George VI is the King of England. Henry VI, King of England The last king of the Lancastrian family
King of England from the Plantagenet family, reigning 1422--1461, 1470--
1471 Son of Henry V and Catherine of France. J.: from 1445 Margarita,
daughter of the Duke of Anjou Rene (born 1430, died 1482). Genus. 1421 Died
Henry was nine months old when his father died. He inherited after
he had two crowns - English and French, but could not keep either
another. He was kind, pious, chaste, honest, well educated, but
weak both in body and mind. All his life he was under the influence of others. Before 1430
England was ruled by Henry's uncle, the Duke of Gloucester. After his nephew's coronation he
lost his title of protector, but retained his influence for another seven years.
Then the peace party took over in England. Conduct of affairs passed to the archbishop
Winchester, Duke Richard of York and Earl William of Soffolk. In 1445
they arranged Henry's marriage to Margaret of Anjou. The new queen had
strong character and soon took possession of her weak husband. She granted Suffolk
ducal title, and thanks to her support he became omnipotent
ruler of the kingdom. He was a capable businessman, but, unfortunately, too
arrogant In 1447, Suffolk fell out with Richard of York, although he could
claim the same rights to the throne as the Lancasters, because he was direct
descendant of Edward III. Richard's viceroyship in France was taken away, and soon
all the British conquests on the continent were irretrievably lost. Parliament in
1450 blamed Soffolk for losing the war. He was sentenced to
exile, but he was soon captured and beheaded.
Meanwhile, Henry, like his grandfather, the French king Charles VI,
fell into complete madness. In March 1454 Richard of York was declared
protector of the kingdom. The Queen could not accept the loss of influence, and
every time the king regained his sanity, York had to leave
board affairs. The fight between the two parties soon turned violent
feud known as the War of the Roses (Lancastrian Plantag line)
the Enets had a scarlet rose on their banner, the York one had a white one). In 1458 Richard
raised an uprising, but his followers abandoned him as soon as Henry declared
amnesty for all rebels. In the following years the struggle continued. In 1460
York's closest associate, the Earl of Warwick, defeated the royal army at
Northampton and entered London. Henry was captured. In a few days
Richard arrived in the capital with the decisive intention of taking the throne from his
weak relative. Parliament, however, did not agree to this - Richard was
declared only heir to the throne. Queen Margaret did not recognize this
a decree depriving her son of rights to the crown. She gathered an army in
northern counties and went to London. At the Battle of Wakefield Richard was
defeated and fell in battle. In February 1461, Margaret freed the king from captivity.
However, she did not dare to march on London and retreated to the northern counties.
Richard's eldest son was proclaimed king as Edward IV.
York. The Lancastrians were soon defeated in the extremely bloody Battle of
Tooto-ne. Queen Margaret, who was the true head of the Scarlet Party
roses, had to seek support first in Scotland and then in France.
During one of her absences in 1464, the followers of the Scarlet Rose were defeated
under Hexhem. The Duke of Somerset and many of Henry's other associates were killed
or executed. The king himself happily escaped from his pursuers. During the whole
for years he hid with friends of his home in Loncashire and Westmorland until,
finally, some monk did not betray him to his enemies. In July 1465 Henry
captured, brought to London and imprisoned in the Tower. He was only released on
October 1470, after the coup staged by the Earl of Warwick, and again
took the throne. At the same time, he, of course, did not enjoy any influence. Everyone
Warwick managed affairs on his behalf. Moreover, the time of his reign for this
once it turned out to be short. In April 1471, the supporters of the Scarlet Rose were defeated
under Burnet, and a few weeks later Queen Margaret suffered
defeat at Tewkesbury. Henry's son Edward was captured in this battle
Henry himself was stabbed to death in the Tower.
Henry VI(English) Henry VI, fr. Henri VI; December 6, 1421 (14211206), Windsor - May 21 or 22, 1471, London) - the third and last king of England from the Lancaster dynasty (from 1422 to 1461 and from 1470 to 1471). The only one of the English kings who bore the title “King of France” during and after the Hundred Years’ War, who was actually crowned (1431) and reigned over a significant part of France.
