Basic rules of the German language in tables. German grammar for beginners
Others believe that death is better than the German language. It’s difficult for me to resolve this issue right away, without preparation. What matters here is what kind of death we are talking about. If we talk about slow and painful... Let's say, about two hundred years ago in Canada, the Indians caught a missionary, tore off his skin, brought hot ash, then boiling water, and little by little the missionary...
In general, I think that he would find the German language a pleasant change.
Mark Twain
So, despite all the intimidation and stories of incomprehensible complexity German language, you decided to master this really difficult language. However, German is not as scary as it is painted to be. I beg to differ with Mark Twain, who called him “unsystematic.” In my opinion, German is a logical, structured and systematic language that “loves” order. Learning German is like solving math problems or putting together a jigsaw puzzle.
Knowledge of grammar plays an important role in this (still) difficult task. Therefore, in this article we will list the most important grammar topics that need to be mastered for beginners learning German.
1. Verb conjugation in Präsens (present tense)
Before you start studying this topic, you will have to learn personal pronouns.
In German, unlike English, the pronoun I written with a small letter.
Please note that du used to address one person as "you". To address, for example, a question to a group of people (friends or acquaintances), you need to use the pronoun ihr. Sie used as polite address to one person or several people.
Let's return to verb conjugation in Präsens. The first step is to remember the conjugation of the three main verbs (Grundverben):
sein(be), haben(to have) and werden(become).
These verbs can be both semantic and auxiliary, i.e. can participate in the formation of various grammatical forms. For example, when forming the past tense Perfekt, the auxiliary verbs haben and sein are used, when forming the future tenses Futur I and Futur II, the auxiliary verb werden is used, which is also used to form the passive voice (Passiv). Since these verbs are such a hot commodity, it's important that their forms jump off your teeth!
Further information on the topic "Verb conjugation" you.
Important! In German, Präsens is often used to express the future tense (Futur I).
For example: Wann kommst du? - When will you come? Ich mache es morgen. - I'll do it tomorrow.
2. Word order in a sentence (Satzstellung)
In a German sentence each the word has its place. Of course, it is important to remember about direct and reverse word order and not to forget to juggle predicate and subject. However, we should also not forget that negative particle nothing, infinitive phrase (with particle zu or without it), reflexive pronoun sich- everyone knows their place!
Circumstances of time, cause, manner of action and place are also arranged in a German sentence in accordance with a certain order, obeying the rule te- ka- mo- lo(temporal, kausal, modal, lokal).
For example: Ich lerne am Wochenende wegen meiner Prüfung sehr intensiv in der Bibliothek .
If in a sentence both objects are expressed by nouns, then first comes the addition to Dativ, then in Akkusativ: Ich gebe meinem Bruder ein Geschenk.
If one of the complements is expressed pronoun, it is placed before the object expressed by the noun: Ich gebe ihm ein Geschenk.
Or: Ich gebe es meinem Bruder.
But if in a sentence both objects are expressed by pronouns, then the order changes: first Akkusativ, then Dativ. For example, Ichgebeesihm.
In a subordinate clause, the predicate, as a rule, comes last, and if the subordinate clause comes before the main clause, then the word order in the main clause is reversed: Ichlerne Deutsch, wennichLusthabe . Aber wenn ich keine Lustmehr habe, lerne ich trotzdem Deutsch.
Is your head spinning? It's out of joy! :)
Attention! The above are just some of the construction rules. German offer.
3. Article (Artikel)
Oh, these articles... Definite and indefinite, masculine (der), neuter (das) and feminine (die) articles, as well as plural articles (die)! Not to mention those cases when the article is not required at all. Willy-nilly, you’ll remember that missionary that Mark Twain talked about...
Note: the gender of nouns in Russian and German does NOT coincide, so make it a rule to learn German nouns ONLY together with the article (der, das, die). In plural all nouns have the article die.
Remember: noun derUnterricht(lesson, activity) does not have a plural form in German!
Fortunately, the German language has many suffix clues that indicate the gender of a noun. For example, all nouns ending in -ung, -keit or -heit are feminine, nouns ending in -chen or -lein are neuter, and nouns ending in -ling are masculine. Here are some others:
German, as you know, has many compound words. So, you need to remember that the gender of a compound noun is determined by according to the latest it contains: der Abend (evening) + dasEssen(food) = das Abend essen(dinner).
When composing sentences, it is not enough to simply remember what gender a particular noun has; you must put the appropriate article in the correct case!
For example: Wo ist der Mann (Nom) mit der Brille? Ich muss dem Mann (Dat) etwas sagen! Hast du den Mann (Akk) gesehen? -Where is the man with glasses? I need to tell this man something! Have you seen this man?
Declension table for definite and indefinite articles:
4. Declension of nouns (Deklination der Substantive)
In German there is a distinction three types noun declensions: feminine, strong And weak. Thus, when constructing a German sentence, it is necessary not only to use the article in the desired case, but also, if necessary, to add an ending to the noun.
TO female Declension includes all feminine nouns. When declined according to cases, they do not receive any ending. For example:
Nom die Endung
Gen der Endung
Dat der Endung
Akk die Endung
Many masculine nouns and all neuter nouns (except das Herz) refer to strong declination and get the ending -(e)s in Genetiv.
