Science cities of Russia: list. Development of science cities in Russia

The word “science city” itself came into use relatively recently: in the 1990s, although cities of science were born much earlier. After the war, it was necessary to create nuclear weapons, missile technology, and aviation as quickly as possible. It was at this time that settlements began to develop in the Soviet Union, where the country's intellectual elite was concentrated.

And in 1991, the “Union for the Development of Science Cities of Russia” was created. The status of a science city was first awarded in 2000 to the city of Obninsk.

Today there are fourteen cities that have the official status of science cities of the Russian Federation. Each of them has its own personality. Some of them can be called cities of rocket and space technology. In others, unique developments are created in the field of chemical physics and new materials. There are science cities of the nuclear complex, and there are those specializing in instrument engineering, biology and biotechnology, electronics and radio engineering. And there are also complex science cities - such as Dubna, where, in addition to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, there are scientific, design and research and production centers for aerospace, instrument-making, and shipbuilding.

But these different cities have one thing in common. All of them have scientific traditions, a powerful research base, and qualified personnel. Science cities are established elements of the innovation system. These are the cities of the future. Let's look at each of them:

Science city Biysk is the largest and, perhaps, the most “venerable” science city in Russia. This is the oldest city in Altai - it was founded as a fortress back in 1709. The scope of activity of the Biysk science city is wider than space. These are modern types of weapons and defense capabilities, medicine and pharmaceuticals, agriculture and the coal mining industry, the oil industry, etc. Unique medicines with anti-inflammatory, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects.

A number of enterprises in the science city of Biysk are engaged in fundamental research and development in the field of creating special-purpose equipment to increase the country's defense capability, as well as chemical products for rocketry. The city is home to the Institute of Chemical and Energy Technologies of the Siberian Branch Russian Academy Sci.

Federal Research and Production Center "Altai" is the only manufacturer of high-security explosives in Russia. More than 450 types of new products and 150 new technologies have been developed there and introduced into serial factories in the country. The center carries out special-purpose work, including in such areas as intercontinental ballistic missiles, guided missile warheads, small-sized products and ignition devices. On the basis of the center’s scientific and production divisions, more than 60 small and medium-sized enterprises have been created, which are united into the Altai Research and Production Concern. Today, specialists from the Federal Research and Production Center "Altai" are developing several dozen major areas of activity in a variety of fields of science and technology. Innovative areas are actively developing in the city.

The science city of Obninsk begins its history on June 27, 1954. It was then that the world's first industrial nuclear power plant was launched in the village of Obninskoye. The nuclear power plant was built by employees of the Physics and Energy Institute named after. A. Leypunsky, who can now be called one of the calling cards of Obninsk.

Here, in addition to the world's first nuclear power plant, the one-of-a-kind All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information - the World Data Center is located. The Geophysical Service of the Russian Academy of Sciences and NPO Typhoon, the leading research institution of Roshydromet, are located in the science city of Obninsk. More than half a century ago, the Institute of Medical Radiology was opened in Obninsk - one of the leading medical and research institutions in Russia in the field of treatment of oncological diseases.

In the city there is the Navy Submarine Training Center. More than six hundred crews were trained here, hundreds of admirals became its graduates, and active research work is carried out. It is not for nothing that the nuclear submarine on combat duty in the Northern Fleet is named Obninsk.

During the existence of the city, a whole galaxy of talented scientists and engineers created thousands of unique developments in the field of nuclear physics and energy, radiation chemistry, geophysics, radiology and meteorology. The small city of Obninsk has been a center for the development and application of nuclear technology for the benefit of people for many years.

Science city Dubna - Its very emergence is connected with the creation in 1956 of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research - one of the largest international scientific physical centers.

The Joint Nuclear Institute today, more than half a century after its creation, remains a recognized world leader in many areas of scientific research. 18 states participate in its activities; The Institute maintains contacts with hundreds of scientific centers in different countries of the world. Perhaps this is why the city, as many note, has some kind of “European” flavor.

In addition to JINR, the Institute of Physical and Technical Problems, the Research Institute of Applied Acoustics, the Atoll Research Institute operate and are successfully engaged in scientific activities in Dubna, and there are many high-tech companies implementing unique projects.

During the entire existence of the city, the scientists of the science city of Dubna have recorded a huge number of remarkable discoveries and developments. Impressive results have been achieved in the field of synthesis of superheavy elements.

Science city Zhukovsky has been the venue for almost 20 years for one of the world's largest aviation forums, the International Aviation and Space Salon MAKS, which attracts hundreds of thousands of guests: aviation professionals and simply fans of air technology, because this city has been the center of Russian aviation for several decades. Sciences.

TsAGI plays a leading role in this. Professor N.E. Zhukovsky is a unique scientific institution that in practice combines fundamental and applied research, experimental design development, as well as the production and testing of new types of aircraft. And the Flight Test Institute named after. MM. Gromova, having a unique test airfield and a significant fleet of flying laboratories, actively participates in testing the latest aviation and aerospace technology. NIIP im. V.V. Tikhomirov - Russia's leading enterprise for development and testing the latest systems weapons control of mobile air defense systems and modern fighter aircraft. Many technical solutions and developments of the city’s enterprises have no analogues in the world and are currently advanced in the world science of aircraft manufacturing. This is where the defensive power of our country's air defense forces is forged.

Science city Korolev is the past, present and future of the Russian space industry. This city has been one of the main scientific and technical centers of the country for more than half a century. Of the 16 large enterprises located in Korolev, half are related to space exploration.

The main industrial enterprise of the city is the Energia rocket and space corporation, founded in 1946. The Mission Control Center is also located here, which controls the flight of the International Space Station, Progress-M automatic cargo spacecraft, scientific modules designed to work as part of orbital complexes, interplanetary automatic stations, and manned transport spacecraft.

The science city of Pushchino can be called a real science reserve.

Opposite the city, on the other bank of the Oka, there is the famous Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve near Moscow, where people come from all over the country to admire the bison. But, in addition, the Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve is a federal research institution where natural processes and phenomena are studied.

In the science city of Pushchino there is the Pushchino Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the largest biological center in Russia. The Pushchino Center united all scientific and scientific-auxiliary institutions of the city. Today it represents a whole complex of biologically oriented institutes, widely known throughout the world. For almost half a century, unique, internationally recognized fundamental research and applied work in the field of biophysics, biochemistry, molecular and cellular biology, genetic and cellular engineering, biophysics, photobiology, etc. have been carried out here. The developments of scientists from the science city of Pushchino find practical application in medicine, various fields of industry, and agriculture.

The research of the Pushchino Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences is not limited to our planet. It includes the world's largest radio astronomy observatory of the Astrospace Center of the Physical Institute. P.N. Lebedeva. This is the oldest scientific institution in Russia engaged in radio astronomy. And it was here that a striking discovery took place in the field of radio astronomy and astrophysics: the supercorona of the Sun and the radial magnetic fields in it were discovered.

