Inclinations. We teach the imperative mood without a doubt! Verb moods in French

Mode indication. Pésent de l'indicatif

Indicative mood

Present indicative tense

• Indicatif denotes a real action in the present, past or future.
• Each tense has a primary meaning and secondary meanings that arise in the context.

Forms and meaning of Present

is formed as follows:

Exceptions:

1- e units h.- j'ai je vais je suis

2- e units h. – tu as tu vas tu es

3- e units h.- il a il va il estil vainc

2- e pl. h. - vous etesvous faites vous dites

3- e pl. h. - ils ontils vont ils sont ils font

denotes an action that occurs at the moment of speech:

J'ai Besoin d'une pile pour ma radio. I need a battery for the radio.

Vous classez vos papiers? Are you sorting out your papers?

Pré sentin context means

a common, repeated action often indicated by the circumstances of the time:

Tous les matins, je fais ma gymnastique. Every morning I do exercises.

Tu n' écoutes jamais ce qu'on te dit.You never listen to what they tell you.

À la maison nous déjeunonsà midi. At home we have lunch at noon.

timeless action (in laws, rules, sayings, ...):

Le soleil se lèveà l'est. The sun rises in the east.

L'habitude est une second nature . Habit — second nature.

On n' attrape pas les mouches avec du vinaigre. Anger Nothing Not you will achieve.

the recent past, which is expressed by a combination of terminal verbs arrivequitter, party, sortir, … with the circumstance of time:

— Où est Paul? — WherePaul?

—Il sort à l'instant. — He just left.

— Elle sort de chez moi à l’instant . SheonlyWhatleft.

the near future, which is indicated by the circumstances of time:

J' enfile mon manteau et je vous rejoins. I put on my coat and join you.

Monique revient ce soir. Monica is coming back todayIn the evening.

L'été prochain, nous partons pour l'Espagne. This in summer We let's go V Spain.

Alos, c’est promis, tu m’ appelles.So we agreed, you will call me.

future action depending on the condition (after the conjunction si instead of Futur simple ):

S'il pleut je resterai chez moi. If it rains I I'll stayHouses.

Si tu es en retard, je partiraisans toi. If you're late, I'll leave without you.

advice, request, order:

Vous allez tout droit, puis vous tournezà gauche. You go straight, then turn left.

Toi, tu rests ici. You're staying here

to denote long-term situations or actions:

Il deviant dur d'oreille. He hears worse and worse.

Cette semaine nous aménageons le grenier. This week we are furnishing the attic.

to describe a chain of events in the past in order to “revive” them in the present tense, i.e. to talk about the past:

Il s'était évanoui. Je le saisis et je le souleve, je le transport et je l' along sur son lit… Helostconsciousness.I grab him, lift him, carry him and lay him on his bed. .

Mood is a grammatical form of a verb that shows the speaker’s attitude towards an action. Moods in French there are the following:

• indicative (indicatif),
• imperative (impératif),
• conditional
• subjunctive (subjunctif).

In French, each mood has several tense forms. The tense in which the verb is located determines the moment of speech to which the action refers.

Indicative mood

The speaker is aware of the action as real, definite, which occurs in the present, past or future time. The indicative mood has the greatest use in language.

In French, the main forms of the indicative mood are:

• present to express the present tense
• passé composé, imparfait, plus-que-parfait, passé simple to express the past tense
• futur simple, futur antérieur to express the future tense

Imperative

An inducement to a certain action, a request, a wish or an order. Exists in three forms: second person singular and plural, first person plural. In the imperative mood, the subject pronoun is not used.

Fais! - Do it! Choisis! - Choose!

Faites! - Do it! Choisissez! - Choose!

Faisons! - Let's do it! Choisissons! - Let's choose!

Regarde! - Look! Regardez! - Look!

Regardons! - Let's see! (Let's see!)

Reflexive verbs:

Leve-toi! - Get up! Levez-vous! - Get up! Levons-nous! - Let's get up!

Conditional mood

Indicates an action that may be possible, contemplated, or desired. This mood denotes an action, the possibility of which depends on specific and specific conditions.

The conditional mood has two tenses: le Conditionnel présent and le Conditionnel passé. Both tenses are translated by one form of the conditional mood.

Le Conditionnel présent coincides in form with le Futur dans le passé.