Please note that neuter nouns ending in -nis double the final -s, for example, das Zeugnis - des Zeugnis s es.
Nouns ending in -us, -as and -ismus Not get the ending -s in Genetiv: der Kasus- des Kasus.
TO weak declension refers to four groups of masculine nouns that receive ending -en in all cases except Nominativ.
Students of German often have a question: which is correct - Herren or Herrn? So, the first (die Herren) is the plural form of der Herr (for example, Sehr geehrte Damen und Herr en), and the second is one of three case forms, which one is determined by the article.
Nom der Herr
Gen des Herrn
Dat dem Herrn
Akk den Herrn
In addition to these three types of declensions, there are two groups of nouns in German that “play by their own rules.” The first group is unofficially called entwederoder(or... or), it includes four nouns (der Nachbar, der Bauer, der Oberst, der Untertan), which can be inflected either according to the strong or weak type of declension of nouns.
Nom der Nachbar
Gen des Nachbars / des Nachbarn
Dat dem Nachbar / dem Nachbarn
Akk den Nachbar / den Nachbarn
The second group is called sowohl als auch(as... after all) and includes the following nouns, which are inflected in both strong and weak declension types: der Name, der Same, der Gedanke, der Glaube, der Wille, der Haufe, der Fels, der Funke , der Friede, der Buchstabe, der Drache and das Herz.
Nom der Name das Herz
Gen des Name ns des Herz ens
Dat dem Name n dem Herz en
Akk den Name n das Herz
When declension of nouns in the plural, it is important to remember that in Dativ the ending -n is added to the noun (you can also remember - DativPlural ! ), unless it already ends in -n.
Nom die Männer die Frauen
Gen der Männer der Frauen
Dat den Männer n den Frauen
Akk die Männer die Frauen
5. Declension of adjectives (Deklination der Adjektive)
In German there are three types Declension of adjectives: weak, strong And mixed.
As practice shows, it is advisable to learn the declension of singular and plural adjectives separately from each other, with a break of several days. This, however, is a matter of taste.
On our website you will find.
6. Basic forms of the verb (FG). Formation of the tense Präteritum (past tense)
Every verb in German has three main forms:
Infinitiv (infinitive), Präteritum (past tense) and Partizip II (second participle).
Depending on the method of formation of the main forms, as a rule, three groups of verbs are distinguished: weak, strong and irregular.
Weak verbs form the past tense (Präteritum) by adding the suffix - te- to the stem of the verb: mach en- machte. Basic forms of strong and irregular verbs are not formed according to the rules, so they must be learned by heart (see the table of strong and irregular verbs).
In the Präteritum form, separable prefixes “leave” the verb: auf machen-mach te auf .
Having learned to conjugate verbs in the Präsens tense, you will easily master the verb conjugation paradigm in Präteritum:
Please note that in Präteritum tense the forms of the 1st and 3rd persons are singular. match. The fact that the forms of the 1st and 3rd persons are plural. coincide, we learned already when studying Präsens time.
Once you have mastered this topic, you will be able to enjoy reading German books in the original.
7. Formation of perfect tense (past perfect tense)
This tense is the most common in colloquial speech, so you should definitely try to master it already at initial stage training.
Perfect is formed using the auxiliary verb haben or sein and Partizip II (3rd form) of the semantic verb. Auxiliary verbs are conjugated in Präsens (present tense), for example: Wannbist duaufgestanden? - When did you get up?
There are usually no problems with the second “ingredient”: weak verbs are formed by the PartizipII form by adding a prefix ge- and suffix - t, for example, machen - machte - ge mach t. Partizip II forms of strong and irregular verbs are given in the table of strong and irregular verbs, which, as we have already agreed, needs to be learned.
What happens if the verb already has a prefix?
The inseparable prefix tightly clings to the verb and does not let anyone near it: be suchen- be suchte- be sucht.
The detachable attachment willingly gives way to the attachment ge- : zu machen-machte zu - zu ge mast.
Verbs ending in -ieren do not receive the Partizip II prefix ge-: ignorieren - ignorierte - ignorier t.
Now all that remains is to learn how to choose the correct auxiliary verb - haben or sein! It will help you with this
8. Imperative mood
The Imperativ is used to express advice, request, demand, order, instruction or warning in German. In general, an irreplaceable thing! Deal with education imperative mood you .
In German there are other ways to get someone to do something. For example, using the infinitive: Aufstehen! - Get up! This is a very sharp form and is used quite rarely. Or using the passive voice: JetztwildGeschlafen! - It's time to sleep!JetztwildGegessen! - Come on, eat! Often used when addressing children.
9. Passive voice in German (Passiv)
The passive voice is formed using the auxiliary verb werden and Partizip II (3rd form) of the semantic verb. For example:
Ich baue ein Haus. - I'm building a house. -> Das Haus wird gebaut. - The house is under construction.
To say this sentence, for example, in the tense Präteritum or Perfekt, you must choose the appropriate tense form of the auxiliary verb werden. The shape of Partizip II remains unchanged.
Das Haus wurde gebaut. (Präteritum)
Please note that the 3rd form of the verb werden loses the prefix ge- in Perfekt:
Das Haus ist gebaut ge worden. (Perfect)
10. Modal verbs(Modalverben)
Modal verbs are widely used in both oral and written German speech. The main modal verbs are können, dürfen, müssen, sollen, wollen, mögen, while möchte(n), while not a modal verb in its own right, is a conjunctive form derived from mögen.