The science city of Reutov received the status of a city of science in 2003, although, in fact, it became one much earlier. In 1955, the OKB-52 aviation and missile enterprise was created here (now OJSC Military-Industrial Corporation NPO Mashinostroeniya). Throughout its history, the military-industrial complex NPO Mashinostroeniya has been one of the leading rocket and space enterprises in Russia, known throughout the world.

More than 25 rocket and space complexes for various purposes were developed here. Today, combat systems with cruise missiles created by the military-industrial complex NPO Mashinostroeniya are the basis of anti-ship weapons of the Russian Navy. Among the major projects implemented at the enterprise (and there are more than fifty of them!) are three national defense programs.

Scientists and engineers of the military-industrial complex created the world's first global space reconnaissance satellites, maneuvering spacecraft, and complexes with intercontinental ballistic missiles. Reutov is the birthplace of the Proton heavy launch vehicle and manned and automatic stations launched into orbit with its help. Many of the company’s developments, carried out decades ago, are successfully used today (for example, the famous “hundreds” - ICBM UR-100). And today, in the science city of Reutov, work is underway on the most complex rocket and space complexes and unique systems, fundamentally new developments in the field of space exploration are appearing, and cooperation with other countries is developing.

The NPO Mashinostroeniya Corporation can also be called a training ground for young specialists and engineers capable of solving modern problems in priority areas of aerospace engineering: the enterprise has been the base of practice for students of the Aerospace Faculty of Moscow State Technical University for more than 30 years. Bauman.

The science city of Troitsk houses 10 academic research institutes, which conduct fundamental scientific research and applied developments in various fields of physics: nuclear physics, superconductivity, optics, technologies for the production of superhard materials and others. The oldest institute in the city is the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation.

The Institute of Innovative and Thermonuclear Research carries out work in the field of thermonuclear fusion, conducts research on laser physics, and develops laser systems. The Institute of Nuclear Research carries out work in the field of elementary particle physics, the atomic nucleus, neutrino astrophysics and cosmic ray physics, and medical physics. Scientists at the Institute of Spectroscopy solve problems related to laser analysis, the development of spectroscopy, and laser instrument making. In the science city of Troitsk there are basic departments of MIPT, MEPhI and Moscow State University.

The developments of scientists from the Troitsk science city have earned worldwide recognition. The institutes maintain connections with major scientific centers in Europe, the USA, Japan, China, and South Korea; Today many interesting international projects are being implemented.

The science city of Fryazino - since the 1930s, since the creation of the Radiolamp plant here, has become the center of the country's radio-electronic industry.

The largest enterprise - FSUE NPP Istok - once grew out of the same Radiolamp plant. Traditionally, Istok heads the Coordination Scientific and Technical Council and the Council of Chief Designers for coordinating the development strategy of domestic microwave electronics. FSUE “Istok” is the founder of many significant research institutes and enterprises of the country: it was its personnel, technologies, and equipment that became the basis on which they were formed. Among the products manufactured by Istok in the science city of Fryazino are radar equipment, microwave devices, radio relay communication equipment, surgical and therapeutic laser systems, and much more.

Today, the scientific and production complex of the Fryazino science city includes 25 enterprises and organizations of the city, which, during their existence, have made a significant contribution to the development of communication and television systems, space exploration, and the creation of high-precision weapons, medical devices and equipment. The research and development work of the Fryazino Institute of Radio Electronics has received wide recognition.

NTO "IRE-Polyus" offers Russian market more than 600 advanced products, many of which have no analogues on the global high-tech market. NPP Istok-System develops and produces medical equipment, the use of which is much cheaper than foreign analogues, as well as special equipment products. In a word, scientists and engineers of the science city of Fryazino carry out unique research and development, the scope of which is truly immense.

Science city Chernogolovka is a city of chemical physics.

Today, the Scientific Center in Chernogolovka includes seven institutes of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as two research and production enterprises. The heads of the Chernogolov institutes are leading world-famous Russian scientists. Among the staff of the Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences are more than 900 doctors and candidates of science, academicians and corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The area of ​​research carried out by scientists from the Chernogolovka science city is very wide. These are chemical physics of combustion and explosion processes, physics of condensed matter, micro- and nanoelectronics, medicine (design medicinal substances), modern materials science, geology (development of theoretical foundations for searching for mineral deposits), physics of high-temperature superconductivity, etc. Fundamental research is combined with the solution of applied problems. Many developments of scientists from the Chernogolovka science city (for example, a method for diagnosing drug addiction, a drug for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, obtained at the Institute physiologically active substances RAS) have no analogues in the world.

The science city of Protvino is the city of the synchrophasotron, because simultaneously with the start of construction of a huge proton accelerator in 1960 in the Moscow region, the future city of Protvino was founded.

At first it was called Serpukhov-7 and was not marked on the map due to strict secrecy.

In 1963, the Institute of High Energy Physics was organized here, which today is one of the leading physical scientific centers in Russia. The Institute has an excellent experimental and research base. Here they conduct unique fundamental theoretical and experimental research, work on the creation of installations in the field of electrophysics, accelerator technology, superconductivity, etc., installations for the treatment of oncological diseases. Recently, interest in programs of applied importance has been growing. Many of the institute’s developments are also used in the national economy.

At the IHEP accelerator complex, large-scale international cooperation in the field of high energy physics arose, in which the European Organization for Nuclear Research, universities and laboratories of the USA, Japan and Western Europe, Dubninsky Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. This cooperation continues and develops successfully today.

In addition to IHEP, the science city of Protvino has a number of scientific enterprises, whose science-intensive products are known all over the world.

Science city Koltsovo is an outpost protecting people from viruses.

The history of this city began in 1974, when, by decree of the government of the country, the State Scientific Center for Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” was created in Koltsovo. Its mission was declared to be scientific and practical support for the fight against global infectious threats.

The main goal of the center was to study the fundamental features of specific viruses based on an analysis of their primary structure and predict the possibility of the emergence of new pathogenic viruses dangerous to humans. Vector conducts fundamental scientific research in the fields of molecular biology, virology and bacteriology, epidemiology, ecology, and genetic engineering. Experiments are carried out here, the safety requirements for which are extremely high.

Many studies of the institutes of the Koltsovo science city fall into the highest category of secrecy.

Over its relatively short history, the virology center has saved the lives and health of many thousands of people. Scientists from the Koltsovo science city have developed unique drugs, including a vaccine against hepatitis A and other viral and bacterial infections. One of the latest developments of this largest virological and biotechnological center in Russia is the new laboratory of the institute for the study of highly pathogenic strains of influenza viruses. In the science city of Koltsovo, much attention is paid to the study of the plague of our time - the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Science city Peterhof - it was here, back in 1901, that for the first time in Russia a building designed and built specifically for physicists appeared - the Physics Institute (now the V. A. Fok Research Institute of Physics). Names associated with this institute Nobel laureates L. Landau, N. Semenova, A. Prokhorova.

