Interesting facts about F and Tyutchev. Biography of Tyutchev

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Fyodor Tyutchev is a famous Russian lyricist, poet-thinker, diplomat, conservative publicist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1857, privy councilor.

Tyutchev wrote his works mainly in the direction of romanticism and pantheism. His poems are very popular both in Russia and throughout the world.

In his youth, Tyutchev spent his days reading poetry and admiring their creativity.

In 1812, the Tyutchev family was forced to move to Yaroslavl due to the outbreak.

They remained in Yaroslavl until the Russian army finally expelled the French army, led by.

Thanks to his father’s connections, the poet was enrolled in the College of Foreign Affairs as a provincial secretary. Later, Fyodor Tyutchev becomes a freelance attaché of the Russian diplomatic mission.

During this period of his biography, he works in Munich, where he meets Heine and Schelling.

Tyutchev's creativity

In addition, he continues to write poetry, which he later publishes in Russian publications.

During the period of biography 1820-1830. he wrote such poems as “Spring Thunderstorm”, “Like the Ocean Envelops the Globe...”, “Fountain”, “Winter is not angry for nothing...” and others.

In 1836, the Sovremennik magazine published 16 works by Tyutchev under the general title “Poems sent from Germany.”

Thanks to this, Fyodor Tyutchev is gaining great popularity in his homeland and abroad.

At the age of 45, he receives the position of senior censor. At this time, the lyricist continues to write poetry, which arouses great interest in society.

Amalia Lerchenfeld

However, the relationship between Tyutchev and Lerchenfeld never reached the wedding. The girl chose to marry the wealthy Baron Krudner.

The first wife in Tyutchev’s biography was Eleonora Fedorovna. In this marriage they had 3 daughters: Anna, Daria and Ekaterina.

It is worth noting that Tyutchev was of little interest family life. Instead, he liked to spend his free time in noisy companies in the company of representatives of the fairer sex.

Soon, at one of the social events, Tyutchev met Baroness Ernestina von Pfeffel. An affair began between them, which everyone immediately found out about.

When the poet's wife heard about this, she, unable to bear the shame, struck herself in the chest with a dagger. Fortunately, there was only a minor injury.

Tyutchev's first wife Eleanor (left) and his second wife Ernestine von Pfeffel (right)

Despite the incident and condemnation in society, Fyodor Ivanovich was never able to part with the baroness.

After the death of his wife, he immediately married Pfeffel.

However, having married the baroness, Tyutchev immediately began to cheat on her. For many years he had a close relationship with Elena Deniseva, whom we have already mentioned.

Death

IN recent years During his life, Tyutchev lost many relatives and people dear to him.

In 1864, his mistress Elena, whom he considered his muse, passed away. Then his mother, brother and his own daughter Maria died.

All this had a negative impact on Tyutchev’s condition. Six months before his death, the poet was paralyzed, as a result of which he became bedridden.

Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died on July 15, 1873 at the age of 69. The poet was buried in St. Petersburg at the Novodevichy Convent cemetery.

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Russian poet, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1857). Spiritually intense philosophical poetry Tyutcheva conveys a tragic feeling of the cosmic contradictions of existence. symbolic parallelism in poems about the life of nature, cosmic motifs. Love lyrics (including poems from the “Denisevsky cycle”). In his journalistic articles he gravitated towards Pan-Slavism.

Tyutchev born on November 23 (December 5, n.s.) in the Ovstug estate, Oryol province, in an old noble family of the middle estate. My childhood years were spent in Ovstug, my youth were connected with Moscow.

Home education was supervised by the young poet-translator S. Raich, who introduced the student to the works of poets and encouraged his first poetic experiments. At 12 years old Tyutchev has already successfully translated Horace.

In 1819 he entered the literature department of Moscow University and immediately took an active part in its literary life. After graduating from the university in 1821 with a candidate's degree in literary sciences, at the beginning of 1822 Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. A few months later he was appointed an official at the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich. From that time on, his connection with Russian literary life was interrupted for a long time.

Tyutchev spent twenty-two years abroad, twenty of them in Munich. Here he got married, here he met the philosopher Schelling and became friends with G. Heine, becoming the first translator of his poems into Russian.