To form a negation, instead of the verb müssen, it is preferable to use the construction nicht brauchen zu + infinitive:
Du musst es machen. -> Du brauchst es nicht zu machen.
In German, in addition to the modal verbs themselves, there are so-called modalverb ä hnliche Verben (verbs that in a certain meaning perform the function of modals), for example, lassen - command, instruct, allow, verstehen (zu + infinitive) - be able to, wissen (zu + infinitive) - be able to, and many others. For example: Ich weiß das zu schätzen, was du für mich machst. - I know I appreciate (= I know how to appreciate) what you do for me.
Having mastered the topics listed above, you will be able to lay the necessary foundations for successful and “painless” language acquisition.
Don't forget that every grammar topic needs to be reinforced, so spend enough time doing the exercises. You shouldn’t take on several new grammar topics at once, especially if they have little to do with each other. It’s better to “dilute” the grammar material by learning new vocabulary.
And finally, the most important thing: don’t forget to pause and take a break from cramming! Then, perhaps, “torture” in German will not seem so terrible.
Defined and indefinite article in German it usually accompanies a noun in sentences. The article in German is the main indicator of gender, number and case of a noun.
Dative case in German. Dative. Dativ
The dative case in German answers the questions to whom? what? Where? When? Unlike the Russian language, in which the ending of a word changes when declension occurs, in German the article changes.
Accusative case in German. Accusative. Akkusativ
The accusative case in German answers the questions of whom? What? Where? Unlike the Russian language, in which the ending of a word changes when declension occurs, in German the article changes.
German adjectives. Adjective
The inflected adjective in German agrees in number, case and gender with the noun it modifies. Such adjectives stand between the article (or the word replacing it) and the noun it modifies.
Past tense in German. Perfect. Perfect
The perfect of any verb (strong or weak) is formed using the auxiliary verb haben or sein and the Partizip II form of the main verb. During conjugation, only the auxiliary verb changes, and Partizip II of the main verb remains unchanged.
Present tense in German. Present. Präsens
Present verbs express actions that occur in the present tense, at the moment of speech, constantly, usually. Present tense forms are formed by adding personal endings to the stem Infinitive.
Modal verbs in German. Modal verbs
Modal verbs in German do not express action, but indicate the speaker’s attitude to the reality of the statement. Modal verbs can express possibility, necessity, assumption, assumption, command, wish. Modal verbs in German require a main verb after them, which is in the infinitive without the particle zu at the end of the sentence.
Subjunctive in German. Konjunktiv II
Subjunctive ( subjunctive mood) in German expresses a possible, conjectural, desirable or described action. In Russian it is formed using the past tense verb and the particle would.
Reflexive verbs in German
Reflexive verbs in Russian end with the postfix -ся(сь). In German, reflexive verbs are used with reflexive pronoun sich.
Office of German verbs
Under control German verbs a relation is understood when a verb requires a certain case of addition after itself. In the German language, there are no fixed rules explaining which case governs which verbs. It is especially difficult to distinguish between verbs that require an object in the accusative or dative cases.
Future tense in German. Future
The future tense in German is formed using the auxiliary verb werden in the present tense and the main verb in the infinitive. The auxiliary verb werden in German is placed in second place in the sentence, and the main verb at the end of the sentence.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives
The comparative form in German is formed by adding suffix -er to the short form of the adjective and shows that this attribute is inherent in some object or phenomenon to a greater extent than in another.
Personal pronouns in German
Personal pronouns are used instead of nouns. Personal German pronoun it is necessary to translate the Russian pronoun depending on the gender of the Russian noun being replaced, since the gender of nouns in German and Russian languages does not always coincide.
Possessive pronouns in German
Possessive pronouns come before nouns and agree with them in case, gender, and number. When consumed possessive pronouns There are two questions to keep in mind: Who owns the object or person? What ending does the possessive pronoun receive?
As a tip: To begin with, understand only what is on this kilometer-long page. Take your time to click on links with the title " More details".
Yes, it can be aesthetically unreadable. But you will immediately see the volume that you need to swallow so as not to choke and get poisoned by the German language.
And only then, after you have learned this page and understood it, put it into practice, heard the constructions in a conversation, read it in a book, you can go back and work on the links. But only on a topic that is truly unclear.
For example, denken - think. The ending -en is gone and replaced with:
| Schlafen | |
|---|---|
| Ich | schlaf + e |
| Du | schläfst |
| Er, sie, es | schläft |
| Wir | schlaf + en |
| Ihr | schlaf + t |
| sie, sie | schlaf + en |
| Fahren | |
|---|---|
| Ich | fahr + e |
| Du | fährst |
| Er, sie, es | fährt |
| Wir | far + en |
| Ihr | fahr + t |
| sie, sie | far + en |
Verbs with separable prefixes
Separables include: ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, empor-, vorbei-, zurück-, fest-, frei-, hoch-.
