the Russian fleet received a new, important document - the Naval Charter, which determined the entire further process of restructuring the Navy. The most important step towards the transformation of the Navy was the replacement of the previous sailing fleet with a steam one, the emergence of specialized enterprises to supply new ships - ship engine factories. This required the reconstruction of the Admiralty in St. Petersburg, Kronstadt and Izhora, the creation of new state-owned factories and several new private ironworks, mechanical and shipbuilding factories.

The Naval Ministry carefully monitored new foreign developments with the help of permanent naval agents and, at the same time, went ahead of other departments in eliminating Russian technical and industrial dependence on foreigners. Konstantin Nikolaevich energetically supported the developments of Russian scientists in the field of shipbuilding.

Among the prominent transformations under the leadership of the Grand Duke was also the arming of ships with mine weapons.

In addition, the importance of fleet personnel in the eyes of Russian society was raised, the life of sailors and their financial condition improved. In the very first years of his management of the Naval Department, the Admiral General raised the issue of increasing the salaries of officers, believing that changing them financial situation should attract the best forces to naval service.

With the assistance of the Admiral General, attention was paid to the development of public Maritime assemblies in the ports and to the creation of libraries and reading rooms at them. It is noteworthy that in 1874 the Grand Duke gave up his rooms in the Naval Assembly of Kronstadt for a library. Gradually, all aspects of the sailors’ life were also improved: living conditions in the barracks, clothing (the famous vest!), literacy and specialty training, and corporal punishment was abolished. Shore hospitals and ship hygiene have been significantly improved. We owe it to him that the study of the history of the Russian fleet was put on a scientific basis: in 1873, the Commission for describing the files of the archives of the Naval Ministry began work, the Naval Library was organized, which became one of the best in Russia, and the Naval Museum was transformed.

It is noteworthy that many prominent Russian writers of this era - Goncharov, Pisemsky, Grigorovich, Maksimov - at that time served in the Naval Ministry or carried out orders from the Grand Duke.

The ministerial “Naval Collection”, freed from censorship by its official status, became an open spokesman for new trends, publishing articles on issues that went far beyond naval interests.

Konstantin Nikolaevich devoted a lot of energy to charitable causes. In the fall of 1854, he began organizing assistance to wounded and sick soldiers. Together with Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, he laid the foundations of the future Red Cross Society in Russia. From 1864 he was chairman of the Committee on the Wounded and a member of the Society for Visiting the Sick.

Another side of Konstantin Nikolaevich’s activity was “cooperation” with the Russian Geographical Society, one of the oldest geographical societies in the world; it was approved on August 18, 1845 by the Highest Order of Emperor Nicholas I. The goal of the society was “the study of the native land and the people living there,” as well as the dissemination of geographical, ethnographic and statistical information about Russia.

The founders and members of the society in different times there were great admiral I.F. Krusenstern, Rear Admiral F.P. Wrangel, academicians K.I. Arsenyev, K.M. Baer, P.I. Keppen, V.Ya. Struve. And Konstantin Nikolaevich became the first chairman of the Geographical Society; it is noteworthy that his mentor, Rear Admiral F.P., was the vice-chairman. Litke.

The activities of the Grand Duke in the naval field are closely connected with other aspects of his state activity, including the preparation of peasant and other reforms of the 1860-70s.

Konstantin Nikolaevich

TO Konstantin Nikolaevich - Grand Duke, second son of the Emperor (1827 - 1892). From childhood, Emperor Nicholas intended him to serve in the navy. In 1831, he was appointed admiral general, at the same time beginning to climb the ladder of naval ranks. His upbringing was entrusted to the count, who managed to instill in him a love of maritime affairs. Since 1855, he managed the fleet and maritime department as a minister. The first period of his management was marked by a number of important reforms: the former sailing fleet was replaced by a steam one, the available composition of coastal teams was reduced, office work was simplified, and emerital cash desks were established; before all other departments in the navy, the reign of corporal punishment was put to an end. New, mostly intelligent, forces were recruited to serve in the Navy Ministry; Goncharov, Pisemsky, at this time were in the service of this ministry or carried out its instructions. The ministry's organ, the Maritime Collection, freed from censorship, became an exponent of new trends, publishing articles on issues that went far beyond the special naval interests; The famous article “Questions of Life” was published here. Since the second half of the sixties, the transformative activities in the Navy Ministry began to weaken somewhat. The introduction of armored ships, according to experts, was not as successful as the previous replacement of the sailing fleet with steam. Using the trust of the emperor, Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich became his zealous accomplice in carrying out the great reforms that marked the beginning of his reign. In the liberation of the peasants, the Grand Duke played a prominent and honorable role: in the Main Committee he defended both the principle of liberation and the interests of the peasants in general against the serfdom party. His initiative was of considerable importance in the implementation of such reforms as the introduction of a public court and the limitation of corporal punishment. The influence of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich reached its apogee in 1861. Appointed in 1862, during the unrest that had already begun in the Polish provinces, as governor of the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duke tried to pursue a conciliatory policy in the region, but without success. An attempt was made on the life of the governor himself (Yaroshinsky). On the other hand, the Russian reactionary press saw in the conciliatory policy of the Grand Duke a direct relief to the Poles. In 1863, he resigned his title as governor. In 1865 he took the position of chairman of the State Council, in which he remained until 1881. Russian science and art owe a lot to Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich. He provided special patronage to the Russian Geographical Society. Since 1852, he was chairman of the Russian Archaeological Society, and since 1873, president of the Russian Musical Society. At the very beginning of his reign, Konstantin Nikolaevich left both the position of chairman of the state council and others that he had held until then, and, retaining only the honorary title of admiral general, lived as a private person. He had been married since 1848 to the Grand Duchess, daughter of the Duke of Saxe-Altenburg. - Wed. Art. Pavlov-Silvansky in the “Russian Biographical Dictionary” and in the “Collected Works”, volume II; Art. in the collection "The Liberation of the Peasants. Reform Workers" (Moscow, 1911).

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