Research Institute of Physics is one of the divisions of the Petrodvorets educational and scientific complex of St. Petersburg State University, which also includes the Research Institute of Computational Mathematics and Control Processes, the Research Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, the Astronomical Institute, the Biological Research Institute, the Research Institute of Radiophysics, the Research Institute of Chemistry, the Research Institute of Information Technologies, and the Faculty of Applied Sciences. mathematics and control processes, mathematical-mechanical, physical and chemical faculties of St. Petersburg State University. In addition, the Naval Institute of Radio Electronics, the Military Transport Academy of Railway Troops, and the Academy of Logistics and Transport operate in Peterhof.

Peterhof became the first science city in the north-west of Russia and the first science city that has two components: a scientific and educational complex and a museum-reserve. The areas of scientific activity of scientists from the science city of Peterhof are very diverse. Here work is carried out in the field of ecology, information technology, electronics, research of the physical fields of the earth, cell biology and developmental biology; military equipment and weapons are being developed.

The science city of Michurinsk became the first and only science city in Russia in the agro-industrial field; for decades it has been an all-Russian center of horticulture.

The main scientific institutions of the science city also bear the name of this remarkable scientist-breeder: the All-Russian Research Institute of Horticulture, the All-Russian Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Plants (the former Central Genetic Laboratory, the oldest breeding and genetic institution in Russia in the field of fruit growing), Michurinsky State Agrarian The university is the only higher education institution of its kind in the country. The directions and specializations of Michurin University fully cover the entire system of the agro-industrial complex.

Michurinsk scientists have created hundreds of new varieties of fruits and berry crops, among which there are, for example, apples that can withstand 40-degree frosts, frost-resistant grapes and much more.

In the science city of Michurinsk, organic production of the most important food products is developing, products are being created functional purpose(diabetic, preventive and therapeutic, enriched with vitamins, having a certain acid-fat composition). Here, a wealth of experience has been accumulated in the field of bringing fruit and berry crops to consumers with maximum preservation of all vitamins and biologically active substances.

In the Russian Federation, 13 cities have the status of a science city, eight of them are located in the Moscow region. In the law “On the status of a science city of the Russian Federation,” a science city is defined as a municipal entity with the status of an urban district, which has high scientific and technical potential, in which scientific and technical products account for more than 50% of the total output of all economic entities of the municipality. Read about which science cities are located in the Moscow region and what they specialize in in the material on the portal website.

Dubna

The status of a science city was assigned by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of December 20, 2001 for a period until December 31, 2025. The main specialization of the district's scientific enterprises is nuclear physics. Thus, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research is a world famous international center, and now a megaproject of global importance is being implemented there - the construction of the NICA scientific complex.

Also on the territory of Dubna are the special economic zone “Dubna”, a space communications center, the State University “Dubna”, research and production complexes and machine-building plants.

Interesting fact: Dubna is the only Russian city immortalized in D.I. Mendeleev’s periodic table. Dubnium, element 105, was discovered by scientists here.

Zhukovsky

Zhukovsky was awarded the status of a science city by a decree of the government of the Russian Federation in 2007. The priority areas for Zhukovsky are information and telecommunication systems, transport, aviation and space systems, advanced weapons, military and special equipment, energy and energy saving. Moreover, the city's aviation industry is most famous. It was in Zhukovsky that the United Aircraft Corporation was created and the Zhukovsky airport is located.

More than a thousand scientists work at the most important enterprises of the district, including the world's largest center of aviation science, FSUE TsAGI named after. prof. N. E. Zhukovsky", Flight Research Institute named after. M. M. Gromova, a number of defense industry enterprises.

Zhukovsky is known to many as the venue, which in 2017 will be held from July 18 to 23.

Korolev

Korolev was awarded the status of a science city in 2001 by presidential decree. It is symbolic that the decree was signed on April 12, Cosmonautics Day, and Korolev is precisely the center of the rocket and space industry. On its territory are located: JSC Rocket and Space Corporation Energia named after S.P. Korolev, FSUE Central Research Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Design Bureau of Chemical Engineering named after. A. M. Isaeva.

The main enterprises of the Russian space industry are located in Korolev, among which is the Mission Control Center, which is where the Russian segment of the International Space Station (ISS) is controlled.

Protvino

The city district of Protvino received the status of a science city by presidential decree in 2008 for a period of five years; in 2014, this status was retained for the next five years. The main specializations are biotechnology and energy. The State Scientific Center Institute of High Energy Physics, CJSC Protom, NPO DNA-Technology, NPO Turbotekhnika and others are successfully operating in Protvina.

It is noteworthy that a complex of ion radiation therapy was developed in Protvina to treat cancer patients without damaging surrounding healthy tissue.

Pushchino

Reutov

Reutov has had the status of a science city since 2003 for a period until December 31, 2027. The main specializations are aviation and space, mechanical engineering, instrument engineering. Thus, JSC VPK "NPO Mashinostroeniya" is the city's main enterprise; it is here that the latest types of military equipment are created, as well as missile and rocket-space systems that have no analogues in the world.

Other scientific enterprises in the district include the Scientific and Technical Association "Plamya", the scientific company "Flamena" (dealing with pharmaceutical products), LLC "Nano Invest" (high-tech equipment).

Fryazino

Fryazino has had the status of a science city since 2003. The main specialization of scientific and production enterprises in Fryazin is electronics. The science city research and production complex includes 25 enterprises and organizations, including JSC NPP Istok named after. Shokin”, JSC “Research Institute “Platan”” with a plant at the research institute”, FSUE “Special Design Bureau of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Russian Academy of Sciences” and others.

On the basis of the Istok Research and Production Enterprise named after Shokin, it was created in 2015, where investment projects in the field of microwave electronics are being implemented.

Chernogolovka

Victoria Kulagina

Obninsk near Moscow is the first science city in Russia to receive its status as a technological and scientific center of the country. It is distinguished by such characteristic features, not inherent in other science cities, as versatility: scientific institutes of chemical, physical, meteorological, medical, seismological and even agricultural profiles coexist here. But the main thing is that this science city of Russia still proudly bears the title “City of Peaceful Atoms”, and sees the main prospects for its development in connection with nuclear technologies and nuclear energy.

How did science survive?

The idea of ​​making a technopolis out of Obninsk, as the city plan was originally designated, or a science city of Russia, was born in 1991, when the previous state system finally collapsed. Was held international Conference regarding the problems of the perestroika period of science and technology and the conditions for its transition to a market economy. There were many reports outlining promising ways of developing new technologies, engineering and regional science in general. The problem of the existence of cities like Obninsk, the first science city in Russia, in market conditions was discussed for the first time at the highest level. It turned out that it is not so easy to effectively use this scientific potential if the city does not have the corresponding special status, secured at least at the federal level. After this conference, specific conceptual ideas for building the strategic development of the city began to arrive. This is how the Russian science city, Obninsk, first appeared.