Conjugation of verbs with separable prefix
fern sehen – watch TV
| Fernsehen | |
|---|---|
| Ich | seh + e fern |
| Du | siehst fern |
| Er, sie, es | sieht fern |
| Wir | seh + en fern |
| Ihr | seh + tfern |
| sie, sie | seh + en fern |
an fangen: – to begin
| Anfangen | |
|---|---|
| Ich | fan + e an |
| Du | fängst an |
| Er, sie, es | fängt an |
| Wir | fang + en an |
| Ihr | fang + t an |
| sie, sie | fang + en an |
Verbs with inseparable prefixes
The inseparable ones include: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, hinter-, miss-, ver-, zer-.
Conjugation of verbs with an inseparable prefix
be kommen – to receive
| Bekommen | |
|---|---|
| Ich | bekomm+e |
| Du | bekomm + st |
| Er, sie, es | bekomm+t |
| Wir | bekomm + en |
| Ihr | bekomm+t |
| sie, sie | bekomm + en |
ver suchen – try, try
| VERSUCHEN | |
|---|---|
| Ich | versuch + e |
| Du | versuch + st |
| Er, sie, es | versuch + t |
| Wir | versuch + en |
| Ihr | versuch + t |
| sie, sie | versuch + en |
Separable (accented) and inseparable (unstressed) prefixes
durch-, über-, um-, unter-, wieder-, wider-
Modal verbs: I want, I can, I can...
| durfen | sollen | mussen | können | mögen | wollen | möchten | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| allowed do something you have the right |
must (soft) |
must (order) |
be able to be able to |
like | want | would like | |
| ich | darf | soll | muss | kann | mag | will | möchte |
| du | darfst | sollst | must | kannst | magst | willst | möchtest |
| er/sie/es | darf | soll | muss | kann | mag | will | möchte |
| wir | durfen | sollen | mussen | können | mögen | wollen | möchten |
| Ihr | durft | sollt | müsst | könnt | mögt | wollt | möchtet |
| Sie/sie | durfen | sollen | mussen | können | mögen | wollen | möchten |
The modal verb comes in second place (in modified form), and the semantic verb comes at the very end before the period.
Ich muss heute Deutsch lernen. – I have to learn German today.
Ich will heute mit dir nicht sprechen. – I don't want to talk to you today.
Verb to be – sein
Ordinal numbers
1- der, die, das erste!
2 – der, die, das zweite!
3 – der, die, das dritte!
19 – der, die, das neunzehnte
20 – der, die, das zwanzigste
22 – der, die, das zweiundzwanzigste
Possessive pronouns - mine, yours, hers, ours
Question: wessen – whose, whose, whose?
Cases
| Kasus | |
|---|---|
| Nominative | Wer? Was? (who, what) |
| Genitiv | Wessen? (whose, whose, whose) |
| Dativ | Wem? (to whom) |
| Akkusativ | Wen? Was? (who, what) |
I - me - me, you - you - you and so on...
| Nominative | ich | du | er | sie | es | wir | ihr | sie | Sie |
| I | You | He | she | it | We | You | They | You | |
| Dativ | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen | Ihnen |
| to me | you | to him | to her | to him | us | to you | them | To you | |
| Akkusativ | mich | dich | ihn | sie | es | uns | euch | sie | Sie |
| me | you | his | her | This | us | you | their | You |
Man – 3 l. units
man sagt - they say
man denkt - think
man trinkt - drink
Declension of nouns
| Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | die Mutter - Mother |
der Vater - dad |
das Kind - child |
die Kinder - children |
| Genitiv | der Mutter - (book) mothers |
des Vaters - (book) dad |
des Kindes – (toy) of a child |
der Kinder – (toys) for children |
| Dativ | der Mutter - to mom |
dem Vater - to dad |
dem Kind – child |
den Kindern – children |
| Akkusativ | die Mutter - mom |
den Vater - dad |
das Kind – child |
die Kinder – children |
Past tense. Auxiliary verb haben
Most verbs in German form the past tense with auxiliary verb haben .
Weak verbs:
machen = ge + mach + t. Ich habe gemacht.
malen = ge + mal + t
Strong verbs:
finden = ge + fund + en. Ich habe gefunden.
Verbs starting with -ieren:
without the prefix ge-: konzentrieren = konzentriert
Without the prefix ge-:
verbs that begin with prefixes: be-, ver-, zer-, ge-, über-, ent-.
Past tense. Auxiliary verb sein
These verbs form the past tense with an auxiliary verb sein.
Verbs of movement in space
gehen, kommen, fahren, steigen(to grow), sinken (to descend), gelangen (to fall)
Ich bin gekommen. Du best gefahren.
Verbs of transition from one state to another
aufwachen (wake up), einschlafen (fall asleep), wachsen (grow), platzen (burst, burst), sterben (to die).
Das Kind ist aufgewacht. Wir sind eingeschlafen.
Exception verbs
sein, bleiben, werden, geschehen, passieren, gelingen.
Was it passiert? Ich bin zu Hause geblieben.