Baby King
Henry was the only child and heir of King Henry V. He was born on December 6, 1421 at Windsor, and ascended to the English throne on his father's death on August 31, 1422, at the age of eight months. Henry became King of France on October 21, 1422, following the death of his grandfather Charles VI, through the Treaty of Troyes, concluded in 1420. His mother, Catherine of Valois, was 20 years old; as the daughter of Charles VI, she did not enjoy the trust of the English nobility and her influence on the upbringing of her son was limited.
On September 28, 1423, the lords took an oath of allegiance to Henry VI. Parliament was convened and a regency council was created, operating until the king came of age. King Henry IV's eldest living son, John, Duke of Bedford, was appointed chief regent and took charge of the war in France. During his absence, the government of England was headed by his younger brother, Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, who was proclaimed the "Support and Support of the Kingdom." His duties were limited to maintaining peace and enabling the convening of Parliament. Bishop Henry Beaufort (cardinal from 1426), uncle of Henry V, played a large role in the council. On the death of the Duke of Bedford in 1435, the Duke of Gloucester claimed sole regency, but other members of the council disputed his right.
From 1428 onwards, Henry's mentor was the Earl of Warwick, whose father was active in opposition to the reign of Richard II.
Henry's half-brothers Edmund and Jasper, his mother's sons from her second marriage to Owen Tudor, were later given earldoms. Edmund Tudor was the father of Henry Tudor, who later became King Henry VII.
Henry was crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey on November 6, 1429, a month before his eighth birthday, and King of France at Notre-Dame Cathedral on December 16, 1431.
Accession to power and policy towards France
In 1437, the year of his mother's death, Henry was declared of age and took the reins of government. At the court of Henry VI, power was wielded by several high-born favorites of the king, who could not come to a common opinion about the war with France.
After the death of King Henry V, England missed a good moment in the war, which, together with the military successes of Joan of Arc, allowed the Valois to stabilize the situation. The young king preferred a policy of peace in France, so he was more close to the faction led by Cardinal Beaufort and William de la Pole Earl of Suffolk, who treated the issue in the same way, while the opinion of Humphrey Duke of Gloucester and Richard Duke of York, who spoke for continuing the war, was ignored.
Marriage to Margaret of Anjou
Cardinal Beaufort and the Earl of Suffolk convinced the king that the best way to maintain peace with France would be to marry Margaret of Anjou, the niece of the wife of King Charles VII. Henry also agreed because he had heard stories about Margaret’s amazing beauty and sent Suffolk to negotiate with Charles, who agreed to give up his daughter on the condition that he would not provide the dowry required in such cases and in return would receive the lands of Anjou and Maine from the English. On these terms an agreement was signed at Tours, but that part of the agreement which dealt with Maine and Anjou was hidden from Parliament. It was clear that such an agreement would be very unpopular in England. The marriage took place in 1445.
Henry broke his promise to give Maine and Anjou to Charles, knowing that such a move would be very unpopular, and the Dukes of Gloucester and York would actively oppose it. Margarita, in turn, was determined. In 1446, details of the agreement became known and public opinion descended on Suffolk. Henry VI and Margaret were forced to defend him.
Source: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VI_(King_of_England)
Henry VI.
Drawing from Cassel's History of England, 1902 edition.
Reproduction from the site http://monarchy.nm.ru/
Henry VI (6.XII.1421 - 21.V.1471) - king [of England] (1422-1461) from the Lancaster dynasty, son of Henry V. He ascended the throne as a 9-month-old child. Weak-willed and subject to increasingly prolonged bouts of madness, he was a toy in the hands of frequently changing regents and favorites. In 1461, during the War of the Scarlet and White Roses that began in 1455 (see. The Scarlet and White Rose Wars ), Henry VI was deposed Edward IV of York and fled to Scotland. In 1465 he was captured and imprisoned in the Tower. Warwick's rebellion led to the temporary restoration of the mad Henry VI (9. X. 1470 - 14. IV. 1471). He was deposed a second time and killed in the Tower.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1973-1982. Volume 4. THE HAGUE - DVIN. 1963.
Henry VI, king England from the Plantagenet family, who ruled in 1422-1461, 1470-1471. Son Henry V and Catherine of France.
Wife: since 1445 Margaret, daughter of the Duke of Anjou Rene (b. 1430 + 1482).
