How to maintain normal pH. Low pH: Causes and methods of control
pH indicator and its impact on the quality of drinking water.
What is pH?
pH(“potentia hydrogeni” - the strength of hydrogen, or “pondus hydrogenii” - the weight of hydrogen) is a unit of measurement for the activity of hydrogen ions in any substance, quantitatively expressing its acidity.
This term appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century in Denmark. The pH indicator was introduced by the Danish chemist Soren Petr Lauritz Sorensen (1868-1939), although statements about a certain “power of water” are also found among his predecessors.
Hydrogen activity is defined as the negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter:
pH = -log
For simplicity and convenience, the pH indicator was introduced in the calculations. pH is determined by the quantitative ratio of H+ and OH- ions in water, formed during the dissociation of water. It is customary to measure pH levels on a 14-digit scale.
If water has a reduced content of free hydrogen ions (pH greater than 7) compared to hydroxide ions [OH-], then the water will have alkaline reaction, and when increased content H+ ions (pH less than 7) - acid reaction. In perfectly pure distilled water, these ions will balance each other.
acidic environment: >
neutral environment: =
alkaline environment: >
When the concentrations of both types of ions in a solution are the same, the solution is said to be neutral. In neutral water the pH value is 7.
When dissolved in water, various chemicals this balance changes, resulting in a change in pH value. When an acid is added to water, the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, and the concentration of hydroxide ions correspondingly decreases; when an alkali is added, on the contrary, the content of hydroxide ions increases, and the concentration of hydrogen ions decreases.
The pH indicator reflects the degree of acidity or alkalinity of the environment, while “acidity” and “alkalinity” characterize the quantitative content of substances in water that can neutralize alkalis and acids, respectively. As an analogy, we can give an example with temperature, which characterizes the degree of heating of a substance, but not the amount of heat. By putting our hand in the water, we can tell whether the water is cool or warm, but we will not be able to determine how much heat is in it (i.e., relatively speaking, how long this water will cool down).
pH is considered one of the most important indicators of drinking water quality. It shows the acid-base balance and influences how chemical and biological processes will proceed. Depending on the pH value, the flow rate may change chemical reactions, degree of corrosiveness of water, toxicity of pollutants, etc. Our well-being, mood and health directly depend on the acid-base balance of our body’s environment.
Modern man lives in a polluted environment. Many people purchase and consume food made from semi-finished products. In addition, almost every person is exposed to stress on a daily basis. All this affects the acid-base balance of the body's environment, shifting it towards acids. Tea, coffee, beer, carbonated drinks reduce pH in the body.
It is believed that an acidic environment is one of the main causes of cell destruction and tissue damage, the development of diseases and aging processes, and the growth of pathogens. In an acidic environment, building material does not reach the cells and the membrane is destroyed.
Externally, the state of the acid-base balance of a person’s blood can be judged by the color of his conjunctiva in the corners of his eyes. With an optimal acid-base balance, the color of the conjunctiva is bright pink, but if a person’s blood alkalinity increases, the conjunctiva becomes dark pink, and with an increase in acidity, the color of the conjunctiva becomes pale pink. Moreover, the color of the conjunctiva changes within 80 seconds after consuming substances that affect the acid-base balance.
The body regulates the pH of internal fluids, maintaining values at a certain level. The body's acid-base balance is a certain ratio of acids and alkalis that contributes to its normal functioning. The acid-base balance depends on maintaining relatively constant proportions between intercellular and intracellular waters in the tissues of the body. If the acid-base balance of fluids in the body is not constantly maintained, normal functioning and preservation of life will be impossible. Therefore, it is important to control what you consume.
Acid-base balance is our indicator of health. The more “sour” we are, the sooner we age and get sick. For normal operation of all internal organs The pH level in the body should be alkaline, in the range from 7 to 9.
The pH inside our body is not always the same - some parts are more alkaline and some are acidic. The body regulates and maintains pH homeostasis only in certain cases, such as blood pH. The pH levels of the kidneys and other organs whose acid-base balance is not regulated by the body are affected by the food and drinks we consume.
Blood pH
The blood pH level is maintained by the body in the range of 7.35-7.45. Normal indicator The pH of human blood is considered to be 7.4-7.45. Even a slight deviation in this indicator affects the ability of the blood to carry oxygen. If the blood pH rises to 7.5, it carries 75% more oxygen. When the blood pH drops to 7.3, it is already difficult for a person to get out of bed. At 7.29, he can fall into a coma; if the blood pH drops below 7.1, the person dies.
Blood pH levels must be maintained within a healthy range, so the body uses organs and tissues to maintain a constant pH level. Because of this, the pH level of the blood does not change due to drinking alkaline or acidic water, but the tissues and organs of the body used to regulate the pH of the blood do change their pH.
Kidney pH
The pH parameter of the kidneys is influenced by water, food, and metabolic processes in the body. Acidic foods (such as meat products, dairy products, etc.) and drinks (sweetened carbonated drinks, alcoholic drinks, coffee, etc.) lead to low level pH in the kidneys because the body eliminates excess acidity through urine. The lower the urine pH level, the harder the kidneys have to work. Therefore, the acid load placed on the kidneys from such foods and drinks is called potential acid-renal load.
Drinking alkaline water benefits the kidneys - the urine pH level increases and the acid load on the body decreases. Increasing the pH of urine increases the pH of the body as a whole and rids the kidneys of acidic toxins.
Stomach pH
An empty stomach contains no more than a teaspoon of stomach acid produced at the last meal. The stomach produces acid as needed when eating food. The stomach does not produce acid when a person drinks water.
It is very useful to drink water on an empty stomach. The pH increases to a level of 5-6. The increased pH will have a mild antacid effect and will lead to an increase in beneficial probiotics (good bacteria). Increasing the pH of the stomach increases the pH of the body, which leads to healthy digestion and relief from the symptoms of indigestion.
pH of subcutaneous fat
The body's fatty tissues have an acidic pH because excess acids are deposited in them. The body must store acid in fatty tissues when it cannot be excreted or neutralized by other means. Therefore, a shift in the body’s pH to the acidic side is one of the factors for excess weight.
The positive effect of alkaline water on body weight is that alkaline water helps remove excess acid from tissues because it helps the kidneys work more efficiently. This helps control weight because the amount of acid the body must “store” is greatly reduced. Alkaline water also improves the results of a healthy diet and exercise by helping the body deal with excess acidity produced by fat tissue during weight loss.
Bones
Bone has an alkaline pH because it is primarily composed of calcium. Their pH is constant, but if the blood needs pH adjustment, calcium is pulled from the bones.
The benefit of alkaline water to the bones is to protect them by reducing the amount of acid that the body has to fight against. Studies have shown that drinking alkaline water reduces bone resorption - osteoporosis.
Liver pH
The liver has a slightly alkaline pH, the level of which is affected by both food and drinks. Sugar and alcohol must be broken down in the liver, which leads to excess acid.
The benefits of alkaline water to the liver include the presence of antioxidants in such water; It has been found that alkaline water enhances the work of two antioxidants found in the liver, which promote better effective cleansing blood.
Body pH and alkaline water
Alkaline water allows the parts of the body that maintain the pH of the blood to function at greater efficiency. Increasing the pH levels in the parts of the body responsible for maintaining blood pH will help these organs stay healthy and functioning efficiently.
Between meals, you can help your body normalize its pH by drinking alkaline water. Even a small increase in pH can have a huge impact on your health.
According to research by Japanese scientists, the pH of drinking water, which is in the range of 7-8, increases the life expectancy of the population by 20-30%.
Depending on the pH level, water can be divided into several groups:
Strongly acidic waters< 3
acidic waters 3 - 5
slightly acidic waters 5 - 6.5
neutral waters 6.5 - 7.5
slightly alkaline waters 7.5 - 8.5
alkaline waters 8.5 – 9.5
highly alkaline waters > 9.5
Typically, the pH level of drinking tap water is within the range at which it does not directly affect the consumer quality of water. In river waters the pH is usually in the range of 6.5-8.5, in precipitation 4.6-6.1, in swamps 5.5-6.0, in sea waters 7.9-8.3.