In 1829 - 1830, Tyutchev’s poems were published in Raich’s magazine “Galatea”, which testified to the maturity of his poetic talent (“Summer Evening”, “Vision”, “Insomnia”, “Dreams”), but did not bring fame to the author.

Tyutchev's poetry first received real recognition in 1836, when his 16 poems appeared in Pushkin's Sovremennik.

In 1837 Tyutchev was appointed first secretary of the Russian mission in Turin, where he experienced his first bereavement: his wife died. In 1839 he entered into a new marriage. Tyutchev's official misconduct (unauthorized departure to Switzerland to marry E. Dernberg) put an end to his diplomatic service. He resigned and settled in Munich, where he spent another five years without any official position. He persistently looked for ways to return to service.

In 1844 he moved with his family to Russia, and six months later he was again hired to serve in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

In 1843 - 1850 he published political articles “Russia and Germany”, “Russia and the Revolution”, “The Papacy and the Roman Question”, concluding that a clash between Russia and the West was inevitable and the final triumph of the “Russia of the future”, which seemed to him “all-Slavic” empire.

In 1848 - 1849, caught up in events political life, he created such beautiful poems as “Reluctantly and timidly...”, “When in the circle of murderous worries...”, “To a Russian woman”, etc., but did not seek to publish them.

The beginning of Tyutchev’s poetic fame and the impetus for his active creativity was Nekrasov’s article “Russian minor poets” in the Sovremennik magazine, which spoke about the talent of this poet, not noticed by critics, and the publication of 24 poems by Tyutchev. The poet received real recognition.

The first collection of poems was published in 1854, and in the same year a series of poems about love dedicated to Elena Denisyeva was published. “Lawless” in the eyes of the world, the relationship of the middle-aged poet with his daughter’s age lasted for fourteen years and was very dramatic (Tyutchev was married).

In 1858 he was appointed chairman of the Committee of Foreign Censorship, more than once acting as an advocate for persecuted publications.

Since 1864, Tyutchev suffered one loss after another: Denisyev died of consumption, a year later - two of their children, his mother.

In the works of Tyutchev 1860? political poems and minor ones predominate. - “for cases” (“When decrepit forces ...”, 1866, “To the Slavs”, 1867, etc.).

The last years of his life were also overshadowed by heavy losses: his eldest son, brother, and daughter Maria died. The poet's life is fading. On July 15 (27 n.s.) 1873 in Tsarskoe Selo Tyutchev died.

You can't understand Russia with your mind,

The general arshin cannot be measured.

She has something special to become:

You can only believe in Russia.

What is the meaning of the famous “ You can't understand Russia with your mind"? First of all, the fact that “mind is not our highest ability” (N.V. Gogol). To navigate the multi-layered Russian space-time, you need faith, hope and love. If we interpret faith as “the revelation of things invisible,” then Russia in some respects is not visible to everyone. Like the city of Kitezh, with the approach of spiritual energies alien to it, Rus' goes into the depths.

Outstanding Russian poet Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was also a political thinker and diplomat.

Signs of the external biography of Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev are known quite well. A hereditary aristocrat of spirit and blood, he studied at Moscow University, and since 1822 devoted himself to serving the Fatherland - primarily in the field of diplomacy. He spent more than 20 years in total in Germany and Italy, where he successfully defended the state interests of Russia. At the same time, he represented his homeland in the highest intellectual circles of Europe, in particular, he was personally acquainted with Schelling and Heine. In 1836, the first selection of the poet’s poems was published in Pushkin’s Sovremennik, and Pushkin himself was delighted with them. In 1844, Tyutchev returned to Russia, where he received the court title of chamberlain, and in 1858, by order of the highest order, he became chairman of the Committee of Foreign Censorship. There is no need to specifically emphasize what the ideological and social significance of this high position was.