Past tense for strong verbs
From the table. What you need to know.
| Infinitive | Präteritum | Partizip II |
|---|---|---|
| Root vowel inside: A | ||
| nehmen – to take | na hm | genommen |
| lesen – read | la s | gelesen |
| geben – to give | ga b | gegeben |
| kommen – to come | ka m | gekommen |
| bekommen – to receive | beka m | bekommen |
| treffen – to meet | tra f | getroffen |
| helfen – to help | ha lf | geholfen |
| trinken – to drink | tra nk | getrunken |
| stehen – stand | sta nd | gestanden |
| verstehen - to understand | versta nd | verstanden |
| sitzen – to sit | sa ß | gesessen |
| essen – eat, eat | a ß | Gegessen |
| finden - to find | fa nd | gefunden |
| sprechen - to talk | sprach | gesprochen |
| sehen - to see | sa h | gesehen |
| singen – to sing | sa ng | Gesungen |
| beginnen – to begin | bega n | begonnen |
| vergessen - forget | verga ß | vergessen |
| Root vowel inside: U | ||
| fahren – to go | fu hr | gefahren |
| tragen – to carry | true g | getragen |
| werden – to become | wu rde | geworden |
| waschen – to wash | wu sch | gewaschen |
| schaffen - to create | schu f | Geschaffen |
| laden – to load | lu d | geladen |
| einladen – to invite | lu d ein | eingeladen |
| Root vowel inside: IE | ||
| schreiben - to write | schrie b | geschrieben |
| laufen - to run | lie f | gelaufen |
| bleiben – to stay | blie b | geblieben |
| entscheiden - to decide | entschie d | entschieden |
| gehen – to go | gi ng | gegangen |
| heißen - to call | hie ß | geheißen |
| beißen – to bite | bi ß | gebissen |
| rufen - to call | rief | gerufen |
| gefallen – to like | gefie l | gefallen |
| Root vowel inside: O | ||
| fliegen – to fly | flo g | geflogen |
| ziehen – to pull | zo g | gezogen |
| Auxiliary verbs you need to know: | ||
| haben – to have | hatte | gehabt |
| sein - to be | war | gewesen |
| werden – to become | wurde | geworden |
Case questions
| Kasus | Fragen | Präpositionen |
|---|---|---|
| Dativ | wo? wie lange? wann? | mit, nach, aus, zu, von, bei |
| Akkusativ | who? | um, gegen, für, ohne |
Subordinate clauses. What's after the decimal point.
There are two suggestions:
Ich weiss.
Er ist nach Deutschland gefahren.
To link them into one, you need:
- just separate them with a comma
- after the comma put a conjunction (because, what, when, if, while)
- in the second sentence the verb is simply taken and moved to the end of the sentence and placed before the period. Take it and move it, put it in front of the point. ALL!
Ich weiss, dass er nach Deutschland gefahren ist.
Conjunctions in a complex sentence
dass - what
wenn - when (repeated action)
als – when (one-time)
während – while
nachdem – after
weil - because
denn – since, because
deshalb – therefore
ob – whether
Imperative
Forms (highlighted goes):
Du-form: Du gehst – you are coming / Go! - Geh!
Ihr-form: Ihr geht – You are coming / Go! - Geht!
Sie-form: Gehen Sie, bitte.
Reflexive verbs
A little bit. Verb + sich: rejoice – sich freuen. The particle sich always appears in 3rd place in a sentence:
Imperative mood for reflexives.
Du-form: Freu dich!
Sein is in the imperative mood.
Du-form: Sei!
Ihr-form: Seid!
Sie-form: Seien Sie!
Conjugation of the verb werden - to become
| Werden | |
|---|---|
| Ich | werde |
| Du | wirst |
| Er, sie, es | wild |
| wir | werden |
| ihr | werdet |
| Sie, sie | werden |
Passive = werden + Partizip II.
Die Bauarbeiter bauen das Haus – Builders are building a house.
Das Haus wird von den Bauarbeitern gebaut. – The house is being built by builders.
von – someone, something (Dativ)
durch – because of (Akkusativ)
Das Kind wird durch laute Musik aufgeweckt. – The child wakes up due to loud music.
Wir kaufen das Brot. – We buy bread.
Das Brot wird von uns gekauft. – The bread is bought by us.
Man trinkt viel Wein. - They drink a lot of wine.
Viel Wein wird getrunken. – A lot of wine is drunk.(In the passive, man is omitted.)
It is unlikely that you will immediately speak in the passive, but you need to recognize it in the texts:
Modal verbs in the passive (this terrible construction is used in written German):
A man who... A woman who... Children who... Relativsätze
| Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | die – which | der – which | das – which | die – which |
| Genitiv | deren – which, whose | dessen - whose, whose | deren – which, whose | |
| Dativ | der – which | dem - to whom | denen - which | |
| Akkusativ | die – which | den – which | das – which | die – which |
Infinitive construction
..., in order to... = um..... zu + Infinitiv.
Er lernt Deutsch, um in Deutschland zu leben. – He is learning German in order to live in Germany.
Ich ziehe mich gut an, um gut auszu sehen. – I dress well to look good.
Comparison of adjectives.
Vasya is cool. And Petya is cooler. And Kolyan is the coolest.