WHO does not offer any medically recommended value for pH. It is known that at low pH water is highly corrosive, and at high levels (pH>11) water acquires a characteristic soapiness, bad smell, may cause irritation to eyes and skin. That is why the optimal pH level for drinking and domestic water is considered to be in the range from 6 to 9.
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Interesting to know: The German biochemist OTTO WARBURG, awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1931, proved that lack of oxygen (acid pH<7.0) в тканях приводит к изменению нормальных клеток в злокачественные.
The scientist discovered that cancer cells lose the ability to develop in an environment saturated with free oxygen with a pH of 7.5 or higher! This means that when body fluids become acidic, cancer development is stimulated.
His followers in the 60s of the last century proved that any pathogenic flora loses the ability to reproduce at pH = 7.5 and above, and our immune system easily copes with any aggressors!
To preserve and maintain health, we need proper alkaline water (pH=7.5 and above). This will make it possible to better maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids, since the main living environments have a slightly alkaline reaction.
Already in a neutral biological environment, the body can have an amazing ability to self-heal.
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Can you imagine that the development of many diseases depends on one cause? Many nutritionists and herbalists now describe this hidden danger in two words: acid and alkali.
High acidity destroys the most important systems in the body, and it becomes defenseless against disease. A balanced pH environment ensures normal metabolic processes in the body, helping it fight diseases. A healthy body has a reserve of alkaline substances, which it uses when necessary.
What is pH?
The ratio of acid and alkali in any solution is called acid-base balance (ABC), although physiologists believe that it is more correct to call this ratio the acid-base state. KSHR is characterized by a special pH indicator (power Hidrogen - “hydrogen power”), which shows the number of hydrogen atoms in a given solution. At a pH of 7.0 they speak of a neutral environment. The lower the pH level, the more acidic the environment (from 6.9 to 0). An alkaline environment has a high pH level (from 7.1 to 14.0).
The human body is 80% water, so water is one of its most important components. The human body has a certain acid-base ratio, characterized by pH (hydrogen) value. The pH value depends on the ratio between positively charged ions (forming an acidic environment) and negatively charged ions (forming an alkaline environment). The human body constantly strives to balance this ratio, maintaining a strictly defined pH level. When the balance is disturbed, many serious diseases can occur.
pH, or indicator of acid-base balance.
It is a measure of the relative concentration of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions in a liquid system and is expressed on a scale from 0 (complete saturation with hydrogen ions H+) to 14 (complete saturation with hydroxyl ions OH-), distilled water is considered neutral with pH 7.0.
0 is the strongest acid, 14 is the strongest alkali, 7 is neutral.
If in any of the body fluids the concentration of (H+) ions increases, then the pH shifts to the acidic side, that is, the environment becomes acidic. This is also called acid shift.
And vice versa - an increase in the concentration of (OH-) ions causes a shift in the pH value towards the alkaline side, or an alkaline shift.
Our body has a slightly alkaline environment. The acid-base balance in our body is constantly maintained at one stable level and in a very narrow range: from 7.26 to 7.45. And even a slight change in blood pH that goes beyond these limits can lead to illness.
Changes in pH balance can lead to dire consequences.
Increased acidity in the body.
Due to poor nutrition and consumption of acidic foods, as well as lack of water, the body becomes acidic. People consume a lot of fats, meat, dairy products, grains, sugar, flour and confectionery products, all kinds of processed foods and other processed, refined foods that contain virtually no fiber, minerals and vitamins, not to mention enzymes and unsaturated fatty acids.
In order to counteract this - to reduce the concentration of acid and remove it from vital organs - the body retains water, which negatively affects metabolism: the body wears out faster, the skin becomes dry and wrinkled. In addition, when the body is acidified, the transfer of oxygen to organs and tissues worsens, the body does not absorb minerals well, and some minerals, such as Ca, Na, K, Mg, are excreted from the body. The body has to spend a colossal amount of resources and energy to neutralize excess acids, thereby causing a certain imbalance in biochemical reactions. Since there are clearly not enough alkaline reserves coming from outside, the body is forced to use its internal resources - calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium. As a result, hemoglobin decreases and osteoporosis develops. When the iron in hemoglobin in the blood is used to neutralize acid, a person feels tired. If calcium is consumed for these needs, insomnia and irritability appear. Due to a decrease in the alkaline reserve of nervous tissue, mental activity is impaired.
From a lack of minerals, vital organs suffer, the risk of cardiovascular diseases increases, immunity decreases, bone fragility appears, and much more. If there is a large amount of acid in the body and the mechanisms for its removal are disrupted (with urine and feces, with breathing, with sweat, etc.), the body is subject to severe intoxication. The only way out is to alkalize the body.
On a global scale, acidification of the body leads to the occurrence of more than 200(!) diseases, for example: cataracts, farsightedness, arthrosis, chondrosis, cholelithiasis and urolithiasis, and even oncology!
And people are still surprised: “Where do humanity have so many diseases? Why do they always get sick? Why do they become decrepit with age?
Yes, if only because more than 90% of the food they eat is “acidic” foods, and everything they drink (except pure water, fresh juices and herbal tea without sugar) has a pH of 4.5 to 2, 5 - that is, it acidifies people’s bodies even more!
The state of increased acidity is called acidosis. If acidosis is not detected in time, it can harm the body unnoticed, but constantly for several months and even years. Alcohol abuse often leads to acidosis. Acidosis can occur as a complication of diabetes.
Acidosis may cause the following problems:
* Diseases of the cardiovascular system, including persistent vasospasm and decreased oxygen concentration in the blood, heart failure, weakening of the heart muscle.
* Weight gain and diabetes.
* Kidney and bladder diseases, stone formation.
* Digestive problems, weakening of intestinal smooth muscles and so on.
* Decreased immunity.
* General weakness.
* Increased harmful effects of free radicals, which can contribute to tumorigenesis.
* Bone fragility up to a hip fracture, as well as other disorders of the musculoskeletal system, such as the formation of osteophytes (spurs).
* The appearance of joint pain and pain in the muscles associated with the accumulation of lactic acid.
* Gradual weakening of the eye muscles, development of farsightedness, which is very common among older people.
* Decreased endurance and ability to recover from physical activity.
Over the course of 7 years, a study was conducted at the University of California (San Francisco), where 9 thousand women were examined. The results showed that with constant elevated levels of acidity, bones become brittle. The experts who conducted this experiment are confident that most of the problems of middle-aged women are associated with excessive consumption of meat and dairy products and lack of consumption of vegetables, fruits and herbs. Therefore, the body has no choice but to take calcium from its own bones and use it to regulate the pH level.
Urine pH value
Urine pH test results show how well the body absorbs minerals such as calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. These minerals are called “acid dampers” because they regulate the level of acidity in the body. If the acidity is too high, the body does not produce acid. It should neutralize the acid. To do this, the body begins to borrow minerals from various organs, bones, muscles, etc. in order to neutralize excess acid that begins to accumulate in tissues. Thus, the acidity level is regulated.
Saliva pH value
It is also rational to know the pH level of saliva. Test results show the activity of enzymes in the digestive tract, especially the liver and stomach. This indicator gives an idea of the work of both the entire organism as a whole and its individual systems. Some people may have increased acidity in both urine and saliva - in which case we are dealing with “double acidity”.
Blood pH value Blood pH is one of the most stringent physiological constants of the body. Normally, this indicator can vary between 7.36 - 7.42. A shift in this indicator by even 0.1 can lead to severe pathology. Please note that in emergency cases, doctors first inject a slightly alkaline solution (saline) into the blood.
When the blood pH shifts by 0.2, a coma develops, and by 0.3, the person dies.