In 1856, A.M. was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. Gorchakov. Soon Tyutchev was promoted to full state councilor, that is, the rank of general, and appointed chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. He had a direct connection with Gorchakov, the opportunity to influence Russian politics. Tyutchev played a significant role in the formation of Russian foreign policy 1860s. He used all his connections at court (his two daughters were ladies-in-waiting), among writers and journalists, to achieve the implementation of his ideas. Tyutchev believed that “the only natural policy of Russia in relation to Western powers- this is not an alliance with one or another of these powers, but their disunion, their division. For they, only when they are separated from each other, cease to be hostile to us - out of powerlessness...” In many ways, Tyutchev turned out to be right - only when the war broke out between France and Germany, Russia was able to throw off the humiliating shackles imposed on it after the defeat in the Crimean War .

In the early morning of July 15, 1873, Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev died in Tsarskoye Selo. On July 18 he was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg.

As an analyst, he was in many ways ahead of his time. His political assessment of events, prophecies of the future of Russia and the West as two separate organisms, existing and living different and sometimes internally opposite lives, remain relevant to this day.

Tyutchev wrote his articles and unfinished treatise both before and after the revolutions that rocked Europe - in France, Germany, Austria-Hungary. In total, he wrote 4 articles: “Russia and Germany” (1844), “Russia and the Revolution” (1848-49), “The Papacy and the Roman Question” (1850), “On Censorship in Russia” (1857) and an unfinished treatise “Russia and the West” (1848-49). In them, he assesses the situation in Europe before and after the events noted. Secondly, he introduces many new terms that later enriched both Russian and Western political thought. Among them are such terms as “Russophobia”, “Pan-Slavism”. The idea of ​​empire was clearly expressed. In one of his articles he says directly: “Not a community, but an Empire.”

The most important issues raised by Tyutchev in his articles were the problems of “Russophobia” and the future “empire,” which still have not lost their relevance. First of all, we need to talk about such a phenomenon in our lives as “Russophobia”.

Russophobia is a painful hostility or even pathological hatred towards the Russian people, towards everything created by them. One of the types of xenophobia. Depending on the worldview of the interpreter of the term or on the context of its use, Russophobia can also be understood not only as hatred of Russians themselves, but also as hatred of Russia as a country or state.

A. Pushkin was the first to draw attention to the problem of Russophobia. From his point of view, one cannot forgive the “slanderers of Russia,” especially that category of people who, in response to “Russian affection,” are capable of “slandering the Russian character, smearing mud on the bound pages of our chronicles, slandering the best fellow citizens and, not being content with their contemporaries, mocking the tombs of our forefathers." Pushkin perceived attacks on the forefathers as an insult to the people and the moral dignity of the nation, which constitute the main and integral feature of patriotism. The poet recognized the originality of Russian history and believed that its explanation required a “different formula” than the history of the Christian West.

This problem itself has always worried Russia throughout its tragic history. But Tyutchev introduces this term for the first time in his articles.

This topic was poorly developed for us. The very mention of this word has not been found in dictionaries for a long time. Changes occurred only during the era of Generalissimo I.V. Stalin. In the mid-30s until the mid-50s, this term was first included in various dictionaries of the Russian language. Several dictionaries can be noted: Dictionary Russian language (ed. Ushakov, M; 1935-41), Explanatory Dictionary (ed. S. Ozhegov, M; 1949) and Dictionary of modern Russian lit. Language (M; Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1950-1965). After this, until recently, this term is absent from many dictionaries and encyclopedias.

Tyutchev uses this term in connection with a specific situation - the revolutionary events in Europe of 1848-49. And this concept itself did not arise by chance in Tyutchev. At this time, sentiments directed against Russia and Russians intensified in the West. Tyutchev investigated the reasons for this situation. They saw him in an effort European countries oust Russia from Europe, if not by force of arms, then by contempt. He worked for a long time as a diplomat in Europe (Munich, Turin) from 1822 to 1844, and later as a censor at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (1844-67) and knew what he was talking about firsthand.

Poor Russia! The whole world is against her! Not really.

In connection with this, Tyutchev conceived the idea of ​​a treatise “Russia and the West”, which remained unfinished. The direction of this work is historiosophical, and the method of presentation is comparative historical, emphasizing a comparison of the historical experience of Russia, Germany, France, Italy and Austria. Western fears about Russia, Tyutchev shows, stem, among other things, from ignorance, since scientists and Western philosophers “in their historical views” miss an entire half of the European world. It is known that Russia was forced, while protecting its interests and the interests of European security, to suppress the revolution in Austria, Germany and significantly influence the situation in France.