Everything is according to the rule:
| -er | am... sten | der, die, das...ste | |
|---|---|---|---|
| faul
- lazy |
fowler – lazier |
am faulsten - laziest of all |
der, die, das faulste - the laziest |
| langsam
- slowly |
langsamer – slower |
am langsamsten – slowest of all |
der, die, das langsamste – the slowest |
| lieb
- cute |
lieber – nicer |
am liebsten - everyone's favorite |
der, die, das liebste - most favorite |
| Schnell
- fast |
schneller - faster |
am schnellsten - fastest |
der, die, das schnellste – the fastest |
Root vowel change:
| alt | älter | am ä ltesten |
| arm | ärmer | am ä rmsten |
| groß | grö ßer | am grö ßten |
| jung | jünger | am jüngsten |
| gern | lieber | am liebsten |
| gut | besser | am besten |
| viel/sehr | mehr | am meisten |
Afterword
That's all the knowledge that I learned in 2 weeks and introduced into my speech. I went to Germany with the same knowledge, I still use this knowledge and know how to say “Our Father.”
Some may think it’s a lot, but others will say: “Where is the genitive? Where is the declension of adjectives? Where is the antecedent? Where are the ARTICLES??? And where is the conjunctive?” etc.
32 topics + words = your success in German.
This is the base. There's nowhere without her. And even articles with adjectives will be useless if you don’t know these topics.
In Germany, I actively used only these designs. Everything else was learned and polished in practice, and not everything was introduced into conversation.
This is my experience. This is how I learned German. And that's how I learned it.
I wish the same for you.
PY.SY: No need to tell me that this is a barbaric approach to the sacred grammar of the German language.
We don't want to become another "smart" site and talk about how difficult German grammar is.
You will remember Russian. Your own. Do you use all themes and designs? And do you actively apply everything from school in everyday life?
As a tip: To begin with, understand only what is on this kilometer-long page. Take your time to click on links with the title " More details".
Yes, it can be aesthetically unreadable. But you will immediately see the volume that you need to swallow so as not to choke and get poisoned by the German language.
And only then, after you have learned this page and understood it, put it into practice, heard the constructions in a conversation, read it in a book, you can go back and work on the links. But only on a topic that is truly unclear.
For example, denken - think. The ending -en is gone and replaced with:
| Schlafen | |
|---|---|
| Ich | schlaf + e |
| Du | schläfst |
| Er, sie, es | schläft |
| Wir | schlaf + en |
| Ihr | schlaf + t |
| sie, sie | schlaf + en |
| Fahren | |
|---|---|
| Ich | fahr + e |
| Du | fährst |
| Er, sie, es | fährt |
| Wir | far + en |
| Ihr | fahr + t |
| sie, sie | far + en |
Verbs with separable prefixes
Separables include: ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, ein-, empor-, vorbei-, zurück-, fest-, frei-, hoch-.
Conjugation of verbs with separable prefix
fern sehen – watch TV
| Fernsehen | |
|---|---|
| Ich | seh + e fern |
| Du | siehst fern |
| Er, sie, es | sieht fern |
| Wir | seh + en fern |
| Ihr | seh + tfern |
| sie, sie | seh + en fern |
an fangen: – to begin
| Anfangen | |
|---|---|
| Ich | fan + e an |
| Du | fängst an |
| Er, sie, es | fängt an |
| Wir | fang + en an |
| Ihr | fang + t an |
| sie, sie | fang + en an |
Verbs with inseparable prefixes
The inseparable ones include: be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, hinter-, miss-, ver-, zer-.
Conjugation of verbs with an inseparable prefix
be kommen – to receive
| Bekommen | |
|---|---|
| Ich | bekomm+e |
| Du | bekomm + st |
| Er, sie, es | bekomm+t |
| Wir | bekomm + en |
| Ihr | bekomm+t |
| sie, sie | bekomm + en |
ver suchen – try, try
| VERSUCHEN | |
|---|---|
| Ich | versuch + e |
| Du | versuch + st |
| Er, sie, es | versuch + t |
| Wir | versuch + en |
| Ihr | versuch + t |
| sie, sie | versuch + en |
Separable (accented) and inseparable (unstressed) prefixes
durch-, über-, um-, unter-, wieder-, wider-
Modal verbs: I want, I can, I can...
| durfen | sollen | mussen | können | mögen | wollen | möchten | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| allowed do something you have the right |
must (soft) |
must (order) |
be able to be able to |
like | want | would like | |
| ich | darf | soll | muss | kann | mag | will | möchte |
| du | darfst | sollst | must | kannst | magst | willst | möchtest |
| er/sie/es | darf | soll | muss | kann | mag | will | möchte |
| wir | durfen | sollen | mussen | können | mögen | wollen | möchten |
| Ihr | durft | sollt | müsst | könnt | mögt | wollt | möchtet |
| Sie/sie | durfen | sollen | mussen | können | mögen | wollen | möchten |
The modal verb comes in second place (in modified form), and the semantic verb comes at the very end before the period.
Ich muss heute Deutsch lernen. – I have to learn German today.
Ich will heute mit dir nicht sprechen. – I don't want to talk to you today.
Verb to be – sein
Ordinal numbers
1- der, die, das erste!
2 – der, die, das zweite!
3 – der, die, das dritte!
19 – der, die, das neunzehnte
20 – der, die, das zwanzigste
22 – der, die, das zweiundzwanzigste
Possessive pronouns - mine, yours, hers, ours
Question: wessen – whose, whose, whose?