In 1992, the Obninsk-Technopolis association was established, which formed the science city movement. A concept was developed, under which all technical and economic justifications were summed up, and a potential analysis was made. The scientific and production complex of the city turned out to be quite wealthy to bear this status - a science city of Russia. In 1993, the board of directors of Obninsk met, where this fateful decision was made. From now on, all enterprises and institutions are joining a united front in the struggle for special status. Since 1994, a new mayor has been working in Obninsk, and the systematic development of the city for the future begins. An expert council is assembled under the mayor, directly involved in the development and implementation of a long-term program. In March 1995, parliamentary hearings were held for the first time on the problems of science cities, where the first edition of the law “On the status of science cities of the Russian Federation” was discussed. Subsequently, in accordance with this law, many technopolises were formed, the science cities of Central Russia were especially numerous.

Law

The city’s opportunities were destined to be realized only in November 1997, after the release of the corresponding Presidential Decree, which specifically indicated measures for the development of cities of high technology and science. However, not a single city could receive this status for another two years, since the law was adopted only in 1999, which provided all the definitions under which all science cities in Russia should fall. The list of them is quite long, the most remarkable ones will be discussed below, but for now the situation will be considered using the example of Obninsk. Almost everywhere there were the same problems, the same obstacles were overcome, the difficulties experienced by the entire country were overcome. The science cities of Central Russia were several in better conditions than, say, the Ural or Siberian ones. Only one transport accessibility worth a lot. However, this problem was not at the forefront at that moment.

So, municipal formations, where the city-forming complex is the scientific and production complex, that is, a set of organizations that carry out innovative, scientific, scientific and technical activities, as well as experimental testing and development, personnel training in accordance with state priorities for the development of science and technology, are precisely such cities can claim the status of a technopolis. Many cities strived to become science cities in Russia, the list of them today is quite long, but Obninsk became the first science city in 2000. Together with the law on status, the entire regulatory framework was created through which support for cities was planned at the federal level.

Living conditions in a science city

The distinctive features of Obninsk are, first of all, its proximity to the capital and comfortable living. The latter includes developed infrastructure, favorable environmental conditions, and welfare in social and living terms. The fact that Moscow, the largest industrial and technological metropolis, is nearby is especially valuable. But the main distinguishing feature of Obninsk, as noted by the Union of Science Cities of Russia, is the educational system, which can really be envied. There's a lot here educational institutions and research institutes, from which a constant influx and reproduction of engineering personnel, technical and scientific, is ensured. That is, there are the broadest opportunities for the development of high-tech industries, which is of fundamental importance. In addition, other science cities in Russia and their specialization are radically different from Obninsk. There is far more than one specialization here.

The nuclear industry, naturally, dominates in this science city, although Obninsk cannot be called a purely “nuclear city”. This is how it started, but over time the range of scientific activities of the townspeople expanded significantly. It is not for nothing that Obninsk is the first science city in Russia. So far, the socio-economic development program developed here has no equal among other science cities. All the results speak to this: the ranking of the best cities in Russia put small Obninsk in ninth place, the rest of the science cities are not even included in the top hundred. The rating considered the following indicators: average wages, the queue of people in need of housing, places in kindergartens, the number of educational institutions, sports infrastructure, the percentage of medium and small private businesses. Health care, by the way, was not at the proper level anywhere, in any city.

How to get a science city

First of all, we need nationally significant research institutes and industries, which are most often city-forming, which for Obninsk was the Physics and Energy Institute (PEI). This is the founder of the city, without him nothing would have happened. Why is that? Yes, because such institutions radically influence the budget, and therefore the entire standard of living in a given area (they also have an extremely strong influence on the general cultural level of the population). The entire social sector - schools, kindergartens, theaters, museums, cinemas, stadiums and so on - appeared from within the IPPE, since there was no city budget as such. But considerable sums were always allocated for the institute, which helped build houses and roads, cultural centers and shopping centers. Many science cities in Russia developed according to the same principle.

Now the situation is a little different, but for the fact that it exists at all, we must thank the appearance of scientific institutes and enterprises in the city. Now the city does not collect one hundred percent of the tax from scientific institutions, as before. Only thirty-two. Where does the rest come from for the amazing prosperity of the city? As much as forty percent of the city’s income comes from small businesses, and new economy, which is not yet well on its feet, gives about fifteen percent. How does a small town have so many small businesses? The development of science cities in Russia shows that this figure is simply fantastic. For every ten thousand people in the city there are approximately eight hundred enterprises, with a meager amount of services and trade, mostly small high-tech enterprises. In Kaluga, which, compared to other cities in the country, occupies one of the first places in terms of prosperity, there are only four hundred enterprises for every ten thousand people. This means that Obninsk developed more powerfully than many megacities. Not all science cities in the Central region of Russia were able to reach this level. Or rather, not one could.

Science in the country today

No matter how many science cities appear in Russia, they still have one problem. After all, their successful operation and maintenance of status depends not only on the quantity and quality of city-forming enterprises. Everything, literally everything, depends on the state of science in the country. Not only Obninsk science has suffered in the last quarter of a century. The amount of funds that should have been received, but were not received, for scientific research was constantly decreasing; the number of employees at leading institutes was constantly decreasing. People - world-class professionals - were constantly leaving, there were huge waves of migration, and it was good if they went to Moscow or St. Petersburg. Most of them were received with great joy abroad.

And now there is still no due attention to our dying science, the state has no time for it. There is still underfunding and lack of support for young professionals. Even in Obninsk. It cannot be said that science cities and academic towns in Russian regions are dying. No, they don’t die, smart people live and work there. However, there is no such blessed return in which the country flourishes (here we remember our space epic). It is unpleasant to realize that even Obninsk children do not connect their future with their hometown, as surveys showed. One hundred (!) percent of high school students are going to leave - some to the capital, some abroad. This is the indicator. This means that the idea of ​​a science city is not fully working, it has either lost its power or has ceased to be self-sufficient - after all, Obninsk is multi-economic compared to how, for example, science cities in the European north of Russia live. I would like to hope that the idea has not yet completely discredited itself. The potential of science cities is enormous, but due to the lack of government attention, it is simply sleeping.

How not to lose positions

There must be confidence in the future. This is where all the problems stem, because there is little funding for science; its inspiration must be constantly fueled. The state, by the way, is beginning to finance science better and better; hope for a better future should remain. However, during these dark years of post-perestroika, scientific personnel lost some of the most important qualities, such as vitality. The activity of the life position has almost disappeared, since there was no positivity for a long time, the ability to adapt to new circumstances has appeared, but is this so good? After all, the main thing for a scientist is to always see the goal. Only then will he do everything wisely and until the very end, without being distracted by anything.

In the global scientific sphere, technology platforms are now a key area. The Union for the Development of Science Cities of Russia is working to ensure that Obninsk and other technopolises in the center of the country create such platforms or at least be present on others. Unfortunately, only Siberia remains active. Novosibirsk Academgorodok, as well as Tomsk and Krasnoyarsk, have become centers of technology platforms. And science cities, born under the wing of capitals, are still waiting for favors from governments. And if they didn’t give money! After all, they give. People just became different, lost faith and lost their desire for science. We must work primarily in this direction. It’s always quick to destroy a country, but to put it back together and restore it is a huge job, and most of all, it’s a spiritual one.