Watch a short video that clearly shows what alkaline and acidic blood looks like under a microscope and shows the connection between the state of the blood and nutrition:
What happens to a person’s blood after he drinks alcohol or smokes:
Maintain the correct pH balance for good health.
The body is able to properly absorb and store minerals and nutrients only with the proper level of acid-base balance. It is in your power to help your body receive, rather than lose, nutrients. For example, iron can be absorbed by the body at a pH of 6.0-7.0, and iodine at a pH of 6.3-6.6. Our body uses hydrochloric acid to break down food. In the process of vital activity of the body, both acidic and alkaline decomposition products are required, and the former are formed 20 times more than the latter. Therefore, the body’s defense systems, which ensure the invariability of its ACR, are “tuned” primarily to neutralize and remove acidic decomposition products.
The main mechanisms for maintaining this balance are: blood buffer systems (carbonate, phosphate, protein, hemoglobin), respiratory (pulmonary) regulatory system, renal (excretory system).
Moreover, the acid-base balance affects not only the body, but also other human structures. Here's a short video about it:
It is in your best interest to maintain the correct pH balance.
Even the “most correct” nutrition program, or a program for treating any disease, will not work effectively if your body’s pH balance is disturbed. Although with the help of dietary changes it is possible to restore the acid-base balance.
The constant load on the body's compensatory systems over many years and decades greatly harms the body and wears it out. Gradually and steadily, there is a distortion in the functioning of all systems and metabolic processes.
This cannot continue indefinitely and without consequences. Chronic diseases that arise against this background simply CANNOT be cured with medications.
Here, the only and best “cure” can be only one thing: completely rebuild the diet, eliminate the acid load, eat mainly raw plant foods for many years - until all functions, all processes in the body return to normal parameters and the imbalance will disappear.
Watch the video in which Professor I.P. Neumyvakin talks about acid-base balance. Ivan Pavlovich Neumyvakin - Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, author of more than 200 scientific works, honored inventor, having 85 copyright certificates for inventions; since 1959, for 30 years, he has been inextricably linked with space medicine. Ivan Pavlovich developed many new principles, methods and means of providing medical care:
This is what A.T. says. Ogulov on acid-base balance:
Ogulov Alexander Timofeevich - Doctor of Traditional Medicine, Professor. The founder and researcher of the direction - visceral therapy - abdominal massage - massage of internal organs through the front wall of the abdomen. He has more than 20,000 of his students and followers in many countries of the world. President of the Professional Association of Visceral Therapists, General Director of the Predtecha Educational and Health Center. In September 2016, he was awarded the title of BEST DOCTOR from the Moscow government.
Full member of the International European Academy of Natural Sciences (Hannover, Germany), member of the Presidium of Traditional Healers of Russia.
Awarded medals:
- The best doctor. From the Moscow government
- laureate of the award. Y. G. Galperin “For contribution to the development of traditional medicine in Russia.”
- All-Russian Exhibition Center medal "Laureate of the All-Russian Exhibition Center"
- amber star of the Master of Traditional Medicine.
- medal "For practical contribution to strengthening the health of the nation."
- awarded the Paul Ehrlich Medal “For the Good of Health”.
- honorary medal “For success in folk medicine.”
- Order of the Red Cross
Here are some videos of A.T. Ogulov, each of them complements each other:
Other useful videos by A.T. Ogulov can be seen in the video selection “HOW CHRONIC DISEASES ARISE. HOW DIFFERENT ORGANS IN THE BODY ARE INTERRELATED (what influences what). How to find the cause of your diseases":
A simple test to determine acid-base balance using breathing:
How the body manages acidity levels:
Releases acids - through the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, lungs, skin;
Neutralizes acids - with the help of minerals: calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium;
Accumulates acids in tissues, primarily in muscles.
What to do if the pH balance is normal?
The answer is simple - to help maintain this balance in a healthy zone.
- Water.
It is necessary to drink a sufficient amount of clean water, specifically 30 ml per kilogram of body weight per day (in the hot summer months, 2-3 times more). - Food.
If the acid-base balance is already disturbed, then you should think about your diet and reduce the consumption of acidic foods (meat and dairy products, bread, sweets, carbonated drinks, any artificially created products). - Enzymes.
Without enzymes, the body is unable to regulate pH levels. They heal and improve digestion and the absorption of minerals (especially calcium). To supplement your diet with additional enzymes, we recommend flower pollen. - Correction of mineral metabolism.
Calcium is the most important mineral for regulating pH balance. In addition to the above calcium, the body needs other minerals, including phosphorus, zinc, boron, potassium, magnesium. They are becoming less and less common in our diet due to the fact that food raw materials are being purified, food is subject to excessive culinary processing, and vegetables and fruits grown in depleted soil do not initially contain the full range of minerals.
In the human body acid-base balance of blood must be kept under control and its permissible values range from 7.35 to 7.45.
A slightly acidic environment is needed to launch a variety of chemical processes ( for example, digestion - in the stomach the environment is slightly shifted towards acidity), and if blood pH balance change, the processes will not go as planned.
After all, all our building material is in the blood ( transmitted from the liver), proteins, antibodies, fat genes, white blood cells, nutrients and a bunch of other things. They are configured to work precisely in this range ( 7.35-7.45 ) and the slightest shift disrupts the operation of the entire system ( blood is everywhere, we have 85,000 km of veins and arteries but only 5 liters of blood).
All regulatory mechanisms of the body ( including breathing, metabolism, hormone production) are aimed at balancing pH level, by removing caustic acid residues from body tissues without damaging living cells. If pH level gets too low( sour) or too high ( alkaline), then the cells of the body poison themselves with their toxic emissions and die.
The IMPORTANCE of the balance of this entire system is also emphasized by the following fact: to maintain the balance between acid and alkali, the body takes calcium from the bones ( our calcium bank) + magnesium ( they are indistinguishable from calcium), to alkalize the acid.
To avoid acidification of the body and increase alkalinity you need to eat foods containing calcium, magnesium and potassium BEFORE the body begins to urgently remove them from everywhere, that is, you need to eat a lot of greens ( except sorrel), of which cilantro and chervil take precedence. By the way, consumption of dairy products contributes to the leaching of calcium from bones.
It is much easier for our body to cope with alkali. (10 times like this), so everything is designed to prevent acidification. And by the way: boron is the best trace element for preventing the loss of calcium from the body, and it is found in fruits, vegetables and other plant foods.
And the most important thing to understand and remember: ANY PLANT FOOD AFTER HEAT TREATMENT BECOME POISON AND ACIDIFIES OUR BODY! Well, animal proteins, too, accordingly, only they themselves are no longer food for humans, and after heat treatment they cause 2 times more problems. For example, to preserve the presentation of meat, all kinds of sausages and frankfurters ( so they don't smell like corpses) nitrites are added to them ( a powerful carcinogen, not to be confused with nitrates - they are useful in their natural form), flavor enhancers ( monosodium glutamate and other chemicals, otherwise you simply won’t be able to eat them).
Grain that has been ground into flour, mixed with single-celled fungi ( yeast), heat treatment at 200 degrees, and become bread or pasta, buckwheat (toasted, not green) and rice, butter, etc. All this poisons and acidifies the body.
Stew vegetables? fry potatoes? nice thing! only there their own enzymes die ( LIFE), which are designed to engage in autolysis ( self-digestion) in our intestines without harming our body, and instead of them carcinogens are formed.
And a chronically acidified body struggles every day, leaching calcium from bones, losing magnesium and immunity.
In humans, food-digesting enzymes are living “nano-robots” that disassemble and assemble molecules in the thousands per second. In humans, digestion is based on enzymes, not acid. So, to start the digestion process with enzymes you need slightly acidic environment, not increased acidity, which is now present everywhere for most of the inhabitants of the Planet.
And now the MOST important thing: PLANT FOOD, IN ITS NATURAL, PRIMARY FORM, PRACTICALLY DOES NOT ACIDIFY OUR BODY!