Cases
| Kasus | |
|---|---|
| Nominative | Wer? Was? (who, what) |
| Genitiv | Wessen? (whose, whose, whose) |
| Dativ | Wem? (to whom) |
| Akkusativ | Wen? Was? (who, what) |
I - me - me, you - you - you and so on...
| Nominative | ich | du | er | sie | es | wir | ihr | sie | Sie |
| I | You | He | she | it | We | You | They | You | |
| Dativ | mir | dir | ihm | ihr | ihm | uns | euch | ihnen | Ihnen |
| to me | you | to him | to her | to him | us | to you | them | To you | |
| Akkusativ | mich | dich | ihn | sie | es | uns | euch | sie | Sie |
| me | you | his | her | This | us | you | their | You |
Man – 3 l. units
man sagt - they say
man denkt - think
man trinkt - drink
Declension of nouns
| Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | die Mutter - Mother |
der Vater - dad |
das Kind - child |
die Kinder - children |
| Genitiv | der Mutter - (book) mothers |
des Vaters - (book) dad |
des Kindes – (toy) of a child |
der Kinder – (toys) for children |
| Dativ | der Mutter - to mom |
dem Vater - to dad |
dem Kind – child |
den Kindern – children |
| Akkusativ | die Mutter - mom |
den Vater - dad |
das Kind – child |
die Kinder – children |
Past tense. Auxiliary verb haben
Most verbs in German form the past tense with an auxiliary verb haben .
Weak verbs:
machen = ge + mach + t. Ich habe gemacht.
malen = ge + mal + t
Strong verbs:
finden = ge + fund + en. Ich habe gefunden.
Verbs starting with -ieren:
without the prefix ge-: konzentrieren = konzentriert
Without the prefix ge-:
verbs that begin with prefixes: be-, ver-, zer-, ge-, über-, ent-.
Past tense. Auxiliary verb sein
These verbs form the past tense with an auxiliary verb sein.
Verbs of movement in space
gehen, kommen, fahren, steigen(to grow), sinken (to descend), gelangen (to fall)
Ich bin gekommen. Du best gefahren.
Verbs of transition from one state to another
aufwachen (wake up), einschlafen (fall asleep), wachsen (grow), platzen (burst, burst), sterben (to die).
Das Kind ist aufgewacht. Wir sind eingeschlafen.
Exception verbs
sein, bleiben, werden, geschehen, passieren, gelingen.
Was it passiert? Ich bin zu Hause geblieben.
Past tense for strong verbs
From the table. What you need to know.
| Infinitive | Präteritum | Partizip II |
|---|---|---|
| Root vowel inside: A | ||
| nehmen – to take | na hm | genommen |
| lesen – read | la s | gelesen |
| geben – to give | ga b | gegeben |
| kommen – to come | ka m | gekommen |
| bekommen – to receive | beka m | bekommen |
| treffen – to meet | tra f | getroffen |
| helfen – to help | ha lf | geholfen |
| trinken – to drink | tra nk | getrunken |
| stehen – stand | sta nd | gestanden |
| verstehen - to understand | versta nd | verstanden |
| sitzen – to sit | sa ß | gesessen |
| essen – eat, eat | a ß | Gegessen |
| finden - to find | fa nd | gefunden |
| sprechen - to talk | sprach | gesprochen |
| sehen - to see | sa h | gesehen |
| singen – to sing | sa ng | Gesungen |
| beginnen – to begin | bega n | begonnen |
| vergessen - forget | verga ß | vergessen |
| Root vowel inside: U | ||
| fahren – to go | fu hr | gefahren |
| tragen – to carry | true g | getragen |
| werden – to become | wu rde | geworden |
| waschen – to wash | wu sch | gewaschen |
| schaffen - to create | schu f | Geschaffen |
| laden – to load | lu d | geladen |
| einladen – to invite | lu d ein | eingeladen |
| Root vowel inside: IE | ||
| schreiben - to write | schrie b | geschrieben |
| laufen - to run | lie f | gelaufen |
| bleiben – to stay | blie b | geblieben |
| entscheiden - to decide | entschie d | entschieden |
| gehen – to go | gi ng | gegangen |
| heißen - to call | hie ß | geheißen |
| beißen – to bite | bi ß | gebissen |
| rufen - to call | rief | gerufen |
| gefallen – to like | gefie l | gefallen |
| Root vowel inside: O | ||
| fliegen – to fly | flo g | geflogen |
| ziehen – to pull | zo g | gezogen |
| Auxiliary verbs you need to know: | ||
| haben – to have | hatte | gehabt |
| sein - to be | war | gewesen |
| werden – to become | wurde | geworden |
Case questions
| Kasus | Fragen | Präpositionen |
|---|---|---|
| Dativ | wo? wie lange? wann? | mit, nach, aus, zu, von, bei |
| Akkusativ | who? | um, gegen, für, ohne |
Subordinate clauses. What's after the decimal point.
There are two suggestions:
Ich weiss.
Er ist nach Deutschland gefahren.
To link them into one, you need:
- just separate them with a comma
- after the comma put a conjunction (because, what, when, if, while)
- in the second sentence the verb is simply taken and moved to the end of the sentence and placed before the period. Take it and move it, put it in front of the point. ALL!
Ich weiss, dass er nach Deutschland gefahren ist.