As a counterbalance to Russophobia, Tyutchev put forward the idea of ​​pan-Slavism. Repeatedly in journalism and in poetry, Tyutchev outlined the IDEA of the return of Constantinople, the formation of the Orthodox empire and the unification of two churches - Eastern and Western.

The current owner of the site did not write this article and does not agree with all this “Russophobic” pitiful inferiority complex, but I decided not to delete it - let it be as an opinion. Now, if this is true about Tyutchev, then he has directly fallen in my eyes. I didn’t know that Tyutchev was such a fascist. No “historically justified return of lands” and “Russophobia” (fictional or not) can be a justification for aggression towards another state. These were exactly the ideas that the notorious Mussolini had, who wanted to “return”, read, seize, lands that previously belonged to the Holy Roman Empire. Such things.

For Tyutchev, the revolution in the West began not in 1789 or during the time of Luther, but much earlier - its sources are connected with the papacy. The Reformation itself came out of the papacy, and from it comes a centuries-old revolutionary tradition. And at the same time, the idea of ​​Empire also exists in the West. “The idea of ​​Empire,” Tyutchev wrote, has always been the soul of the West,” but he immediately stipulated: “but Empire in the West has never been anything other than the theft of power, its usurpation.” It’s like a pathetic counterfeit of the true Empire—its pathetic imitation.

The Empire of the West for Tyutchev is a violent and unnatural factor. And therefore, an empire in the West is unfeasible; all attempts to create it “fail.” The entire history of the West is compressed into the “Roman question” and all the contradictions and all the “impossibilities of Western life” are concentrated in it. The papacy itself made an attempt to organize “the kingdom of Christ as a secular kingdom,” and the Western Church turned into an “institution,” became a “state within a state,” like a Roman colony in a conquered land. This duel ended in a double collapse: the Church was rejected in the Reformation, in the name of the human “I”, and the state was rejected in the Revolution. However, the power of tradition becomes so deep that the revolution itself seeks to organize itself into an empire - as if to repeat Charlemagne.

Oh, this evil west, it’s funny to read. Guys, this world is built on competition and everyone pursues their own interests - this is a fact. And the less the heads and citizens of states compare their, excuse me, pipsies with others, and the more they care about the prosperity of their country, the better it will be for everyone.

Tyutchev considered the main Russian task to be the storage and transmission in time and space of the great Christian shrine - the universal monarchy. “The universal monarchy is an empire. The Empire has always existed. It just passed from hand to hand... 4 empires: Assyria, Persia, Macedonia, Rome. The 5th empire, the final one, the Christian empire, begins with Constantine.” Tyutchev's historiosophy obviously goes back here to the vision of the prophet Daniel, and to his interpretation of the dream of King Nebuchadnezzar, who saw a giant with a golden head, a chest of silver, copper thighs and clay legs. Tyutchev gives an Orthodox-Russian interpretation of it: “Russia is much more Orthodox than Slavic. And, as Orthodox, she is the custodian of the empire... The empire does not die. Only as Emperor of the East is the Tsar Emperor of Russia. Empire of the East: this is Russia in its final form.” The Fathers of the Church at one time wrote about the Christian kingdom - but they did not yet know about the great northern country of the future.

If only we could build an Orthodox state right now, it would generally be “great.” I hope you remember the lessons of history and understand that the only the right way development is a secular state.

Perhaps Tyutchev’s most profound spiritual and political work is “Russian Geography”. The poet draws in it the outlines of the sought-after “white kingdom” - of course, more mystical than physical, although the spirit and body are inseparable in a certain sense. What the future has in store for us, only God knows, but it is absolutely clear that Holy Rus', in its mysterious destiny, has already realized much of what the brilliant poet-visionary thought and hoped for in the middle of the 19th century:

The pathos almost brought tears to my eyes right now. Sewage should be installed everywhere first, and then Holy Rus' should be built.

Moscow, and the city of Petrov, and the city of Constantine -

These are the treasured capitals of the Russian kingdom...