BUT we must remember that fruits also have some acidity, although, of course, they are very far from alcohol, heat-treated food, processed foods, sweets and other bio-garbage. After eating fruits, you can easily restore balance in your mouth simply by rinsing your mouth with water.
By the way, the most natural way to get rid of acid is sports. Then the acid breaks down faster and exits through the lungs as a gas.
ALKALINE PRODUCTS INCLUDE:
* all ripe fruits ( except citrus fruits, apples, grapes), vegetables, berries, cereals ( buckwheat, oats, rye, wheat), nuts
* especially alkaline are: greens ( #1 source of calcium), cabbage, cucumbers, zucchini, avocado
ACID PRODUCTS INCLUDE:
* meat, fish, poultry, as well as dairy products;
* all sugar-containing products: jam, preserves, compote, chocolate, cakes, sweets and other confectionery products;
* flour products;
* alcoholic and carbonated drinks ( soda is the most acidic product with pH=2.47-3.1
. drank soda and immediately lost some of the calcium from the bones, even mineral soda is carbonated with carbon-acid), coffee, cocoa, black tea, fruit juice;
* vinegars, sauces, mayonnaise;
* vegetable oils.
THE ACIDITY OF PRODUCTS INCREASES FROM:
* heat treatment ( frying, boiling, parka, baking);
* adding sugar ( jams, fruit drinks are very acidic), preservatives and acid additives ( vinegars, sauces, mayonnaise);
* long storage ( even more acidic jam).
Those. in fact, everything that a person has a hand in (fried, boiled, baked, squeezed oil ), EVERYTHING causes increased acidity.
Acid ( apple, lemon, grape) is found in all fruits, vegetables and other vegetation, but it is vegetable and promotes digestion in the stomach while the vegetation is raw ( live), but it begins to acidify the gastrointestinal tract and blood as soon as it is PREPARED.
Factors such as:
1. Stress, strong anxiety, anxiety (for any reason).
2. Harmful effects of poor ecology and lack of fresh air.
3. The harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation - from televisions, computers, mobile phones, microwave ovens and many other household appliances.
Read the articles “CAUTION: MICROWAVE OVEN!”: and “HOW TO PROTECT FROM ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION FROM MOBILE PHONES AND ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES”:
4. Sedentary lifestyle.
Also of great importance is the internal energy of the person himself, his vital energy.
If a person is an optimist in life, a cheerful person, always cheerful, moves through life easily, strives for something, achieves something, in a word, lives, then by doing this he is already helping himself a lot, helping the body with this energy to maintain pH balance.
If, on the contrary, a person is a pessimist, does not strive for anything, sluggishly “floats” through life, whose whole life is just a series of gray, monotonous, boring days, in the word “eking out a miserable existence,” then he is thereby more susceptible to stress, depression, he loses vital energy, the body weakens and is unable to maintain a normal pH balance - it lacks energy and resources. He starts to get sick. With each new stress, the situation only gets worse and the process of health depression accelerates.
So, what can you do to alkalize your body?
1.
It is necessary to REFUSE AT ALL
from eating meat, dairy products, sugar, flour and confectionery products, all kinds of semi-finished products and other processed, refined products, minimize the consumption of grains, and it is better to consume them in the form of sprouts.
Explore these articles and materials:
* HOW PEOPLE KILL THEIR BLOOD. DO YOU KILL YOUR OWN BLOOD? (about what immunity is and how to strengthen it)
* ATTENTION! THE RESULTS OF THE LARGEST MULTI-YEAR RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF NUTRITION PROVE A DIRECT RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEADLY DISEASES AND THE CONSUMPTION OF “FOOD” OF ANIMAL ORIGIN (any meat and dairy products)!
* THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) CALLED MEAT A CAUSE OF CANCER! Meat products are recognized as carcinogenic substances, such as asbestos and arsenic, and will be included in the “black list” of carcinogens!
* IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW TO BE HEALTHY AND TO BE CURED FROM “INCUREABLE” DISEASES! WHAT IS SPECIES NUTRITION?
2. Cleanse your body of waste and toxins:
* MARVA OHANYAN: “DEATH COMES FROM THE INTESTINES...”:
* FALSE THEORY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN OFFICIAL MEDICINE. WHY DO PEOPLE GET SICK AND WHAT ARE BACTERIA?
* CLEANSING AND HEALING. THE MOST EFFECTIVE RECIPES. HOW TO RESTORE INTESTINE MICROFLORA AND IMMUNITY (there is also a large selection of articles on cleansing the body):
* FILM “THE SCIENCE OF FASTING.” FASTING IS A SIMPLE, NATURAL AND UNIVERSAL WAY FOR TREATING MOST CHRONIC AND “INCUREABLE” DISEASES!
3. Avoid thermal cooking or at least maintain a ratio of 80% raw plant foods to 20% cooked foods.
Physiologists believe that to maintain BSH, a person needs at least four times more food with an alkalizing effect than with an acid-forming effect.
DO YOU EAT LIKE THIS TOO? Funny video from V.S. Ostrovsky (writer, speaker, member of the international movement for natural hygiene, hereditary herbalist, successor of the teachings of Galen, Hippocrates, Avicenna, has enormous experience in curing the most intractable diseases, although he switched to writing and lecturing in various societies, member of the International Royal Academy at UN):
* WHAT HAPPENS IN THE PAN?
* CAUTION: FOOD LEUKOCYTOSIS:
* THE MOST VALUABLE AND MOST IMPORTANT HEALTH INFORMATION! A concentrate of practical knowledge on restoring and gaining health and longevity! The School of Health is the experience of a successfully practicing doctor in healing from all chronic and “incurable” or difficult to treat diseases:
Here is a short video about what the Raw Food Diet is:
Is a raw food diet dangerous? Opinion of the chief nutritionist of Russia! Alexey Kovalkov / Sergey Dobrozdravin:
Raw food diet 80/20. What is in 20% of processed food? Important!
RAW DIET. How to eat cheaply on a raw food diet. You didn't know this:
If you decide to switch to a plant-based diet, then a selection of materials will help you “HOW TO HARMONIOUSLY TRANSFER TO A HEALTHY FOOD (VEGETARIANITY, VEGANITY, RAW FOOD) (step-by-step instructions + recipes + conflict management)” :
4. Drink a soda solution on an empty stomach every day. This is a very effective method of alkalizing the body!
For more information about the healing properties of baking soda and how and when to use it correctly, read the article “BAKING SODA IS A UNIVERSAL REMEDY FOR HEALTH AND FOR MANY DISEASES, EVEN CANCER!”:
5. Start drinking green smoothies. GREEN COCKTAILS ARE A SOURCE OF VITAMINS, MICROELEMENTS AND MINERALS FOR THE BODY, A WAY TO LOSE WEIGHT AND IMPROVE HEALTH. About the benefits of green smoothies and how to prepare them:
6. When choosing food products, pay attention to the alkalizing or acidifying properties of the products.
Pay more attention to what foods you eat. To better understand what you should eat, check out these articles:
*GOOD TO KNOW - DON'T EAT THIS!
* YEAST IS A DANGEROUS BIOLOGICAL WEAPON. How to protect yourself from it and stay healthy:
* ABOUT THE DAMAGES OF STARCH-CONTAINING “CEMENTING” FOOD! STARCH IS A DELAYED ACTION POISON!
* MUCOUS-FREE NUTRITION IS THE PATH TO HEALTH AND LONGEVITY!