Money

In Obninsk, by the way, absolutely all city research institutes managed to survive the crisis years. Of course, there were staff reductions everywhere; they fired not the best, but very worthy ones who were capable of bringing considerable benefit. There were no mass non-payments of wages anywhere in Obninsk. Now the institutes are increasing the speed of their work. At the schoolchildren level, progress is not yet so visible, but specialists are beginning to gradually return to their native teams. Perhaps in a few years everything will get better.

But at the time when Leiptunsky and Kurchatov created their scientific authority, the state subsidized almost unlimitedly. However, anyone would be shot if the funds were spent in the wrong direction. There was responsibility. Now such big names don’t appear, they don’t exist. Perhaps, precisely for the reason that fear is lost. It’s not even the fear of being shot, but the fear of not getting things done. And the money allocated for the development of the city, district, region is spent without a twinge of conscience on some toilet brushes for twenty-three thousand rubles each, as it thundered throughout the whole country from the Vladimir region.

Classical Science and Commerce

Again, using the example of Obninsk (although Novosibirsk would fit in well here too), we can consider the shares of traditional classical science and small innovative business, into which it is steadily transforming. Is it good that this process is so great or bad (remember the thirty-two percent income from the Obninsk Research Institute and more than forty percent from small businesses)? Previously, science was a donor - one hundred percent. In Obninsk the situation has changed. In many other science cities - no. There is no transformation or budget growth, the scientific potential is not eroded by immediate needs, but innovations based on scientific research appear there too. They simply give them away, or rather, hand them over to other hands, while they themselves continue to develop pure science. Who wins?

There are two methods that work with business - PUSH and PULL. The first is a super task, money for it, gun to the temple. And here it is - the impossible, ready. Previously, all Obninsk institutes were focused specifically on the ultimate task. But the second method, which is now being used to work with business, is pulling. There is no super task. There is an order from the market. If there is a request for development, it will be there. I didn’t get in, and no one will just delve into science. For example, the market needs pharmaceutical developments. If Obninsk doesn’t grab this luck by the tail now, it won’t have any money. Science is converted into currency. And this is exactly how you can lose your scientific potential forever. We can only hope that the state will soon need Obninsk to solve some super-task. But will he be ready?

Innovation resource

By 2004, there were already seven science cities in Russia: Obninsk, Dubna, Korolev, Michurinsk, Koltsovo, Fryazino, Reutov. In addition, six more cities received the go-ahead after undergoing approvals and examinations at the federal level. These are Biysk, Peterhof, Zhukovsky, Seversk, Pushchino, Troitsk. By January 2015, there were thirteen of them. Koltsovo from the Novosibirsk region, Michurinsk from the Tambov region, Protvino and Chernogolovka from the Moscow region were added. There are seven main specializations of science cities: space research, aircraft and rocket engineering; radio engineering and electronics; mechanical and instrument engineering, automation; chemical physics, chemistry and creation of materials; nuclear complex; biology biotechnology; energy.

In addition to official science cities, there are also unofficial ones in Russia. There are 65 of them. Half of these rural and urban settlements are located in the Moscow region (29, including Zelenograd, which is a metropolitan area). There are also many unofficial science cities in the center of Russia - eight more. They are looked after by the Yaroslavl, Tver, Nizhny Novgorod, Kaluga, and Vladimir regions. The second most dense science cities are the Urals, most of them are in Chelyabinsk and Sverdlovsk region. There are six science cities in Western Siberia - in Altai, Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions. With them, Russia will have to conquer the global economic space through innovative development, and not through the exploitation of the country’s fuel and raw materials reserves. It is high time to use the intellectual, scientific and creative potential, which has always been high in our country, for its intended purpose.

"Closed" cities

The distribution of scientific and technical potential in the country has always been uneven: approximately 70 percent of scientific research occurred in research centers, universities, laboratories located in Moscow and the region, in Leningrad, Novosibirsk and the Urals. Most of the science cities were created back in the thirties of the last century. Then, in the fifties and seventies, the authorities again issued special decrees on the creation of new strategic facilities, the tasks of which were to develop the military-industrial complex and support it with scientific and technical forces. The largest projects concerned aviation, then nuclear, missile, space, and a little later - biological complexes, as well as the corresponding settlements for them. Many of these cities were not even on maps and were never mentioned in any reference book. Some did not even have names, being designated by special coded license plates. For example, Snezhinsk, Sarov, Zheleznogorsk, Seversk, Ozyorsk and many others. And today they are open only relatively, although they are written about in the press and spoken on television (but not shown!). These are the so-called Closed Administrative Territorial Entities (CLATEs) with a special status and many restrictions.

The secrecy of other science cities was relative: foreign guests were prohibited, and city-forming enterprises and organizations were not mentioned in the press. These are Obninsk, Protvino, Troitsk, Zhukovsky, Korolev, Khimki, Sosnovy Bor, Dzerzhinsky and many, many others. Now it is much easier to determine the nature of a science city. They are single-profile, complex and mono-oriented. Single-profile: Obninsk, Krasnoznamensk, Beloozersky, Koltsovo, Mendeleevo, Snezhinsk, Protvino and others. Mono-oriented technopolises may have several city-forming enterprises, but they are all in the same field of activity. For example, Zhukovsky is an aviation complex where aircraft are developed, tested and produced. There are seven research institutes and two research and production enterprises in Chernogolovka, all of them are engaged in chemical physics. Also mono-oriented science cities are Yubileiny, Trekhgorny, Pushchino, Krasnoobsk, Zelenograd. Complex ones include Dubna, where in addition to nuclear research, aerospace, instrument-making, shipbuilding research is carried out and an international university operates, as well as Kovrov, Klimovsk, Korolev, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Reutov and again Obninsk. Academic towns belong to the Russian Academy of Sciences, where scientific teams of different fields also collaborate.

text Petr Kharatyan
illustrations Elena Byalaya

President Vladimir Putin signed the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On the Status of Science City of the Russian Federation” and the Federal Law “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy”. On April 10, the law was adopted by the State Duma, and on April 15 it was approved by the Federation Council.

In the predecessor law, a science city is essentially the territory on which it is located a large number of scientific and educational institutions. The new bill consolidates a different approach - science should become the basis for the socio-economic development of the territory in a modern science city, ensure the development of innovative business, and attract additional investments for the development of knowledge-intensive industries. In essence, this allows us to get rid of the one-sided development of science cities like single-industry towns, where all life is concentrated around one or several enterprises. To solve a complex problem, the bill expands the rights of local governments, primarily in the use of federal support funds - the formation of a socio-economic development program allows, on a competitive basis, to receive additional subsidies for almost any event aimed at developing the scientific and production complex of the science city.

It is worth noting that the creation of special territories with special powers of local governments will be reflected in the new law on science. Therefore, the adoption of the bill on science cities is preparatory stage to develop a large bill.

Population:

The city of Biysk was founded in 1709. The formation of Biysk as a city of science began during the Great Patriotic War. Science City since 2005.