But where is the limit? And where are its boundaries?

North, east, south and sunset?

In the coming times, fate will expose them...

Seven inland seas and seven great rivers...

From the Nile to the Neva, from the Elbe to China,

From the Volga to the Euphrates, from the Ganges to the Danube...

This is the Russian kingdom... and it will never pass away,

Somehow the Spirit foresaw and Daniel predicted

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Tyutchev Fedor Ivanovich - famous Russian poet, conservative publicist, diplomat, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Childhood

Tyutchev's father, Ivan Nikolaevich, was a lieutenant of the guard. Mother, Ekaterina Lvovna Tolstaya, belonged to an old noble family. He had an older brother, Nikolai, who became a colonel of the General Staff, and a younger sister, Daria, who after her marriage became Sushkova.

Education

His parents gave the future poet an excellent education at home: by the age of 13, Fyodor was excellent at translating Horace’s odes and had an amazing knowledge of Latin and ancient Greek. The little poet’s home education was supervised by the young poet-translator S.E. Raich.

In 1817, when he was barely 14 years old, Tyutchev became a volunteer student at the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University. A year later he was enrolled as a student, and in 1919 he was elected an honorary member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature.

Civil service

After graduating from the university, in 1821, Tyutchev entered the service of the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs. Soon, the young and capable young man was sent as a freelance attaché as part of the Russian diplomatic mission in Munich.

Fyodor Ivanovich, being engaged in literary creativity, publishing in many publications, perfectly carries public service: As a courier he carries out diplomatic missions in the Ionian Islands. Abroad, Tyutchev received the title of chamberlain, state councilor and was appointed senior secretary of the embassy in Turin. But in 1838, after a shipwreck, Tyutchev’s wife dies, and Tyutchev leaves public service, settling abroad.

He returned to his homeland only in 1844, where he again resumed his service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. In 1848 he was appointed to the position of senior censor. In 1858, Tyutchev, with the rank of full state councilor, was appointed to the post of Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee. The subtle, diplomatic, wise poet had a lot of clashes with his superiors in this post, but retained it for himself. In 1865 he was promoted to Privy Councillor.

Creation

Three main periods can be distinguished in Tyutchev’s work:

1) 1810-1820: Tyutchev creates his first youthful poems, which are somewhat archaic and very close in style to the poetry of the 18th century.

2) Second half of 1820-1840: in Tyutchev’s work the features of original poetics are already outlined. The poems of this period have a lot from the traditions of European romanticism and Russian odic poetry of the 18th century.

Since 1840, Tyutchev has not written anything: the break in creativity lasted a whole decade.

3) 1850-1870: Tyutchev creates large number political poems and the “Denisevsky cycle”, which became the peak of his love feelings.

Personal life

In Munich, Tyutchev meets a beautiful German woman, Eleanor Peterson, née Countess Bothmer. Soon they get married, and in their marriage three lovely girls are born, but the happiness was short-lived. In 1837, the steamship on which the Tyutchev family moved from St. Petersburg to Turin crashed in the Baltic Sea. Tyutchev's wife and children owe their salvation to Turgenev, who was sailing on the same ship. Eleanor dies a year later. During one night spent at the coffin of his late wife, Tyutchev turned gray.

However, many believe that he turned gray not at all from the loss of his beloved woman, but from repentance for his grave sins in front of her. The fact is that in 1833 Tyutchev became seriously interested in Baroness Ernestina Dernberg. The whole society, including Tyutchev’s wife, soon learned about their stormy romance. After her death, Tyutchev married Ernestine.

But the love interests of the amorous poet did not end there either: he soon began another affair, with Elena Alexandrovna Denisyeva, whom society condemned for this passion. They had three children together.

Death

In December 1872, Tyutchev was partially paralyzed: he remained motionless left hand, vision dropped sharply. From then on, severe headaches did not leave the poet. On January 1, 1873, while walking, he suffered a stroke, resulting in paralysis of the entire left half of his body. On July 15, 1873, the poet passed away.