Conjunctions in a complex sentence
dass - what
wenn - when (repeated action)
als – when (one-time)
während – while
nachdem – after
weil - because
denn – since, because
deshalb – therefore
ob – whether
Imperative
Forms (highlighted goes):
Du-form: Du gehst – you are coming / Go! - Geh!
Ihr-form: Ihr geht – You are coming / Go! - Geht!
Sie-form: Gehen Sie, bitte.
Reflexive verbs
A little bit. Verb + sich: rejoice – sich freuen. The particle sich always appears in 3rd place in a sentence:
Imperative mood for reflexives.
Du-form: Freu dich!
Sein is in the imperative mood.
Du-form: Sei!
Ihr-form: Seid!
Sie-form: Seien Sie!
Conjugation of the verb werden - to become
| Werden | |
|---|---|
| Ich | werde |
| Du | wirst |
| Er, sie, es | wild |
| wir | werden |
| ihr | werdet |
| Sie, sie | werden |
Passive = werden + Partizip II.
Die Bauarbeiter bauen das Haus – Builders are building a house.
Das Haus wird von den Bauarbeitern gebaut. – The house is being built by builders.
von – someone, something (Dativ)
durch – because of (Akkusativ)
Das Kind wird durch laute Musik aufgeweckt. – The child wakes up due to loud music.
Wir kaufen das Brot. – We buy bread.
Das Brot wird von uns gekauft. – The bread is bought by us.
Man trinkt viel Wein. - They drink a lot of wine.
Viel Wein wird getrunken. – A lot of wine is drunk.(In the passive, man is omitted.)
It is unlikely that you will immediately speak in the passive, but you need to recognize it in the texts:
Modal verbs in the passive (this terrible construction is used in written German):
A man who... A woman who... Children who... Relativsätze
| Feminine | Masculine | Neuter | Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | die – which | der – which | das – which | die – which |
| Genitiv | deren – which, whose | dessen - whose, whose | deren – which, whose | |
| Dativ | der – which | dem - to whom | denen - which | |
| Akkusativ | die – which | den – which | das – which | die – which |
Infinitive construction
..., in order to... = um..... zu + Infinitiv.
Er lernt Deutsch, um in Deutschland zu leben. – He is learning German in order to live in Germany.
Ich ziehe mich gut an, um gut auszu sehen. – I dress well to look good.
Comparison of adjectives.
Vasya is cool. And Petya is cooler. And Kolyan is the coolest.
Everything is according to the rule:
| -er | am... sten | der, die, das...ste | |
|---|---|---|---|
| faul
- lazy |
fowler – lazier |
am faulsten - laziest of all |
der, die, das faulste - the laziest |
| langsam
- slowly |
langsamer – slower |
am langsamsten – slowest of all |
der, die, das langsamste – the slowest |
| lieb
- cute |
lieber – nicer |
am liebsten - everyone's favorite |
der, die, das liebste - most favorite |
| Schnell
- fast |
schneller - faster |
am schnellsten - fastest |
der, die, das schnellste – the fastest |
Root vowel change:
| alt | älter | am ä ltesten |
| arm | ärmer | am ä rmsten |
| groß | grö ßer | am grö ßten |
| jung | jünger | am jüngsten |
| gern | lieber | am liebsten |
| gut | besser | am besten |
| viel/sehr | mehr | am meisten |
Afterword
That's all the knowledge that I learned in 2 weeks and introduced into my speech. I went to Germany with the same knowledge, I still use this knowledge and know how to say “Our Father.”
Some may think it’s a lot, but others will say: “Where is the genitive? Where is the declension of adjectives? Where is the antecedent? Where are the ARTICLES??? And where is the conjunctive?” etc.
32 topics + words = your success in German.
This is the base. There's nowhere without her. And even articles with adjectives will be useless if you don’t know these topics.
In Germany, I actively used only these designs. Everything else was learned and polished in practice, and not everything was introduced into conversation.
This is my experience. This is how I learned German. And that's how I learned it.
I wish the same for you.
PY.SY: No need to tell me that this is a barbaric approach to the sacred grammar of the German language.
We don't want to become another "smart" site and talk about how difficult German grammar is.
You will remember Russian. Your own. Do you use all themes and designs? And do you actively apply everything from school in everyday life?
When studying any foreign language special attention should be paid to grammar. And when it comes to the German language - even more so. German grammar is considered one of the most difficult to learn (compared to other European languages). Therefore, for better assimilation, it is recommended to use tables and diagrams.
German grammar in tables remembered much easier and faster. Especially if these tables are compiled with one’s own hand, based on the work being done on language courses(or independently) topics. Examples of such tables are provided in this article.
Parts of speech in German
German grammar begins with identifying parts of speech, which are divided into independent and auxiliary. In the table it looks like this:
Please note that the names of all independent parts of speech in German are neuter!
Offer. Word order
Unlike the Russian language, German sentences have a clearly defined word order (with the obligatory presence of a subject and predicate), and changing words in places can lead to loss or distortion of meaning.
Thus, in the German language there are declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences. Let's look at a table of simple narrative, incentive and interrogative sentences.
Note:
The following notations are used in the table:
______ - subject
______ - predicate
_ _ _ _ - all minor members of the sentence
W - question word
Grammar in German quite complicated. But creating tables and using visual examples will make the process of mastering the material not so difficult and time-consuming