Henry was nine months old when his father died. He inherited two crowns after him - English and French, but was unable to retain either one or the other. He was kind, pious, chaste, honest, well educated, but weak in both body and mind. All his life he was under the influence of others. Until 1430, England was ruled by Henry's uncle, the Duke of Gloucester. After his nephew's coronation, he lost his title of protector, but retained his influence for another seven years. Then the peace party took over in England. Management of affairs passed to the Archbishop of Winchester, Duke Richard of York and Earl William of Soffolk. In 1445 they arranged Henry's marriage to Margaret of Anjou. The new queen had a strong character and soon took possession of her weak husband. She granted Soffolk the ducal title, and thanks to her support, he became the all-powerful ruler of the kingdom. He was a capable businessman, but, unfortunately, too arrogant. In 1447, Soffolk quarreled with Richard York, although he could claim the same rights to the throne as the Lancasters, because he was a direct descendant of Edward III. Richard's viceroyalty in France was taken away, and soon all the English conquests on the continent were irretrievably lost. Parliament in 1450 blamed Suffolk for losing the war. He was sentenced to exile, but was soon captured and beheaded.
Meanwhile, Henry, like his grandfather, the French king Charles VI, fell into complete madness. In March 1454, Richard York was declared protector of the kingdom. The queen could not accept the loss of influence, and every time the king regained his sanity, York had to leave the affairs of the reign. The struggle between the two parties soon escalated into a violent feud known as the War of the Roses (the Lancastrian Plantagenet line had aloose on its banner, the York line had a white one). In 1458, Richard rebelled, but his followers abandoned him as soon as Henry declared an amnesty for all rebels. In the following years the struggle continued. In 1460, York's closest associate, the Earl of Warwick, defeated the royal army at Northampton and entered London. Henry was captured. A few days later, Richard arrived in the capital with the decisive intention of taking the throne from his weak relative. Parliament, however, did not agree to this. Richard was declared only heir to the throne. Queen Margaret did not recognize this decree, which deprived her son of the rights to the crown. She gathered an army in the northern counties and marched on London. At the Battle of Wakefield, Richard was defeated and died in battle. In February 1461, Margaret freed the king from captivity. However, she did not dare to march on London and retreated to the northern counties.
Richard's eldest son of York was proclaimed king as Edward IV. The Lancastrians were soon defeated in the extremely bloody Battle of Towton. Queen Margaret, who was the true head of the Aloyrose party, had to seek support first in Scotland and then in France. During one of her absences in 1464, the followers of the Scarlet Rose were defeated at Hexhem. The Duke of Somerset and many of Henry's other associates were killed or executed. The king himself happily escaped from his pursuers. For a whole year he hid with friends of his home in Loncashire and Westmoreland, until finally a monk betrayed him to his enemies. In July 1465, Henry was captured, brought to London and imprisoned in the Tower. He was released only in October 1470, after a coup staged by the Earl of Warwick, and again took the throne. However, he, of course, did not enjoy any influence. Warwick managed all matters on his behalf. Moreover, his reign this time turned out to be short. In April 1471, the Scarlet Roses were defeated at Burnet, and a few weeks later Queen Margaret was defeated at Tewkesbury. Henry's son Edward was captured in this battle and immediately executed, and on May 21, the day Edward IV entered the capital, Henry himself was stabbed to death in the Tower.
All the monarchs of the world. Western Europe. Konstantin Ryzhov. Moscow, 1999
Henry VI
Henry VI of England
Henry VI of England
Years of life: December 6, 1421 - May 21/22, 1471
Reign: 31 August 1422 - 4 March 1461
30 October 1470 - April/May 1471
Father:
Henry V
Mother: Ekaterina French
Wife: Margarita of Anjou
Son: Edward
Henry was only 9 months old when his father died. During the childhood of the king, England was ruled by his uncle, the Duke of Gloucester and the bishop, and later Cardinal Beaufort. The regent in France and responsible for the conduct of the military campaign was another uncle, the Duke of Bedford, and he fought unsuccessfully. The English soon lost everything they had won in previous years. Henry was forced to renounce the French throne, and the French Dauphin was crowned in Reims.