Zhukovsky

Population:

In 1933, on the site of the future city of Zhukovsky, the construction of new buildings of the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute (TsAGI) began, and in 1940, the construction of the Flight Research Institute, the project of which was proposed by the pilot M.M. Gromov. Science City since 2007. Site for the future National Aircraft Manufacturing Center.

Population:

In the post-war years, the Institute of Nuclear Problems and the Electrophysical Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Sciences were built here, and later the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research was founded on their basis. In 2001, Dubna was given the status of a science city.

Koltsovo

Population:

Koltsov’s scientific development began back in the 1970s. At that time it was a settlement for employees of the All-Union Research Institute of Molecular Biology (now the State Scientific Center for Virology and Biotechnology "Vector"). In 2003, the city was awarded the status of a science city.

Population:

The city was formed in 1938 from the village of Kalininsky, on the territory of which there was an artillery plant evacuated from Petrograd in 1918. Science City since 2001.

Michurinsk

Population:

Science city since 2003. The first and only science city specializing in the agricultural industry.

Population:

Since 1946, a secret nuclear facility, Laboratory “B” (the future Institute of Physics and Energy) existed here. In 1954, the world's first nuclear power plant was launched in Obninsk. In 1999, the city received the status of a science city, becoming the first in Russia.

Peterhof

Population:

Peterhof was awarded the status of a science city in 2005. Research Institute of Physics and many laboratories and institutes adjacent to it, as well as the Naval Institute of Radio Electronics named after. A.S. Popov became the main city-forming factor.

Population:

In 1952, the Institute of Biological Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences was opened here. Since 1962 it has the status of “Scientific Center for Biological Research”. Science City since 2005.

It is now almost obvious that innovative development is, in fact, the only opportunity for Russia to take its rightful place in the global economic space of the 21st century and maintain (or restore) the status of a Great Power. Exploited and exported natural resources (primarily oil and gas) and their primary processing products fundamentally cannot be the basis for this; moreover, they make Russia dependent on the developed countries of the world. It is necessary to move from the fuel and raw material orientation of the economy to its innovative development, stimulating the use of the results of scientific research and intellectual activity in energy, transport, mechanical and instrument engineering, aerospace, and other knowledge-intensive industries, as well as in education, medicine, information and biotechnology. To do this, it is necessary to activate and stimulate powerful intellectual, scientific and technical potential, which is currently in demand to a very small extent, primarily due to the unprecedented drop in production that occurred in the 1990s, especially in knowledge-intensive sectors of industry.

Assessments of Russian intellectual, scientific and technical potential as outdated, cumbersome, superfluous, which took place in some analytical and senior management circles in Russia in these years, do not stand up to criticism. The use abroad of Russian developments “leaking” in various ways in combination with the “brain drain” from Russia and the “hunt” of foreign companies for Russian young scientists, graduate students and even students speaks precisely of its high level and relevance.

The difference between the concepts of “science city” and “technopark”

A science city is, firstly, a city, a natural formation, not an artificial one. Secondly, this is a full cycle from a scientific idea (not necessarily a project) to a product. Thirdly, it is a center for education and training. Fourthly, this is a place of residence, and not just a place of “application” of knowledge.

Construction models:

1. Science cities should define themselves not as closed administrative territorial entities surrounded by a fence, but as functional territorial-industrial research and production sites, permeated with a network of modern information, transport, and energy communications.
2. The model of a modern science city is a full cycle of production of high-tech products. This is the path from a scientific idea to a competitive product. This is a platform that organizationally combines scientific, design and production activities.
3. Science City is a center for the generation, accumulation, and transfer of knowledge.
4. Science cities should not be objects, but cities that have the full range of opportunities for a full-fledged human life.

Approaching the technology park. An industrial giant, for example, an automobile company, which has its own research institutes, has no time and, perhaps, no interest in following what is constantly being born in the heads of professors, graduate students, and students. Therefore, the need arose to create some intermediate links, where the emerging idea would be embodied in something material. Not immediately into a new plane or a completely new car, but into some part of the plane or into a software product that will already be of interest to a large corporation. The university is interested in the idea as an idea, but it does not have the money to bring the idea to a specific product. Yes, and there is no desire. A scientist is structured differently than a businessman. In short, the ideology of technology parks is as follows: the state does not give money for specific developments, it provides certain preferences to private businesses, which should give money for their own development. Business is ready to finance the idea, but is reluctant to invest in infrastructure.

Approaching complex science. But the university is characterized, first of all, by universality, universal coverage of all scientific disciplines and areas. This is the first feature of the university technology park. Second: inside educational institution There are potential personnel of different profiles, and their training and “distribution” can be carried out. Third: the university has a high human resources potential, so the level of its developments is quite high. And finally, the fourth feature: professional cooperation within the university is very possible and desirable, cooperation between different laboratories, departments, institutes and faculties working on similar topics. This gives a significant additional effect. For example, physicists, chemists, and mathematicians of various specialties work in the field of nanotechnology.

From the history of science cities

The cities of science themselves – the idea of ​​their creation – appeared before the Second World War in Germany. This was the city of Peenemünde, where “weapons of retaliation” were created - rockets "Fau".

This began to develop especially rapidly after the war, when it was necessary to create nuclear weapons, missile technology as a means of delivery, aviation, and electronics at an extremely high pace. Soviet Union set an example for everyone here. There were very few resources: the post-war impoverished country collected resources bit by bit. These installations appeared, qualified people appeared, and everything called high-quality infrastructure began to grow around them. Settlements appeared with a concentration of talented people, rare in world experience, which gave phenomenal results.

1. The Union for the Development of Science Cities of Russia was created.
2. A document was prepared (and supported) entitled “Fundamentals of State Policy. Preservation and development of science cities.”
3. Hearings were held on the issue of science cities. The preparation of materials and proposals on state policy regarding science cities was underway. A draft Presidential Decree “On measures for the preservation and development of science cities” has been prepared. By mid-1993, the project was sent to the President.
4. The draft law “On the status of the science city of the Russian Federation” was born...
5. It passed the first reading in the State Duma, but got bogged down in lengthy approvals.
6. President B. Yeltsin signed the Decree “On measures for the development of science cities as cities of science and high technology.”
7. The State Duma adopted the Law “On the status of the science city of the Russian Federation.”
8. The law on the status of a science city was approved by the Federation Council. President Boris Yeltsin vetoed the law. Thanks to the intensive work of the “science city” people, the veto was eventually overcome, and the Law “On the Status of the Science City of the Russian Federation” finally came into force.
9. The status of “science city of the Russian Federation” was assigned to the city of Obninsk, Kaluga region. Preparation of other projects.
10. The city of Korolev in the Moscow region receives the official status of “science city of the Russian Federation.”

Classification of science cities

Based on the nature and profile of scientific complexes, science cities are divided into monoprofile, mono-oriented And complex.