PRODUCTS THAT ALKALINATE THE BODY (products and their alkalization coefficient):
berries (all kinds) 2–3, celery 4, fresh cucumbers 4, lettuce 4, fresh tomatoes 4, fresh beets 4, fresh carrots 4, dried apricots 4, fresh apricots 3, watermelons 3, melons 3, plums 3, fruits (almost all) 3, white cabbage 3, cauliflower 3, dandelion greens 3, radishes 3, peppers 3, potatoes 3, fresh beans 3, oatmeal 3, almonds 2, onions 2, green peas 2, raisins 2, dates 2
PRODUCTS THAT OXIDIZE THE BODY (products and their alkalization coefficient):
ready beans 3, dry peas 2, eggs 3, cream 2, cheese 1–2, ground nuts 2, white bread 2, jam 3, juices with sugar 3, sweet water 3, black bread 1, starch 2, barley 1, beans dried 1
OTHER USEFUL ARTICLES:
RELATIONSHIP OF HUMAN HEALTH AND NUTRITION. CONCEPTUAL MATERIALS ABOUT NUTRITION AND THE FUNCTIONING OF THE HUMAN BODY THAT EVERYONE SHOULD KNOW TO BE HEALTHY:
IS IT WORTH TREATING CHILDREN AND YOURSELF WITH MEDICATIONS?
HEALING COLDS AND FLU WITH EFFECTIVE NATURAL METHODS! AND PREVENTION, HOW TO STAY HEALTHY!
CANCER AND OTHER “INCUREABLE” DISEASES CAN BE CURED WITHOUT DRUGS! Share these materials, it could save someone's life!
The tissues of a living organism are very sensitive to fluctuations in pH - outside the permissible range, denaturation of proteins occurs: cells are destroyed, enzymes lose the ability to perform their functions, and the death of the organism is possible
What is pH (hydrogen index) and acid-base balance
The ratio of acid and alkali in any solution is called acid-base balance(ASR), although physiologists believe that it is more correct to call this ratio the acid-base state.
KShchR is characterized by a special indicator pH(power Hydrogen - “hydrogen power”), which shows the number of hydrogen atoms in a given solution. At a pH of 7.0 they speak of a neutral environment.
The lower the pH level, the more acidic the environment (from 6.9 to O).
An alkaline environment has a high pH level (from 7.1 to 14.0).
The human body is 70% water, so water is one of its most important components. T atehuman has a certain acid-base ratio, characterized by pH (hydrogen) indicator.
The pH value depends on the ratio between positively charged ions (forming an acidic environment) and negatively charged ions (forming an alkaline environment).
The body constantly strives to balance this ratio, maintaining a strictly defined pH level. When the balance is disturbed, many serious diseases can occur.
Maintain the correct pH balance for good health
The body is able to properly absorb and store minerals and nutrients only with the proper level of acid-base balance. The tissues of a living organism are very sensitive to fluctuations in pH - outside the permissible range, denaturation of proteins occurs: cells are destroyed, enzymes lose the ability to perform their functions, and the death of the organism is possible. Therefore, the acid-base balance in the body is strictly regulated.
Our body uses hydrochloric acid to break down food. In the process of vital activity of the body, both acidic and alkaline breakdown products are required, and more of the former are formed than the latter. Therefore, the body’s defense systems, which ensure the invariability of its ASR, are “tuned” primarily to neutralize and remove, first of all, acidic decomposition products.
Blood has a slightly alkaline reaction: The pH of arterial blood is 7.4, and that of venous blood is 7.35 (due to excess CO2).
A pH shift of even 0.1 can lead to severe pathology.
When the blood pH shifts by 0.2, a coma develops, and by 0.3, the person dies.
The body has different PH levels
Saliva is a predominantly alkaline reaction (pH fluctuation 6.0 - 7.9)
Typically, the acidity of mixed human saliva is 6.8–7.4 pH, but with high salivation rates it reaches 7.8 pH. The acidity of the saliva of the parotid glands is 5.81 pH, of the submandibular glands - 6.39 pH. In children, on average, the acidity of mixed saliva is 7.32 pH, in adults - 6.40 pH (Rimarchuk G.V. et al.). The acid-base balance of saliva, in turn, is determined by a similar balance in the blood, which nourishes the salivary glands.
Esophagus - Normal acidity in the esophagus is 6.0–7.0 pH.
Liver - the reaction of gallbladder bile is close to neutral (pH 6.5 - 6.8), the reaction of hepatic bile is alkaline (pH 7.3 - 8.2)
Stomach - sharply acidic (at the height of digestion pH 1.8 - 3.0)
The maximum theoretically possible acidity in the stomach is 0.86 pH, which corresponds to an acid production of 160 mmol/l. The minimum theoretically possible acidity in the stomach is 8.3 pH, which corresponds to the acidity of a saturated solution of HCO 3 - ions. Normal acidity in the lumen of the body of the stomach on an empty stomach is 1.5–2.0 pH. The acidity on the surface of the epithelial layer facing the lumen of the stomach is 1.5–2.0 pH. The acidity in the depths of the epithelial layer of the stomach is about 7.0 pH. Normal acidity in the antrum of the stomach is 1.3–7.4 pH.
It is a common misconception that the main problem for humans is increased stomach acidity. It causes heartburn and ulcers.
In fact, a much bigger problem is low stomach acidity, which is many times more common.
The main cause of heartburn in 95% is not an excess, but a lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
A lack of hydrochloric acid creates ideal conditions for the colonization of the intestinal tract by various bacteria, protozoa and worms.
The insidiousness of the situation is that low stomach acidity “behaves quietly” and goes unnoticed by humans.
Here is a list of signs that suggest a decrease in stomach acidity.
- Discomfort in the stomach after eating.
- Nausea after taking medications.
- Flatulence in the small intestine.
- Loose stools or constipation.
- Undigested food particles in the stool.
- Itching around the anus.
- Multiple food allergies.
- Dysbacteriosis or candidiasis.
- Dilated blood vessels on the cheeks and nose.
- Acne.
- Weak, peeling nails.
- Anemia due to poor iron absorption.
Of course, an accurate diagnosis of low acidity requires determining the pH of gastric juice(for this you need to contact a gastroenterologist).
When acidity is high, there are many drugs to reduce it.
In the case of low acidity, there are very few effective remedies.
As a rule, hydrochloric acid preparations or vegetable bitters are used to stimulate the secretion of gastric juice (wormwood, calamus, peppermint, fennel, etc.).
Pancreas - pancreatic juice is slightly alkaline (pH 7.5 - 8.0)
Small intestine - alkaline reaction (pH 8.0)
Normal acidity in the duodenal bulb is 5.6–7.9 pH. The acidity in the jejunum and ileum is neutral or slightly alkaline and ranges from 7 to 8 pH. The acidity of small intestine juice is 7.2–7.5 pH. With increased secretion it reaches 8.6 pH. The acidity of the secretion of the duodenal glands is from pH 7 to 8 pH.
Large intestine - slightly acidic reaction (5.8 - 6.5 pH)
This is a slightly acidic environment, which is maintained by normal microflora, in particular bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and propionobacteria due to the fact that they neutralize alkaline metabolic products and produce their acidic metabolites - lactic acid and other organic acids. By producing organic acids and reducing the pH of the intestinal contents, normal microflora creates conditions under which pathogenic and opportunistic microorganisms cannot multiply. This is actually why streptococci, staphylococci, Klebsiella, clostridia fungi and other “bad” bacteria make up only 1% of the entire intestinal microflora of a healthy person.
Urine is predominantly slightly acidic (pH 4.5-8)
When eating foods containing animal proteins containing sulfur and phosphorus, mostly acidic urine (pH less than 5) is excreted; in the final urine there is a significant amount of inorganic sulfates and phosphates. If the food is mainly dairy or vegetable, then the urine tends to become alkalized (pH more than 7). The renal tubules play a significant role in maintaining acid-base balance. Acidic urine will be produced in all conditions leading to metabolic or respiratory acidosis as the kidneys compensate for changes in acid-base status.
Skin - slightly acidic reaction (pH 4-6)
If your skin is prone to oily skin, the pH value may approach 5.5. And if the skin is very dry, the pH can be 4.4.