Tyutchev's main achievements

• Tyutchev managed to combine in his poetry the features of the Russian ode of the 18th century and European romanticism.
• Fyodor Ivanovich to this day remains a master of lyrical landscape: only his poems not only depict nature, but also give it a deep philosophical understanding.
• Everything that Tyutchev experienced in his life, he was able to reflect in his poems: they so accurately convey the entire palette of love feelings that they remain relevant to this day.

Films about the life of Tyutchev

Important dates in Tyutchev’s biography

• 1803 - birth
• 1817 - free student of the Faculty of History and Philology at Moscow University
• 1818 - enrolled as a student at Moscow University
• 1819 - becomes a member of the Society of Lovers of Russian Literature
• 1821 - graduation from university, beginning of service in the College of Foreign Affairs, diplomatic mission to Munich
• 1826 - wedding with Eleanor Peterson-Bothmer
• 1833 - diplomatic mission to the Ionian Islands
• 1837 - rank of chamberlain and state councilor, senior secretary of the embassy in Turin
• 1838 - death of his wife
• 1839 - leaves public service, goes to live abroad, wedding with Ernestina Dernberg
• 1844 - return to Russia
• 1845 - resumption of service in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
• 1848 - appointment to the position of senior censor
• 1854 - Tyutchev’s first book was published
• 1858 - position of Chairman of the Foreign Censorship Committee
• 1864 - death of Deniseva
• 1865 - promoted to Privy Councilor
• 1873 - death

• Tyutchev's home teacher, Raich, after he sent him to study young Fedor to Moscow, became the teacher of little Lermontov.
• In Munich, even before his relationship with his first wife, he had an affair with the young beauty Countess Amalia Krüdener, who denied feelings to Pushkin, Heine and even the Bavarian King Ludwig. But I fell in love with Tyutchev. And if not for the strict mother, the relationship would have ended in marriage.
• The poet's first wife, Eleanor Peterson, was 4 years older than him, and he took her with four children.
• After Eleanor learned of her husband's affair with Ernestine Dernberg, she attempted to commit suicide by inflicting several serious dagger wounds on herself in the chest.
• Elena Denisyeva was 23 years younger than the poet.
• The year 1964 became truly ominous for Tyutchev: a whole series of deaths overtook his life. In a short period of time, two of his children die, his mother, then another, the eldest son, a brother, and then his beloved daughter Mashenka.

Tyutchev's biography briefly, the most important thing you will learn in this article.

Biography of Tyutchev, the most important things briefly

Fedor Ivanovich Tyutchev was born November 23, 1803 in the village of Ovstug, in the Oryol province. His parents were noble and educated people. He received an excellent education: teacher Semyon Raich taught him at home, who instilled in him a love of poetry. Already at the age of 12, Fyodor was translating the works of Horace and trying to write poems. At the age of 14 he was accepted into the staff of the Society of Lovers of Literature. And in 1816 Tyutchev became a volunteer student at Moscow University. In 1819 he entered the Faculty of Philology, which he graduated in just 2 years.

Having received a doctorate in literature, he got a job at the College of Foreign Affairs. In 1822, Tyutchev went to serve in Munich. He devoted three years to the diplomatic service. At this time I wrote poetry only for myself. He returned to his homeland only in 1825. Returning to Munich, he married Eleanor Peterson, taking custody of her 3 children from his first marriage. The couple also had their own children - 3 beautiful daughters. The city also gave him friendship with the philosopher Schelling and the poet Heine.

In the spring of 1836, Fyodor Ivanovich transferred his lyrical works to St. Petersburg, which were published in Pushkin’s magazine Sovremennik. In general, his German service lasted 15 years. In the spring of 1837, the poet and diplomat received leave and went to St. Petersburg for 3 months.

At the end of his vacation, he was redirected to Turin as first secretary and charge d'affaires of the Russian mission. His wife dies in Italy and a year later he marries Mrs. Ernestine Dernberg again. This was the beginning of the end of his diplomatic career, as he voluntarily went to Switzerland for a wedding.

Fyodor Ivanovich tried for 2 whole years to return to service, but in vain. He was permanently excluded from the list of Ministry officials. After his dismissal, Tyutchev lived for another 4 years in Munich, Germany.