• An example of a single-industry science city is Obolensk, which socially and infrastructurally provides one state scientific center - the Research Institute of Applied Microbiology. Protvino with the State Scientific Center IHEP can be attributed to the same type, although enterprises of various profiles have appeared here in recent years.
• Mono-oriented science cities have several city-forming enterprises in the same field of scientific and technical activity. This is, for example, Zhukovsky, which houses the largest aviation research and testing complexes; Chernogolovka is a scientific center of the Russian Academy of Sciences with research institutes and laboratories in the field of chemical physics.
• The most typical example of a comprehensive science city is Dubna, where, in addition to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, there are scientific, design and research and production centers for aerospace, instrument making, shipbuilding, and an international university.

Science cities in the Moscow region have a very wide range of specializations in both fundamental and applied science:

• rocket and space technologies – Korolev, Khimki, Balashikha;
• Center for Aviation Science – Zhukovsky;
• fundamental research is mainly concentrated in Dubna, Protvina, Pushchino, Troitsk, Chernogolovka;
• testing and metrological complexes - in Beloozersky, Zhukovsky, Krasnoarmeysk;
• centers of radio engineering and electronics - in Zelenograd and Fryazin;
• centers of dual technologies – in Dzerzhinsky, Klimovsk;
• microbiology and biotechnology - in Pushchin and Obolensk.

The value of the “science city” status

The main source of funding for the science city will not be budgetary. Budget money is needed only as start-up capital; this is no more than one tenth of all financial investments. The main funding for developments will come from attracting investors who will benefit from investing in the implementation of scientific developments. The status of a science city opens up broad development prospects for the university complex due to the deduction of interest from the implementation and sale of developments. And the developed and developing infrastructure of the technology park, the presence of a specialized scientific and technical community will additionally attract new investors.

Weak explanatory work about the goals and benefits of this project. So weak that even Professor N. N. Krasikov (from the city of Kovrov - see below) has no idea what he is talking about. Science cities are not allocated money to repair roads or provide public utilities. But enterprises in science cities have advantages when distributing government orders for the development or production of high-tech products. Science cities retain enormous potential, created during the Soviet period on orders from the military-industrial complex. Enterprises in science cities have advantages when entering global markets for competitive products. Enterprises in science cities have real tax benefits, and governing bodies of science cities have advantages when forming budgets at different levels. This is the only reason why science cities have the opportunity to develop production that is valuable to the country, as well as support the social and communal sphere.

Successful examples of science cities and their difficulties

Innovation brings constant growth to the entire economy. The USA has more than 90% of the growth in its gross product only due to the innovation economy. But we have crumbs in the full sense of the word: who says 6%, who says half a percent - it’s impossible to count.

Today in Obninsk a tomograph is being developed, without which medicine cannot now provide effective treatment, and this tomograph will be ten times cheaper than what is sold on the market - this is a solution to people’s health problems, and not just a new development.

In 2003, Dubna, having received approximately 115 million rubles of budget money, attracted about 500 million non-state funds. And the result: for the first time, a non-state, private accelerator was built for the production of membranes for the extremely effective medical process of plasmaphoresis.

Obninsk as of 2004. During the period of operation of the program (science city), a significant economic effect was obtained. From 1999 to 2003, tax revenues increased fourfold: from 316 million rubles. up to 1291 million rubles. The average salary in the city increased from 1,440 rubles. per month up to 4501 rub. Another important result of the program is the creation of the Obninsk technological park and municipal industrial zone. Of the 22 declared investment projects Eight were selected for placement there. This year, investors are starting to build their enterprises. The total volume of attracted investments is about 60 million dollars. It is expected that tax revenues will increase by 60-80 million rubles. Project supported further development Obninsk as a science city. According to the governor, special attention at the next stage of the program must be paid to achieving results on a federal scale - Obninsk should become the center for the development of the national innovation system.

Many have been going around in circles for three years now, from government to government. Nothing in the programs changes except dates. Sometimes they ask to change the plate in order to present the indicators differently. We ask why cities that are ready for this development cannot be skipped? There is experience, there are results. They answer: there is no money in the budget. They planned 300 million rubles, but no more. Therefore, you can no longer give status to anyone. Well, increase the amount, God knows how much money is invested, and the effect is almost instantaneous: the city budget increases significantly. No, they say, money is given only for the actual number of science cities. There are no new cities with status, we cannot increase the amount... This circle of bureaucrats is simply another national crime. And why is also clear. Who sits in the government? Those who were sent by the raw material oligarchs. Now they have bought the Volsky RSPP, go to the President, give their proposals, which are sent down to the government as an order from the President. And there the people sent by these raw material producers implement a similar policy.

So, despite this, as well as the statements of the President, the decisions of the State Council, the Security Council, which he signed, the declarations in the President’s Address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, in which he proclaimed and repeatedly confirmed the course for the innovative development of the country, the Government prepared and defended with maniacal persistence of a bill (the notorious bill on “monetization of benefits”), in which Article 124 proposed making significant changes to the law “On the status of a science city of the Russian Federation.”

We are talking, first of all, about the abolition of development programs for science cities, that is, about the rejection of the basic principles of state policy regarding science cities:

• program principle, providing for the specification of projects planned for implementation, establishing the mutual responsibility of the municipality and the state, guaranteeing transparency in the execution of budgets of science cities in terms of financing innovative projects and the creation (development) of infrastructure;
• principle of concentration and the use of funds from all sources - federal, regional and local budgets, extra-budgetary funds for the implementation of science cities development programs.

Completely unfounded, a significant tightening of the criteria for assigning the status of a science city of the Russian Federation to municipalities was proposed (the cost of fixed assets of the research and production complex should be at least 50% of the cost of all fixed assets, and the volume of scientific and technical products of the complex in value terms should be at least 50% the total volume of production of all economic entities on the territory of a given municipality, as well as the number of employees in organizations of the scientific and production complex must be at least 15% of the number of all employees).

And, apparently, just to clarify who is in charge of innovation, it is proposed to assign the status by decision of the Government, and not by decree of the President.

Unfortunately, despite the efforts made, dozens of amendments prepared by the Union for the Development of Science Cities of Russia and introduced by deputies of the State Duma and members of the Federation Council, including the chairmen of the relevant committees of both chambers of the Federal Assembly, “conciliation meetings” held with representatives of the Ministry of Finance (authorized representative of the Government), despite appeals (including those supported by the governors of the Moscow, Novosibirsk, Tambov regions) to the leaders of the State Duma, to the ministries, etc., etc., it was possible to defend only the criteria (and then only partially: 50 % of the value of funds or 50% of the volume of production, subject to 15% of the number of employees).

The modern “science city” situation

The other day (10/14/2005), chaired by the Minister of Education and Science of Russia Andrei Fursenko, at a meeting of the Interdepartmental Commission on Scientific and Innovation Policy of the Russian Federation (IMC), a decision was made to assign the status of a science city to Troitsk and Zhukovsky near Moscow, as well as Dimitrovgrad. A fourth candidate was also considered, but it was rejected - the documents of the city of Kovrov were sent for revision.