The bactericidal property of the skin, which gives it the ability to resist microbial invasion, is due to the acidic reaction of keratin, the peculiar chemical composition of sebum and sweat, and the presence on its surface of a protective water-lipid mantle with a high concentration of hydrogen ions. The low molecular weight fatty acids it contains, primarily glycophospholipids and free fatty acids, have a bacteriostatic effect that is selective for pathogenic microorganisms.
Genitals
The normal acidity of a woman's vagina ranges from 3.8 to 4.4 pH and averages 4.0 to 4.2 pH.
At birth, a girl's vagina is sterile. Then, within a few days, it is populated by a variety of bacteria, mainly staphylococci, streptococci, and anaerobes (that is, bacteria that do not require oxygen to live). Before the onset of menstruation, the acidity level (pH) of the vagina is close to neutral (7.0). But during puberty, the walls of the vagina thicken (under the influence of estrogen, one of the female sex hormones), the pH decreases to 4.4 (i.e., acidity increases), which causes changes in the vaginal flora.
The uterine cavity is normally sterile, and the entry of pathogenic microorganisms into it is prevented by lactobacilli that populate the vagina and maintain the high acidity of its environment. If for some reason the acidity of the vagina shifts towards alkaline, the number of lactobacilli drops sharply, and in their place other microbes develop that can enter the uterus and lead to inflammation, and then to problems with pregnancy.
Sperm
The normal acidity level of sperm is between 7.2 and 8.0 pH. An increase in the pH level of sperm occurs during an infectious process. A sharply alkaline reaction of sperm (acidity approximately 9.0–10.0 pH) indicates prostate pathology. When the excretory ducts of both seminal vesicles are blocked, an acidic reaction of the sperm is observed (acidity 6.0–6.8 pH). The fertilizing ability of such sperm is reduced. In an acidic environment, sperm lose motility and die. If the acidity of the seminal fluid becomes less than 6.0 pH, the sperm completely lose their motility and die.
Cells and intercellular fluid
In the cells of the body the pH is about 7, in the extracellular fluid it is 7.4. Nerve endings that are outside cells are very sensitive to changes in pH. When mechanical or thermal damage occurs to tissues, cell walls are destroyed and their contents reach the nerve endings. As a result, the person feels pain.
Scandinavian researcher Olaf Lindahl conducted the following experiment: using a special needle-free injector, a very thin stream of solution was injected through the skin of a person, which did not damage the cells, but acted on the nerve endings. It has been shown that it is hydrogen cations that cause pain, and as the pH of the solution decreases, the pain intensifies.
Similarly, a solution of formic acid, which is injected under the skin by stinging insects or nettles, directly “acts on the nerves.” The different pH values of tissues also explain why with some inflammations a person feels pain, and with others - not.
Interestingly, injecting clean water under the skin produced particularly severe pain. This phenomenon, strange at first glance, is explained as follows: when cells come into contact with clean water, as a result of osmotic pressure, they rupture and their contents affect the nerve endings.
Table 1. Hydrogen indicators for solutions
|
Solution |
RN |
|
HCl |
1,0 |
|
H2SO4 |
1,2 |
|
H2C2O4 |
1,3 |
|
NaHSO4 |
1,4 |
|
N 3 PO 4 |
1,5 |
|
Gastric juice |
1,6 |
|
Tartaric acid |
2,0 |
|
Citric acid |
2,1 |
|
HNO2 |
2,2 |
|
Lemon juice |
2,3 |
|
Lactic acid |
2,4 |
|
Salicylic acid |
2,4 |
|
Table vinegar |
3,0 |
|
Grapefruit juice |
3,2 |
|
CO 2 |
3,7 |
|
Apple juice |
3,8 |
|
H2S |
4,1 |
|
Urine |
4,8-7,5 |
|
Black coffee |
5,0 |
|
Saliva |
7,4-8 |
|
Milk |
6,7 |
|
Blood |
7,35-7,45 |
|
Bile |
7,8-8,6 |
|
Ocean water |
7,9-8,4 |
|
Fe(OH)2 |
9,5 |
|
MgO |
10,0 |
|
Mg(OH)2 |
10,5 |
|
Na 2 CO 3 |
|
|
Ca(OH)2 |
11,5 |
|
NaOH |
13,0 |
Fish eggs and fry are especially sensitive to changes in pH. The table allows us to make a number of interesting observations. pH values, for example, immediately indicate the relative strength of acids and bases. A strong change in the neutral environment is also clearly visible as a result of the hydrolysis of salts formed by weak acids and bases, as well as during the dissociation of acidic salts.
Urine pH is not a good indicator of overall body pH, and it is not a good indicator of overall health.
In other words, no matter what you eat or whatever your urine pH, you can be absolutely sure that your arterial blood pH will always be around 7.4.
When a person consumes, for example, acidic foods or animal protein, under the influence of buffer systems, the pH shifts to the acidic side (becomes less than 7), and when consumed, for example, mineral water or plant foods, it shifts to alkaline (becomes more than 7). Buffer systems keep the pH within the acceptable range for the body.
By the way, doctors claim that we tolerate a shift to the acid side (that same acidosis) much easier than a shift to the alkaline side (alkalosis).
It is impossible to shift the pH of the blood by any external influence.
THE MAIN MECHANISMS FOR MAINTAINING BLOOD PH ARE:
1. Blood buffer systems (carbonate, phosphate, protein, hemoglobin)
This mechanism acts very quickly (fractions of a second) and therefore belongs to the fast mechanisms for regulating the stability of the internal environment.
Bicarbonate blood buffer quite powerful and most mobile.
One of the important buffers of blood and other body fluids is the bicarbonate buffer system (HCO3/CO2): CO2 + H2O ⇄ HCO3- + H+ The main function of the bicarbonate buffer system of the blood is the neutralization of H+ ions. This buffer system plays a particularly important role since the concentrations of both buffer components can be adjusted independently of each other; [CO2] - through respiration, - in the liver and kidneys. Thus, it is an open buffer system.
The hemoglobin buffer system is the most powerful.
It accounts for more than half of the buffer capacity of the blood. The buffering properties of hemoglobin are determined by the ratio of reduced hemoglobin (HHb) and its potassium salt (KHb).
Plasma proteins due to the ability of amino acids to ionize, they also perform a buffer function (about 7% of the buffer capacity of the blood). In an acidic environment they behave as acid-binding bases.
Phosphate buffer system(about 5% of the blood buffer capacity) is formed by inorganic blood phosphates. The properties of an acid are exhibited by monobasic phosphate (NaH 2 P0 4), and the properties of bases are exhibited by dibasic phosphate (Na 2 HP0 4). They function on the same principle as bicarbonates. However, due to the low content of phosphates in the blood, the capacity of this system is small.
2. Respiratory (pulmonary) regulation system.
Because of the ease with which the lungs regulate CO2 concentrations, this system has significant buffering capacity. Removal of excess amounts of CO 2 and regeneration of bicarbonate and hemoglobin buffer systems are carried out by the lungs.
At rest, a person emits 230 ml of carbon dioxide per minute, or about 15 thousand mmol per day. When carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, approximately an equivalent amount of hydrogen ions disappears. Therefore, breathing plays an important role in maintaining acid-base balance. So, if the acidity of the blood increases, then the increase in the content of hydrogen ions leads to an increase in pulmonary ventilation (hyperventilation), while carbon dioxide molecules are excreted in large quantities and the pH returns to normal levels.
An increase in the content of bases is accompanied by hypoventilation, as a result of which the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood increases and, accordingly, the concentration of hydrogen ions, and the shift in the blood reaction to the alkaline side is partially or completely compensated.
Consequently, the external respiration system can quite quickly (within a few minutes) eliminate or reduce pH shifts and prevent the development of acidosis or alkalosis: increasing pulmonary ventilation by 2 times increases the blood pH by about 0.2; reducing ventilation by 25% can reduce pH by 0.3-0.4.