Henry grew up kind, pious and educated, but weak in both body and mind. He was more drawn to books than to war, actively promoted the development of education and made large donations to the founding of colleges at Eton and Cambridge. At the same time, Henry was under the influence of others all his life. Until he came of age, the Duke of Gloucester ruled the country, and after that the king came under the influence of the “peace party,” led by Cardinal Beaufort and Ffolk. Through their mediation, peace was concluded with France, the so-called Treaty of Tours, according to which Henry received Margaret of Anjou, the niece of King Charles VII, as his wife, and gave Maine and Anjou to France. They tried to keep this deal secret from parliament, but in 1446 it became public knowledge. Suffolk was considered the main culprit, but Henry and Margaret managed to protect him.
In 1445, Henry and his associates captured the Duke of Gloucester, one of the leaders of the “war party.” The Duke died in captivity, and perhaps the cause of his death was not natural. The king's only remaining enemy and heir apparent, the Duke of York, was sent into honorable exile to rule Ireland. Henry's companions, Suffolk and Edmund, son of Cardinal Beaufort, received the title of duke as a reward.
Meanwhile, dissatisfaction with the king and his entourage grew in society, mainly due to the illegal distribution of lands to favorites, the deterioration of the financial situation and the loss of territories in France. The Duke of Suffolk was the most hated. At the insistence of the House of Commons, Henry was forced to send him into exile, but Suffolk's ship was captured in the English Channel, and the Duke himself was killed.
In 1449, Edmund Beaufort, the newly created Duke of Somerset, suffered a series of setbacks in Normandy, and England lost another province on the continent. In 1450, a certain Jack Cade, calling himself John Mortimer, raised an uprising in Kent. At the Battle of Sevenoaks, he defeated the royal army and occupied London, but after a few days, due to the lack of normal leadership, the uprising itself subsided. In the same 1450, England lost its oldest possession in France, Aquitaine, and from the once numerous lands under the rule English king only Calais remained. In 1452, Richard, Duke of York, returned without permission from Ireland and began to demand a seat in Parliament and the arrest of Somerset. Henry initially agreed, but under pressure from Margaret he changed his mind, and York was again isolated.
By 1453, like his grandfather Charles VI, Henry had fallen into madness and could not even properly rejoice at the birth of his own son. Meanwhile, York secured the support of the very rich and influential Earl of Warwick and secured his appointment as protector of the kingdom during Henry's illness. Queen Margaret, however, could not accept the loss of influence, and every time Henry regained his sanity, York had to transfer state affairs to him. The struggle between Lancastrian and Yorkist supporters escalated into a violent feud known as the Wars of the Roses (the scarlet rose was the symbol of the Lancastrians, and the white rose was the symbol of the Yorkies). In 1460, Warwick captured London and took Henry prisoner. Soon Richard York arrived in London with the intention of taking the throne from Henry. Parliament, however, agreed only to appoint Richard as heir. This decision did not suit Margarita, as it deprived her son of the rights to the crown. She gathered an army in the northern counties and marched on London. At the Battle of Wakefield, the Lancastrians were victorious and Richard York was killed. Soon Henry was released from captivity, but Margarita did not dare to go to London and retreated to the north.
4 On March 4, 1461, Richard's son, Edward of York, was proclaimed king of England. Over the course of several years, the White Rose army inflicted several defeats on the Lancastrians. Somerset and other Henry supporters were killed or executed, Margaret fled first to Scotland and then to France. Henry miraculously escaped captivity, hid with friends, until finally some monk handed him over to the Yorks. In July 1465 he was captured and put in the Tower.
In 1470, Margaret, in alliance with the Earl of Warwick, who had quarreled with York, and with the support of King Louis XI of France, organized a coup in England. Henry was released from prison and returned to the throne, but Warwick was in charge of all affairs in the state. In the spring of 1471, the supporters of the Scarlet Rose suffered two defeats, first at Barnet and then at Tewsbury. IN last battle Edward, son of Henry VI, was captured and immediately executed. Henry himself was again imprisoned in the Tower, where he was soon killed. Edward IV became king for the second time.
Used materials from the site http://monarchy.nm.ru/
Read further:
British historical figures(biographical reference book).
England in the 15th century(chronological table).
Literature on British history(lists).