“At the same time, assigning the status of a science city of the Russian Federation is not a simple procedure. The decision of the International Commission for Internal Affairs means that a significant path has been passed, but it is still necessary to obtain the opinions of the interested ministries and departments, and only after that can we expect a government resolution,” notes Mr. Shalmanov. To date, only 8 municipalities on the territory of the Russian Federation have the official status of a science city of the Russian Federation: Obninsk (Kaluga region, May 2000), Dubna, Korolev (Moscow region, late 2000), Koltsovo (Novosibirsk region, February 2003), Reutov, Fryazino (Moscow region). region), Michurinsk (Tambov region, December 2003), Peterhof (July 2005). And now, after the positive decision of the International Commission for Internal Affairs, five cities are waiting to be assigned the status: Biysk, Pushchino, Troitsk, Zhukovsky and Dimitrovgrad. No other applicants are expected in 2005, since the remaining cities that previously nominated their candidacies need to prepare their documents anew. Apparently, all of them will be considered only next year.

Prospects for the Vladimir region: the cities of Kovrov and Raduzhny

Kovrov

The Economic Policy Committee recommended the request of the Kovrov city administration for consideration by the Legislative Assembly of the Vladimir Region. It concerns the assignment of the status of a science city to the city. The final decision must be made by the Russian Government.

According to Anatoly Bobkov, deputy chairman of the Economic Policy Committee of the Legislative Assembly, this is the first case in the region. There were such plans for Raduzhny, but the package of documents has not yet been prepared. The leadership of the Vladimir region and the city of Kovrov will make every effort to ensure that the first science city appears in the region.

At the committee, deputies voted unanimously. They believe that Kovrov has every chance of receiving the status of a science city. Almost 100 years ago it became a city of gunsmiths, where the main city-forming enterprises are defense ones. It has a powerful scientific base and the ability to train personnel, including highly qualified ones. Kovrov deserves to become a platform on which experimental high-tech production will be tested.

Infrastructure– a city research and production complex of 10 well-known enterprises in Russia and abroad and scientific organizations, in particular:

• JSC "Plant named after. V. A. Degtyareva" (ZiD)
• OJSC "Kovrov Electro-Mechanical Plant" (KEMZ)
• OJSC Kovrov Mechanical Plant (KMZ)
• Special design bureau for instrumentation and automation
• FSUE VNII "Signal"
• Branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "State Space Research and Production Center named after. M.V. Khrunichev"
• Kovrov State Technological Academy (KSTA)

Event: filing an application for science city status in 2005 - documents are sent for revision.

Doubts: many are not sure that the city is ready for this (hints of profanity, support from the authorities - in Obninsk there were initially problems with the local authorities). For example, Kovrov’s internal strife can be observed on Internet forums:

All enterprises and institutions of the city whose activities have a scientific component are involved in the preparation of documents for assigning the status of “science city” to Kovrov. Until now, such large-scale work on generalization and inventory of intellectual resources has not been carried out in the city. Regardless of whether Kovrov receives or does not receive the status of “science city,” the work done is already useful, since it unites the efforts of representatives of different teams to solve a citywide problem. The contribution of Professor N. N. Krasikov to a common and useful cause for the city is little noticeable. But there is an Elephant, and you can bark at it.

Polyanin V. A., Vice-Rector for Academic Affairs of KSTA, Ph.D., Associate Professor.
Oh, Moska, you know she’s strong!..(Response to Professor N. N. Krasikov)

Another thing is that Krasikov absolutely rightly does not believe in the possibility of creating in our city, at least in the coming years, any kind of large research and production center and speaks about this honestly and openly. You, Mr. Polyanin, judging by your “pathos” and “angry sarcasm,” continue to believe in the Kovrov-Naukograd project. So go for it! These same federal ministers, as far as we know, recognized the “academy” in which you work as one of the worst universities in the country, placing KSTA in the ranking of higher technological educational institutions for 2004 at the very, very bottom of the rating table. Is Professor Krasikov to blame for this too? “The unconstructiveness of his views and positions led to the fact that your “academy” has become one of the weakest in Russia and may in the coming years lose state funding, or even close down altogether? But KSTA, as we understand, occupies almost the key, almost the main place in the project “Kovrov - Science City”, because it is a “forge of personnel” and all that stuff...

Gromov S. Monkey, seeing his image in the mirror...

Rainbow

Infrastructure:

• FSUE GosNIILTS RF "Raduga"
• Branch of Moscow Higher Technical University named after. Bauman
• Branch of Vladimir State University (?)

At the city-forming enterprise FSUE State Laser Center "Raduga" named after. I. S. Kosminova" there are free production areas, necessary energy resources and information support, but there are no venture funds and organizational structures, ensuring the initial development of innovative projects.

Event: regional conference “Science cities are the locomotives of innovative development in Russia”(02/26/2004). For now, the administration of the Vladimir region is only planning to submit an application.

Prospects The development of the Raduzhny Closed Administrative Unit as a science city is associated with the prospects of the city-forming enterprise, which in the integration process of the country's military-industrial complex, among the organizations and enterprises of the laser industry, is assigned the role of a national center-testing ground. In addition, organizational and technical measures are being carried out to create a branch of the Moscow Higher Technical School named after. Bauman. Another direction of development of ZATO Raduzhny is the creation of serial production of gas hot water heating boilers TGM on the production areas of the city-forming enterprise, financed within the framework of the socio-economic development program of ZATO Raduzhny.

Objectives of science cities from the point of view of the state

1. Creation of “final” divisions of the scientific and production cycle at the city-forming objects of science cities, ensuring the production of finished high-tech products and their promotion to the market. It is necessary to master not only innovative, but also conventional marketing technologies, and profitably sell what is produced.
2. Development of technologies aimed at meeting regional and local needs of the economy, including small and medium-sized innovative entrepreneurship. There is also the creation of all necessary conditions for the commercialization of scientific and engineering projects.
3. Development of the educational sphere. The personnel problem of science cities can only be solved if systems are created that integrate the learning process and scientific activity.

List of sources used

1. Kuznetsov, M. I. Science cities: intellectual potential and innovative resource for the development of Russia// Sustainable development. Science and practice, No. 2/2004.
2. Golubev E. Science City as an accelerator for science.
3. Will the word “science city” become untranslatable, like “satellite”?// Obninsk, No. 25 from 02/10/1998.
4. Shumilov A. Technopark, science city, technopolis.
5. 10 years of the science city movement// Daily news - Moscow region, No. 180 from 12/11/2001 // Almanac "East". – C. 3.
6. Shcherbinina G. Science City – City of the Sun?// Patriot, No. 31 dated 08/05/2003 // Almanac “East”. – P. 8-9.
7. Kovrov News, No. 20 dated 05/17/2005.
8. Policy and Strategies, 05/19/2004. Innovation bureau "Expert": digest No. 22, 04/15-30/2005.
9. Russia: three science cities may appear this year// News CNews.ru from 10/14/2005.
10. Kovrov can become a science city// News Regions.ru from 08/11/2004.
11. Science and innovation in the regions of Russia. Rainbow.
12. Science cities are the locomotives of innovative development in Russia: Speeches by participants of the regional conference. – Scientific electronic library.