Il pourrait etre là. - He's probably there.

Il voudrait lire ce roman. — He would like to read this novel.

Si j'étais fort, je t'aidais. - If I were strong, I would help you.

Le Conditionnel passé is formed with the help of the auxiliary verbs avoir or être, which are found in le Conditionnel présent and le Participe passé of the conjugated verb.

Si tu étais venu au stade, tu aurais assisté à un match splendide. — If you came to the stadium, you would be present at a great match.

Si j'avais eu ton numéro, je t'aurais téléphoné le soir. - If I had your number, I would call you in the evening.

Subjunctive mood

Shows that the speaker does not view the action as real fact, but as expected or desired. It is usually used after impersonal phrases and verbs expressing will, command, prohibition (vouloir, prier, il faut, il semble), as well as in subordinate clauses after some conjunctions and allied words.

Il faut que j'aille à la poste. - I need to go to the post office.

Je veux que vous écoutiez l'instructeur. - I want you to listen to the instructor.

Le Subjonctif présent is formed by adding to the stem of the third person plural of the indicative mood (Indicatif) the endings: -е, -es, -е, -ions, -iez, -ent.

Exceptions to this rule are the verbs avoir, être and some others: parler, finir, mettre.

Il n'y a personne qui puisse l'aider. - Nobody can help him.

Je serais bien content qu’il soit là. “I would be very pleased if he were there.”

Je ne suis pas sûr qu’il fasse beau demain. — I'm not sure that the weather will be good tomorrow.

Il me demande que je revienne le lendemain. — He asks me to come back the next day.

Que personne ne sorte! - So that no one comes out! (let no one leave!)

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Traditionally, the tenses of French verbs represent a complex structure that includes distribution into three main categories (future, present and past tense) and provides for distribution into simple and complex constructions depending on the method of formation used. All four types of the French mood have their own set of tense forms (Indicatif - express., Impératif - command, Conditionnel - conditional and Subjonctif - subjunctive). Let's look at the tenses of French verbs in more detail.

So, indicative mood (action as a fact) involves the use of twelve tense forms of the present, future and, of course, past tense, five of which are simple, the remaining seven are complex. Simple tense forms of the indicative mood include, first of all, such dominants as:

1. Pré sent- is formed by adding a system of inflections (for example, for the first person singular - -e (chapter 1 group), -is (chapter 2 groups); -s/-x + alternating stems (chapter 3 groups) for 1st person plural - -ons (for all verb groups)) to verb stems (without endings) indefinite. forms and is used to display ordinary, regular actions, or actions occurring in the present time period. —

Vous allez souvent au théâtre. — You often go to the theater.

2. Passésimple — is formed by adding a system of inflections (for example, for the second person singular and plural - -as; -ites (chapter 1 of group), -is; -tes (chapter 2 of group); -is (-us) ; -ites + alternating stems (chapter 3 of group) and is used to denote completed actions in the past, without being used in colloquial speech. The scope of use of Passé simple is a coherent literary text in which verbs in this tense form are used. mainly in the singular or third person plural -

Chlodwig devint le premier roi de la dynastie de Mérovingiens l'année 486. - Clovis became the first king of the Merovingian dynasty in 486.

3. Imparfait — is formed by adding a system of inflections (- ais, - ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.) and is used to denote past actions of an unfinished type, repeated past actions, as well as descriptions and polite requests. —

Il lisait beaucoup l'année dernière. — He read a lot last year. (unfinished action in the past).

4. Future simple— is formed by adding a system of inflections (-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. (explain what inflections are added to) - verb units of the 3rd group have their own characteristics) and is used to indicate future actions . —

Il reviendra pas de sitôt. - He won't be back soon

5. Futuredanslepassé — is formed by adding a system of inflections (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient) to the verb units of the indefinite. forms and is used to display future actions in relation to the past tense, mainly used within the framework of subordinate clauses of an additional type. —

Elle a dit qu'elle vous aiderait. — She said she would help you.