3. Renal (excretory system)
Acts very slowly (10-12 hours). But this mechanism is the most powerful and is capable of completely restoring the body's pH by removing urine with alkaline or acidic pH values. The participation of the kidneys in maintaining acid-base balance is the removal of hydrogen ions from the body, the reabsorption of bicarbonate from the tubular fluid, the synthesis of bicarbonate when there is a deficiency and removal when there is an excess.
The main mechanisms for reducing or eliminating shifts in blood acid-rich hormone, implemented by kidney nephrons, include acidogenesis, ammoniaogenesis, phosphate secretion and the K+, Ka+ exchange mechanism.
The mechanism for regulating blood pH in the whole organism is the combined action of external respiration, blood circulation, excretion and buffer systems. Thus, if excess anions appear as a result of increased formation of H 2 CO 3 or other acids, they are first neutralized by buffer systems. At the same time, breathing and blood circulation intensify, which leads to an increase in the release of carbon dioxide by the lungs. Non-volatile acids, in turn, are excreted in urine or sweat.
Normally, the pH of the blood can change only for a short time. Naturally, if the lungs or kidneys are damaged, the body’s functional capabilities to maintain pH at the proper level are reduced. If a large number of acidic or basic ions appear in the blood, only buffer mechanisms (without the help of excretion systems) will not keep the pH at a constant level. This leads to acidosis or alkalosis. published
©Olga Butakova “Acid-base balance is the basis of life”
The concentration of hydrogen ions, which is expressed by the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of hydrogen ions - pH (pH=1 means that the concentration is 10 -1 mol/l; pH=7 means that the ion concentration is 10 -7 mol/l, or 100 nmol), significantly affects enzymatic activity, the physicochemical properties of biomolecules and supramolecular structures. pH standard: inside the cell - pH = 7.0 or 100 nmol/l, extracellular fluid - pH 7.4, or 40 nmol/l, arterial blood - pH 7.4, or 40 nmol/l, venous blood - pH 7 .35, or 44 nmol/l. The extreme limits of blood pH fluctuations compatible with life are 7.0-7.8, or from 16 to 100 nmol/l.
Blood buffer systems:
1. Hemoglobin buffer is found in red blood cells.
Maintaining optimal acid-base status of the blood. Reduced hemoglobin – HHb, HHb+KOH=KHb+H 2 O; KHb+KCl=HHb+KCl.
Represented by the "deoxyhemoglobin-oxyhemoglobin" system. When excess hydrogen ions accumulate in red blood cells, deoxyhemoglobin, losing a potassium ion, attaches a hydrogen ion to itself (binds hydrogen ions). This process occurs during the passage of red blood cells through tissue capillaries, due to which there is no acidification of the environment, despite the entry of large amounts of carbonic acid into the blood. In the pulmonary capillaries, as a result of an increase in the partial tension of oxygen, hemoglobin attaches oxygen, giving off hydrogen ions, which are used to form carbonic acid and are subsequently released through the lungs.
2. Carbonate buffer.
H 2 CO 3 +KOH=KHCO 3 +H 2 O; KHCO 3 +HCl=H 2 CO 3 +KCl; H 2 CO 3 =H 2 O+CO 2. DC buffer capacity Due to the breathing rate.
Represented by sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate) and carbonic acid (NaHCO 3 / H 2 CO 3 )/ Normally, the ratio of these components should be 20:1, and the level of bicarbonates should be within 24 mmol/l. When an excess of hydrogen ions appears in the blood, sodium bicarbonate reacts, resulting in the formation of a neutral salt and carbonic acid, replacing a strong acid (well dissociated into an anion and hydrogen ions) with a weaker acid (it dissociates less easily into an anion and hydrogen ions) what carbonic acid is. Excess carbonic acid is released by the lungs. When excess alkali or an alkaline product appears in the blood, the second component of the bicarbonate buffer, carbonic acid, reacts, resulting in the formation of sodium bicarbonate and water. Excess sodium bicarbonate is removed through the kidneys. Thus, thanks to the lungs and kidneys, the ratio between bicarbonate and carbonic acid is maintained at a constant level of 20:1.
3. Phosphate buffer.
KH 2 PO 4 +KOH=K 2 HPO 4 +H 2 O; K 2 HPO 4 +HCl=KH 2 PO 4 +KCl.
It is represented by salts of phosphoric acid, di- and mono-substituted sodium (Na 2 HPO 4 and NaH 2 PO 4) in a ratio of 4:1. When an acidic product appears in the environment, monosubstituted phosphate NaH 2 PO 4 is formed - a less acidic product, and when alkalized, dibasic phosphate Na 2 HPO 4 is formed. Excess of each component of the phosphate buffer is excreted in the urine.
4. Protein buffer.
Functional system for maintaining pH: CNS (hypothalamus, respiratory center) – behavior: external respiration; kidney function, gastrointestinal function, reg. Metabolism - result: 7.4 - chemoreceptors.
Due to the presence of alkaline and acidic amino acids in plasma proteins, the protein binds free hydrogen ions, i.e. prevents acidification of the environment; at the same time, it is able to maintain the pH of the environment when it is alkalized.
Maintaining blood pH is the most important physiological task - if there were no mechanism for maintaining pH, then the huge amount of acidic products formed as a result of metabolic processes would cause acidosis (acidosis). There are 4 main mechanisms for maintaining acid-base balance (acid-base balance): buffering; removal of carbon dioxide during external respiration; regulation of bicarbonate reabsorption in the kidneys; removal of non-volatile acids in the urine (regulation of the secretion and binding of hydrogen ions in the kidneys).
Respiratory (respiratory) regulatory mechanism, kidney activity; acidosis<= 7,4 <= алкалоз; респираторный ацидоз <= 7,4 =>respiratory alkalosis (kidneys); kidney acidosis<= 7,4 =>kidney alkalosis (respiratory)
25. Functional system for maintaining the optimal state of aggregation of blood for metabolism: coagulation and anticoagulation systems of the blood. The mechanism of blood coagulation: main stages and their characteristics.
Blood has a fluidity that depends on the level of hematocrit, the content of proteins in the plasma and other factors. The main role belongs to the RAS system (regulation of the state of blood aggregation). In an intact body, blood fluidity is maximum, which contributes to optimal blood circulation. When there is an injury, the blood must clot. This is hemostasis. Hemostasis is based on complex mechanisms in which numerous factors of the coagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic systems take part. The first steps towards discovering the mechanisms of blood coagulation were taken more than 100 years ago by the Dorpat physiologist A. A. Schmidt. He discovered some coagulation factors and recognized the enzymatic nature of reactions and their phase nature. In response to vessel damage, two sequential processes unfold - vascular-platelet hemostasis and coagulation hemostasis.
Anticoagulant mechanisms – these are substances that dissolve a blood clot, having a fibrinolytic effect, and substances that prevent blood clotting, which are called anticoagulants.
Blood coagulation system.
Coagulation process: damage - vascular-platelet hemostasis:
1. Constriction (narrowing) of blood vessels: reflex (pain); serotonin, adrenaline, thromboxane A2.
2. Adhesion (platelets begin to stick to the walls of the damaged vessel); platelet aggregation (stick together); “white thrombus” – a clot of platelets that thickens (retraction)
Coagulation hemostasis is a series of sequential reactions involving blood coagulation factors - these factors are present in plasma, tissues, cells, and cells of damaged vessels; 12 blood clotting factors:
I. fibrin is formed from fibrinogen (synthesized in the liver) (the main component of a blood clot)
II. Prothrombin is the main plasma protein, formed in the liver - thrombin (activates fibrinogen)
III. tissue thromboplastin - formed in the liver.
IV. calcium ions
V. proaccelerin, or Ac-globulin (aka factor VI)
VI. No. (there was activated proaccelerin)
VII. proconvertin
VIII. antihemophilus globulin A
IX. antihemophilic globulin B (Christmas factor)
X. Stewart-Prower factor
XI. antihemophilic globulin C (plasma thromboplastin)
XII. Hageman factor (contact factor)
XIII. fibrin stabilizing factor
XIV. Fletcher's factor (prokallikrein)
XV. Fitzgerald factor (kininogen)
Coagulation occurs in 4 phases. In the first phase, prothrombinase is formed - a complex complex - an enzyme that promotes the transition of prothrombin to thrombin (second phase). The third phase is the formation of fibrin from fibrinogen under the influence of thrombin. Then the 4th phase occurs - retraction or compaction of the clot.