British History Course Syllabus(methodology).
And Catherine of France, after the death of his father, remained an 8-month-old child. Although the position of the English in France had somewhat weakened by the end of the previous reign, it was again restored when his brother, the Duke of Bedford, took over the continuation of the work of G. V. The British occupied the north and center of France, and Burgundy controlled the eastern districts. The alliance with Duke Philip was sealed by the marriage of his sister to the Duke of Bedford. Living as a prisoner at the English court, the Scottish king James I was released so that England could be safe from Scotland. Having thus strengthened himself, the Duke of Bedford could actively begin the conquest of France, an important step towards which was the Battle of Vernel (1424). Soon, however, circumstances changed. Thanks to the appearance of Joan of Arc, Orleans was liberated (1429), and Charles VII was crowned in Reims. The capture of Joan of Arc did little to help the English, and her burning (1431) further ruined their affairs. In vain Bedford crowned G. in Paris (17 December 1431); the young king remained in France for about two years, but this did not help the English much. With the death of Bedford (1435), all hope of retaining the French crown for England disappeared, and the English commanders began to suffer constant defeats. In 1444, a truce took place, during which G. was married (1445) to Margaret, daughter of Rene, Count of Anjou, hoping that this marriage, together with the cession of Anjou and Maine to France, would lead to permanent peace and save Normandy and Guyenne for England. This hope was not realized; in 1449 the truce was broken, by the end of 1450 all of Normandy was lost; in 1451 the French recaptured Guienne, and in 1453 only Calais remained with England. The war was effectively over.
The end of the war coincides with a period when the two parties dividing England were just preparing to turn to arms. The internecine war was largely the result of external defeats, just as they, in turn, were partly the result of discord within the country. Ending the rivalry between Uncle G., the regent of England, the Duke of Gloucester and Cardinal Beaufort was beyond the power of the council. Bedford alone could bring peace to the country; but Bedford's presence in England entailed the failures of the British in France. The hostility between the rivals was complicated by the existence of the lollards and the question of peace or war. Gloucester, as a persecutor of the Lollards and head of the war party, seems to have been more popular. The coronation of the child king at Westminster (6 November 1429) formally ended the regency of Bedford and Gloucester, but not the intrigues of the latter. With the death of Bedford the only guarantee of peace disappeared, and Gloucester attacked Beaufort with even greater ferocity. Among these turmoil, G. reached adulthood (1442). Management remained in the hands of Cardinal Beaufort and the Duke of Suffolk, who sought peace with France. The Dukes of Gloucester and York led the opposition and demanded reforms to strengthen the government at home and abroad. But Suffolk won a great victory with a truce with France (1444) and through the young Queen Margaret, whose marriage to G. took place mainly thanks to his efforts, acquired great influence over the king. The suspicious death of Gloucester (1447), followed six weeks later by the death of his rival Beaufort, together with the appointment of York as ruler of Ireland, made Suffolk master of the situation; but the complete failure of his foreign policy led to his downfall (1450). The king tried in vain to retain power for him and thanks to this he shared his unpopularity. Partial concessions made in response to the demands of the insurgents led by Jack Cad only delayed the inevitable explosion. The Duke of York now became the organ of popular displeasure. When the final loss of France exhausted the country's patience, and the birth of an heir to the throne destroyed the Duke's hopes for the crown, he took advantage of G.'s mental disorder and declared a claim to the protectorate (1453). At the beginning of the next year, he was given a protectorate, but in 1455 the king recovered and York lost power. Unable to bear this, he marched on London, and on May 22, 1455, the War of the White and Scarlet Roses opened with the Battle of St. Albans. The queen became the leader of the royalists, and the enmity between her and York became irreconcilable. During the four years of anxious peace that followed the first clash, G. tried with all his might to maintain peace. But all his efforts were in vain. When the fighting resumed and the Yorkists won the Battle of Morthampton, the king was forced to consent to his son being declared disqualified from succeeding him, and York being recognized as heir to the throne (in 1460). York fell at Wakefield, but his son Edward seized the crown and was recognized as king (4 March 1461). The Battle of Taunton stopped the fighting for a long time, and G.'s captivity in 1465 seemed to strengthen the throne of Edward IV. Five years later, a sudden revolution snatched the crown from him, and temporarily returned freedom to the unfortunate prisoner; but the battle of Tyuksberg again destroyed G.’s hopes. He still had time to find out that his son was killed, that his wife was a prisoner, and his cause was finally lost. On May 21, 1471, violent death freed him from captivity.