Complex indicative tense forms, in turn, include:

1. Presentcontinu- is formed analytically - through a combination of the auxiliary unit être (in the form of the present tense), the stable element en train de, as well as the main verb in its indefinite. form - and is aimed at designating actions performed directly at the moment (now). This tense form is used very rarely in the language, usually replaced by the Présent form. —

Ils sont en train de déjeuner en ville. - (They are (now) dining out) = Ils déjeunent en ville

2. Passécomposition- is formed analytically - through a combination of the auxiliary unit avoir or être (in the form of the present tense) and the main or base verb (in the form of Part. pas. - past participle) - and indicates the completion of actions or emphasizes their effectiveness. —

Avez-vous déjà regard é cette pièce? —Have you already watched this play?

3. Plus-que-parfait- is formed analytically - through a combination of the auxiliary unit avoir or être (in the form imparfait) and the base verb (in Participe passé) - and contains an indication of the precedence of one past action to another. Often used in subordinate clauses, as well as to introduce additional shades of regret or politeness into phrases. —

Si seulement j’ é tais venu à temps! - If only I had come on time! (regret)

Si vous m'aviez laiss é en paix, je ne ferais mal. (If you had left me alone, I would not have acted badly).

4. Passéimmédiat- is formed analytically - by a combination of the verb unit venir (in the form of the present tense), the preposition de and the infinitive of the main verb - and is used to denote recently or just committed actions (just about, etc.) -

Ils viennent de toucher vers la fin. - They just came to an end.

5. Passéanterieur- complex, analytical tense, based on the combination of the auxiliary unit avoir or être (in the passé simple form) and the main verb (in the Participe passé form); used only after certain conjunctions (quand - when, dès que - as soon as, lorsque - when, etc.) to indicate the precedence of one completed action to another or to indicate the completeness and speed of past actions (en un moment (in a minute), bientôt (soon)). Is the prerogative of written literary texts. —

Bientôt j’ eus dé cidé de différer mon départ. — Soon I decided to postpone my departure (end of action)

Quand la conversation fut tombé sur cette question, il s’intéressa. — — When the conversation touched on this issue, he became interested. (combined with Passé simple in the main)

6. Futur immé diat- an analytical form formed on the basis of a combination of the verb unit aller (in the present tense form) and the infinitive of the main verb; used to record actions expected in the near future (soon). —

Nous allons quitter ses études. — We are going to leave school (soon).

7. Future anté rieur — complex shape, formed on the basis of a combination of the auxiliary unit avoir or être (in the form of futur simple) and the main verb (in the form of the past tense); used to express the precedence of one future action to another; reflecting the completion of actions by a certain time (vite - quickly, Dans sept heures - in seven hours, etc.); expressions of the probabilistic nature of actions. —

Apportez-moi ce journal, dès qu’il aura sorti du sceau. - Bring me this newspaper as soon as it comes out of print. (precedence)

J'aurai fait un faux numéro. - I must have the wrong number. (assumption)

Imperative(transmission of expressions of will), in turn, is characterized by the possibility of using verbs in their two main tense forms:

1. (Impé ratif) present- is formed synthetically (inflectively) and has only three forms - the second person, both singular and plural (you and you) and only the first person plural (we); used when it is necessary to convey requests, orders, wishes and other expressions of will. —

Attendez -moi ici. - Wait for me here. (coincides with the form Indicatif Présent - (vous) attendez)

2. (Impé ratif) passé- an analytical form formed by combining the auxiliary unit avoir or être (in the form impératif présent) and the main verb (in the form Participe passé) and has only three forms (by analogy with ( (Impé ratif) present); used extremely rarely to express actions the implementation of which is necessary before another action or within a certain time period in the future. —

Aie décidé les problèmes, jusqu’à ce que il telephone. - Solve your problems before he calls.

A yez pris des notes avant son départ. — Record the lecture before he leaves.

It should be noted that pronominal verbs do not have this form of the imperative mood.

French verbs have two tense forms and conditional mood(transfer of possible actions). —

1. (Conditionnel) pré sent- a simple, synthetic form, structured by adding a system of inflections (imparfait endings - -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient) to the infinitive stems of the base verb (for verbs of the third group they will coincide with Futur simple); used when conveying assumptions, requests (along with the imperative), doubts in the present or future, etc., as well as in subordinate clauses of the condition -

Je voudrais encore un peu de sel. — I would like a little more salt. (request)

Elle accé derait à notre proposition, peut-être. “Perhaps she would agree (or maybe not) to our proposal.” (doubt)