Main stages of hemocoagulation.
1. Formation of prothrombinase (X a +V a +Ca 2+ +phospholipids) - prothrombin→thrommin→fibrinogen→fibrin. The longest, occurs in the tissues (external mechanism) and inside the vessel (internal).
Internal path: boils down to the activation of the X factor. III →VII→VII a (Ca 2+, phospholipids) →VII a and VIII a give the same complex as in the external mechanism - X→X a +V a +Ca 2+ + PL.
External pathway: as a result of the interaction of blood with tissue, tissue thromboplastin (III) is activated. XII→XII a →XI→XI a →IX→IX a →VIII→VIII a →the same complex VII a and VIII a - X→X a +V a +Ca 2+ + PL.
2. Consists in the transition of prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin. This requires prothrombinase. The process goes very quickly and the only limiting factor is the appearance of prothrombinase in the blood.
3. Fibrin formation. Under the influence of thrombin and calcium ions, fibrinopeptides A and B are cleaved from fibrinogen and it turns into a soluble protein - fibrin. Fibrinogen→fibrin→polymer→red thrombus retraction. For effective wound closure, clot retraction occurs under the influence of platelet thrombostenin.
| " |
Typically, an indicator such as pH or blood acidity (hydrogen indicator, acid-base balance parameter, pH), as patients are accustomed to calling it, is not noted in the referral for hematological tests to examine the patient. Being a constant value, the pH of human blood can change its values only within strictly designated limits - from 7.36 to 7.44 (on average - 7.4). Increased blood acidity (acidosis) or a shift in pH to the alkaline side (alkalosis) are conditions that do not develop as a result of exposure to favorable factors and in most cases require immediate therapeutic measures.
The blood cannot withstand a pH drop below 7 and a rise to 7.8, which is why such extreme pH values such as 6.8 or 7.8 are considered unacceptable and incompatible with life. In some sources, the high limit of compatibility with life may differ from the listed values, that is, equal to 8.0.
Blood buffer systems
A person’s blood constantly receives products of an acidic or basic nature, but for some reason nothing happens? It turns out that everything is provided in the body, to guard the constancy of pH, buffer systems are on duty around the clock, which resist any changes and do not allow the acid-base balance to shift in a dangerous direction. So, in order:
- Opens a list of buffer systems bicarbonate system, it is also called hydrocarbonate. It is considered the most powerful, since it takes on a little more than 50% of all blood buffering abilities;
- Takes second place hemoglobin buffer system, it provides 35% of the total buffer capacity;
- Third place belongs to blood protein buffer system– up to 10%;
- In fourth position is phosphate system, which accounts for about 6% of all buffer capabilities.
These buffer systems, in maintaining a constant pH, are the first to resist a possible shift in the pH value in one direction or another, because the processes that support the vital activity of the body are ongoing, and at the same time, products of either an acidic or basic nature are constantly released into the blood. Meanwhile, for some reason the buffer capacity is not depleted. This happens because the excretory system (lungs, kidneys) comes to the rescue, which reflexively turns on whenever there is a need - it removes all the accumulated metabolites.
How do the systems work?
Main buffer system
The activity of the bicarbonate buffer system, which includes two components (H2CO3 and NaHCO3), is based on the reaction between them and bases or acids entering the blood. If it appears in the blood strong alkali, then the reaction will follow this path:
NaOH + H2CO3 → NaHCO3 + H2O
The sodium bicarbonate formed as a result of the interaction does not stay in the body for a long time and, without having any special effect, is removed by the kidneys.
For presence strong acid the second component of the bicarbonate buffer system, NaHCO3, will react, which neutralizes the acid as follows:
HCl + NaHCO3 → NaCl + H2CO3
The product of this reaction (CO2) will quickly leave the body through the lungs.
The hydrocarbonate buffer system is the first to “feel” a change in the pH value, so it is the first to begin its work.
Hemoglobin and other buffer systems
The main component of the hemoglobin system is the red blood pigment - Hb, the pH of which changes by 0.15 depending on whether it currently binds oxygen (pH shift to the acidic side) or releases it to tissues (shift to the alkaline side). Adapting to circumstances, hemoglobin plays the role of either a weak acid or a neutral salt.
Upon admission reasons The following reaction can be expected from the hemoglobin buffer system:
NaOH + HHb → NaHb + H2O (pH remains almost unchanged)
And with acid, as soon as it appears, hemoglobin will begin to interact as follows:
HCl + NaHb → NaCl + HHb (pH shift is not very noticeable)
The buffering capacity of proteins depends on their basic characteristics (concentration, structure, etc.), therefore the buffer system of blood proteins is not as involved in maintaining acid-base balance as the previous two.
The phosphate buffer system or sodium phosphate buffer does not produce a special shift in the blood pH value. It maintains pH values at the proper level in the fluids that fill the cells and in the urine.
pH in arterial and venous blood, plasma and serum
Is the main parameter of acid-base balance – pH in arterial and venous blood – somewhat different? Arterial blood is more stable in terms of acidity. But, in principle, the pH norm in oxygenated arterial blood is 0.01 - 0.02 higher than in blood flowing through the veins (pH in venous blood is lower due to excess CO2 content).
As for the pH of blood plasma, then, again, in plasma the balance of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, in general, corresponds to the pH of whole blood.
pH values may vary in other biological media, for example, in serum, but plasma that has left the body and is deprived of fibrinogen is no longer involved in maintaining vital processes, so its acidity is more important for other purposes, for example, for the production of sets of standard hemagglutinating serums, which determine a person's group affiliation.
Acidosis and alkalosis
A shift in pH values in one direction or another (acid → acidosis, alkaline → alkalosis) can be compensated or uncompensated. It is determined by the alkaline reserve, represented mainly by bicarbonates. Alkaline reserve (ALR) is the amount of carbon dioxide in milliliters displaced by a strong acid from 100 ml of plasma. The norm of SH is within the range of 50 – 70 ml of CO2. Deviation from these values indicates uncompensated acidosis (less than 45 ml CO2) or alkalosis (more than 70 ml CO2).
There are the following types of acidosis and alkalosis:
Acidosis:
- Gas acidosis– develops when the removal of carbon dioxide from the lungs slows down, creating a condition;
- Non-gas acidosis– is caused by the accumulation of metabolic products or their entry from the gastrointestinal tract (alimentary acidosis);
- Primary renal acidosis– represents a reabsorption disorder in the renal tubules with the loss of a large amount of alkalis.
Alkalosis:
- Gas alkalosis– occurs with increased release of CO2 by the lungs (altitude sickness, hyperventilation), creates a condition hypocapnia;
- Non-gas alkalosis– develops with an increase in alkaline reserves due to the supply of bases with food (nutritional) or due to changes in metabolism (metabolic).
Of course, it will most likely not be possible to restore the acid-base balance in acute conditions on your own, but at other times, when the pH is almost at the limit, and the person does not seem to be in any pain, all responsibility falls on the patient himself.
Products that are considered harmful, as well as cigarettes and alcohol, are usually the main cause of changes in blood acidity, although a person does not know about it unless it comes to acute pathological conditions.
You can lower or increase the pH of the blood with the help of diet, but we should not forget: as soon as a person switches to his favorite lifestyle again, the pH values will return to their previous levels.
Thus, maintaining the acid-base balance requires constant work on oneself, recreational activities, a balanced diet and proper regimen, otherwise all short-term work will be in vain.