Edward VI of the Tudor family ruled England for 6 years. His innovations left a significant imprint on future fate Britain. Edward's entire tenure on the throne was accompanied by various rumors and intrigues. The modern Protestant Church still uses the rituals that the king introduced into the religion.
The death of young Tudor led to turmoil and a series of strife.
Youth
Edward VI was born on October 12, 1537. His mother was Jane Seymour and his father was Henry VIII. Early years The reign of the first crowned Tudor was marked by a huge rise in the power of England. The intensity of confrontation between representatives of the society has decreased different religions. Relations with the rebellious Ireland were partially established. But Henry led a riotous lifestyle. He divorced his wife, despite protests from the church, for which he was excommunicated. IN recent years madness took possession of the king. He became overly suspicious and executed everyone who, in his opinion, was plotting against him. And all this against the background of the absence of a male heir. Therefore, the birth of Edward in the country was perceived as hope for a bright future, because if Henry VII had not left heirs, civil strife would certainly have begun.
Edward's mother died during childbirth. The father, suffering from obesity and other ailments, died after 9 years. That same year, Edward VI took the crown. Since childhood, he demonstrated an interest in learning and self-development.
Since the young king could not resolve all issues on his own, he needed a regent, that is, a patron. There was a real struggle for this position. De facto, the regent was the main person in England and could exert significant influence on the country in pursuit of his interests. Edward Seymour was appointed patron. His decisions greatly influenced the reign of the king.
Period of Seymour's patronage
At a young age, Edward VI was not able to rule on his own, but the last word still remained with him. Seymour, who usurped power, bribed the members of the Council in order to be able to make decisions alone. Young Edward only signed decrees, of which he understood little.
An important test for the ruler of England in the 16th century was the war with rebellious Scotland. The Scotts regularly rebelled and tried to regain their territories. Seymour resumed active hostilities in this direction. He himself stood at the head of the army and led the soldiers on a campaign.
The first skirmishes allowed the royal army to advance deeper into Scotland. At Pinka she was met by the Earl of Arran with a 25,000-strong army. But Seymour positioned his soldiers well along the coast. With the help of ships, the British quickly suppressed the attack. A few hours later, 5 thousand Scots lay dead, and another fifteen hundred were captured. The losses of the royal army amounted to about 500 people. This decisive victory gave Seymour a vote of confidence from the people and the council. But further actions had no such good results. France sent a large contingent to help the Scots. The coalition defeated the British troops, and its remaining members were forced to retreat.
King Edward VI was a devout Protestant. Therefore, oppression of other religions, especially Catholicism, began throughout the country. Such reforms led to a series of popular uprisings which had to be brutally suppressed. Internal problems forced the Privy Council to decide to remove Seymour. The regent was arrested, and the king testified against him.
New Regent
After this, a new battle began for the protection of the king. Meanwhile, Edward grew and became more and more interested in government affairs.
He devoted a lot of time to study. By the age of 15, the king knew French, Latin, and Greek. He also studied religion. It can be argued that the king's Protestantism was partly his personal choice, and not just the result of Seymour's influence.
king of england: final yearsOne of the most significant moments of Edward's reign was the introduction of the Book of Prayer, which seriously changed the position of Catholics in England. Popular discontent grew. Subsequently, these reforms were curtailed, but after several decades they formed the basis for the formation of the new Anglican Church.
Edward never had any health problems. As a child, he suffered from a dangerous form of fever, which at that time was practically incurable. But he recovered quickly. However, in the 16th year of his life he was struck down by tuberculosis. In just six months, Edward VI Tudor became exhausted and died. After his death, he left no direct heirs or male relatives. This led to another crisis in England.
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- Margaret Tudor: biography and descendants
- King George 6 of England. Biography and reign of King George 6
- Queen Mary of England: biography, years of reign
- King of England Stephen of Blois: biography, crowned ancestors, period of reign, historical events, date and cause of death