Si tu te calmeras, nous fixerions rendez-vous. - If you calm down, we would still arrange a meeting. (condition)

2. (conditionnel) passé - a complex analytical tense form formed by combining the auxiliary unit avoir or être (in the form Conditionnel présent) and the main verb (in the form Participe passé); used to display hypothetical, possible, alleged actions in the past, as well as in subordinate clauses (if they are related to the past). —

L'inondation aurait fait des dégâts. “The flooding obviously caused damage.” (assumption)

Je ne serais pas parti hier ainsi tôt, si mon frère n’était allé en visite. “I wouldn’t have left so early yesterday if my brother hadn’t come to visit.” (unrealized past action)

And finally, in subjunctive mood(transfer of the speaker’s personal attitude to what is expressed) four main tense forms are used, two of which are considered simple:

1. (Subjonctif) pré sent- a simple form constructed by adding a system of inflections (-e, -es, -e, -ent) to the third person plural stems of the present tense of the base verb (in relation to the first and second person forms singular and the third person, both singular and plural) and endings -ions, -iez to the plural stems of the first person present tense of the base verb (in relation to the first and second person plural forms), while the obligatory use of que before the subject is observed. Used to express the succession or simultaneity of actions related to the present (less often the future). —

Mes parents sont contents que je vienne à la maison. — My parents are glad that I come home.

2. Imparfait (du subjonctif)- synthetic formation by adding a system of inflections (-se, -ses, -t, -sions, -siez, -sent.) to the second person singular stems of basic verbs in the passé simple (+ alternation -s / -t, in the third face units). It is used primarily to display the succession or simultaneity of actions implemented in the past, when coordinating times. Rarely used, only in written sources. —

Mes parents étaient contents que je vinsse à la maison. — My parents were glad that I was coming home.

The remaining two tense forms of the subjunctive mood are complex:

1. (Subjonctif) passé - analytical formation using a combination of the auxiliary unit avoir or être (in the form of Subjonctif présent) and the main verb (in the form of the past participle); used in subordinate clauses to record the precedence of the speech moment (before the action, expressed by the verb in the main clause). —

Mes parents sont contents que je sois venu à la maison. — My parents are glad that I came home.

2. Plus-que-parfait (du subjonctif)- a complex form formed by combining the auxiliary unit avoir or être (in the form imparfait du subjon.) and the main verb (in the form of the past participle); used in the process of coordinating times to record precedence. Almost never used in real communication.

Mes parents étaient contents que je fusse venu à la maison. — My parents were glad that I came home.

Thus, we get the following branched structure, which is represented by the tenses of French verbs:

From the table it also follows that it is possible to distinguish by time and with respect to a number of non-personal verb forms, such as participle and infinitive, however, this aspect is far from unambiguous and requires separate coverage.

French verb tenses

There are more tenses in French than in Russian. They are divided into simple and complex. Simpler times verbs are formed without auxiliary verb, complex ones - with his help. There are four auxiliary verbs: être (to be), avoir (to have), aller (to go), venir (to come). The verbs aller and venir are used to create verbs of the immédiat group: aller – for the near future tense, venir – for the nearest past.

Conjugating French present tense verbs

In addition, French verbs are divided into three groups, which form tense forms in different ways. The verbs of the first group have the ending of the initial form -er, the second - ir. To put French verbs of the first or second group into the desired form, you need to replace the ending of the initial form with the corresponding ending of the other form. The third group of French verbs includes everything that does not fall into the first and second, including modal verbs vouloir (to want), pouvoir (to be able), devoir (to have) and individual conjugation verbs. Verbs of the third group are not conjugated uniform model, and that's why they are called "incorrect".

French verbs also change according to moods, showing how the action relates to reality, whether it is real (indicative mood), and an assessment is expressed towards it ( subjunctive mood) or it depends on some condition (conditional mood), someone's desire ( imperative).

Conjugating French Past Complete Verbs

The past completed tense (Passé simple) expresses a completed action in the past.

Past incomplete tense in French

The past incomplete tense (Imparfait) expresses an action in the past tense at the moment of its commission.

Formation of the Passé composé form

Complex past tense expressing a completed action (Passé composé).

For conjugation French verb in the tense Passé composé you need to take the auxiliary verb avoir or être in the present tense and add the past participle.

Formation of prepast tense forms in French

Complex past tense expressing a completed action (Plus-que-parfait). It is also called pre-past tense.

To conjugate a French verb in the Plus-que-parfait tense, take the auxiliary verb avoir or être in the Imparfait tense and add the past participle.

Forms of the completed past tense in French

Complete past tense preceding another past (Passé antérieur). This form of French verbs is also called the immediate past tense.

Unlike plus-que-parfait, which also expresses a previous action, the passé antérieur form is used after certain conjunctions and is not used in colloquial speech! The passé antérieur form is followed by the passé simple form in the main clause.

Simple future tense (Futur simple)

To conjugate a French verb in the simple future tense, you need to take the indefinite form of the verb and add the verb ending avoir.

Complex future tense (Futur antérieur)

This form is used to express a future action that precedes another future action.

Before you get acquainted with conjugations various verbs, let's talk about the tense system in French. It is worth warning that it is a little more complicated than in Russian, but do not be afraid: a methodical study of the theory will not let you get confused!
Here are some important facts. Firstly, in the French language there are three tenses: present, past and future, but there are many more tense forms. Secondly, tenses in French are divided into simple and complex. Simple tenses are formed without an auxiliary verb, complex tenses, on the contrary, with the help of an auxiliary verb. There are only four auxiliary verbs: avoir (to have), être (to be), aller (to go) and venir (to come, to happen).
To choose the correct form for a verb, you also need to know its mood. The mood shows the attitude of the action to reality: whether it is real or depends on some conditions. There are four moods in total. Let's look at each of them.

Indicative mood - Indicatif

Verbs in this mood denote real action. This action actually happened, is happening, or will actually happen. The main times of this time are given in the table:

Present- simple tense, which denotes action in the present tense. This tense can also be used instead of the past tense. In this case, the use of the present tense is considered a stylistic device that makes the text more picturesque.

Present progressif– the tense is complex and expresses the action taking place at the moment. Very often it is replaced Present.

As for past tenses, only three are used in colloquial speech: passé compose (past perfect), imparfait (past imperfect) and plus-que-parfait (pre-past).
Passé composition And plus-que-parfait are difficult times, they are formed using the auxiliary verbs avoir or être and the desired participle. Both tenses are translated into Russian by a verb with the past tense.
Imparfait- this is a simple time. The remaining two are past tenses, passé simple And passé anterieur, are used only in written speech.
Passé simple is a simple tense, and Passé antérieur is a complex tense (it is formed using the auxiliary verb in passé simple and a participle).
Passé immediat or in other words, passé récent is the past tense, which denotes an action that happened recently, just now.

All past tenses in French can be translated into Russian using verbs in the past tense.

From future tenses, in colloquial speech from future tenses only future simple, just time. Futur antherieur- the tense is complex and is used in written language.

Imperative mood - Imperatif

Verbs in this mood denote an order, advice, or request. There are only two tenses used in this mood:

Subjunctive mood - Subjunctif

This mood denotes a possible or desired action or assumption. Simple tense forms in this mood are: présent du Subjonctif and imparfait du Subjonctif, complex: passé du Subjonctif and plus-que-parfait du Subjonctif. Of these forms, only two are used in real French: présent du Subjonctif and passé du Subjonctif.

Conditional mood - Conditionnel

This mood denotes an action that is desirable or possible under certain conditions (in Russian these are sentences with the particle “would”). In this mood the forms Conditionnel présent and Conditionnel passé are used.

In addition to the above forms, there are impersonal forms verbs: infinitive (infinitif présent, infinitif passé), participles (participe présent, participe passé), participle / gerund (gérondif).

We will look at each of the tenses listed above in more detail in subsequent lessons, but for now check the material you have learned on the questions from the exercise.

Lesson assignments

Exercise 1. Answer the questions:
1. How many moods are there in French?
2. How many tense forms are used in the indicative mood?
3. What tense can be used instead of the past to give expressiveness to the text?
4. What is a complex tense form?
5. How many tense forms are used to indicate the past tense in the indicative mood?

Answer 1.
1. Four inclinations.
2. Eleven species-temporal forms.
3. Present.
4. A complex tense form is formed using two verbs: auxiliary and main.
5. Six: Passé compose, Imparfait, Passé simple, Passé immédiat, Plus-que-parfait, Passé antérieur.