Definition for the term “deferred payment. Deferred payment Calculation of payment with deferred payment

Banks and salons of official dealers are always thinking about increasing sales (some of their services, others of cars). Often, cars are bought on credit or a car loan, which is better. But prices are rising, household incomes are not keeping up with them, and this affects sales. It is difficult to take a car and pay for it 10,000 - 15,000 thousand, monthly! But it turns out there is a way to reduce this load by two or even three times! Sounds like a miracle! There are programs that offer you a deferred payment. If you don't know what it is, let me explain...

In general, the crisis dictated this to us, but now more and more manufacturers are starting to sell cars according to this scheme. Sometimes you can even choose the monthly payment amount. But how does it work? For a complete understanding, we will first analyze a regular loan.

Ordinary loan

How does he work:

you contribute an initial fee(rarely and it is not required), usually this figure starts from 10% of the cost of the car. I want to say right away that the larger the down payment, the better - you can be given lower interest on the loan and other “nice goodies”. Then the bank calculates the remaining amount for you and breaks it down into the required amount of time, for example 1 - 3 - 5 years, and you start paying this loan in equal installments.

That is, there are only two components here, the initial payment and subsequent payments. This is how 90% of auto loans work.

The disadvantages of such a scheme are obvious - for example, you buy a car for a million, let the down payment be 10%, monthly payments, taking into account what you take for 5 years (60 months), will be about 20 - 25,000 rubles! Not a little, but you also need CASCO, OSAGO. Therefore, it is better not to meddle with a small amount of money, unless of course you have a salary of 150,000 rubles!

So what to do, you want a car, but it’s difficult to pay a huge amount! Now there is another scheme, these are deferred payments.

Deferred payments

This is also a regular car loan, there are no tricks here! How many times have I counted. How it works:

The amount of the car is beaten not into two parts, but into three.

That is, the down payment, it is here also from 10% but up to a maximum of 50%.

The second part - install yourself.

The third is residual, frozen until the end of the “comfort period”, which you then pay in full right away. Perhaps they didn't understand? Let's take a look at our million.

Again, our car for 1 million rubles. The initial payment is 100,000 rubles, which is actually 10%. The second part is often set by you, that is, for example, you are satisfied with the amount of 300,000 rubles, and the remaining part of the third is 600,000 rubles.

How it works - you made a down payment, then the bank or dealer will ask you what is a comfortable payment for you, for example, you say 7,000 - 8,000 rubles, if converted into interest, this is 300,000 for five years. But after this period, you need to pay off all 600,000 at once, that is, in cash.

There is another scheme that is actually used by many dealers now. It can be called 50% - 25% - 25%. It differs only in fixed payments, the down payment cannot exceed 50% of the cost of the car, then the second and third parts are beaten in equal parts, that is, 25% each.

If we imagine our million, and let's say you have an initial contribution of 500,000 rubles, then the second and third parts will be 250,000 each.

Pros and cons of deferred payment

The pros are obvious - YOU PAY LESS! And much more if there is a promotion with a “comfortable amount”, and not a breakdown of 50 - 25 - 25. Then you can achieve very pleasant payments! I would also like to note that often the interest rate is the same as that of a car loan, there is no particular difference. After the end of the "comfortable period", some banks may prolong the loan. That is, if you pay 7,000 rubles each, and after three years your payments run out, you can extend this program for another two years, thereby pushing back a third part for another couple of years.

Minuses - whatever one may say, but there is no miracle here! You still have to pay all the money with interest for the loan. Also a big minus is the residual amount at the end of the period. Often it is the largest and you will again need to take a loan for it, if you don’t have cash. Thus, this is just some transformation of payments that makes cars even more attractive, but this is not a “free panacea”!

TOTAL. What I want to say at the end. Personally, I have a friend who rides in a taxi and thus takes the third car. Deferred payment, according to him, is simply salvation for this type, and really pay for at least three years, then he trades the car in and takes a new one, according to him, this whole thing pays off about three to four times. But he works on the car! For a simple layman, on the one hand, this is convenient, but on the other hand, in 3-5 years you will need to give away the entire third part, the remainder! DO NOT forget about it.

Now a useful video, watch.

And today I have everything, I think you understand what it is and how it works. Sincerely yours AUTOLOGGER.

The borrower, in addition to the loan, receives certain financial obligations that cover a certain period of time. Often, life circumstances change, the solvency of customers worsens, which leads to the impossibility of fulfilling credit obligations. A loan deferral allows you to resolve the problem with the bank without bringing the case to court and imposing penalties. When concluding an agreement with a bank, it is recommended to clarify in advance what a deferred loan payment is and whether it is provided for under the terms of the agreement.

Thanks to the law No. 127-FZ adopted in 2014, the government settled many ambiguities regarding the issue of non-payment on the loan. The bankruptcy law covers the issues of bankruptcy of individuals, the procedure for writing off debt, the alienation of property in payment of debts. In addition, federal legislation has determined the rules for revising the terms of a loan, for restructuring and obtaining certain support from the bank and the state when paying off the debt.

In the circumstances of the deterioration of the financial situation, the borrower is not recommended to hide from the lender. It is in the interests of the client himself to notify the bank in a timely manner of a change in the situation and to work out a compromise solution for further servicing the loan.

The practice of deferred payment on a loan

The chances of getting a deferred payment agreement are much higher if you inform the bank about financial difficulties that have arisen before the first delay occurs. A credit institution, just like a borrower, is interested in resolving the problem by offering any financial instrument, taking into account the specifics of a particular situation.

Bank employees understand that the borrower who applied to them intends to continue fulfilling his obligations by changing the previous conditions to a more acceptable repayment option. However, it should be borne in mind that not all borrowers have a chance to revise lending conditions. The creditor will assess whether the reason for the request for a delay can be considered valid.

Loan repayment options available

Most banks are constantly faced with the problem of non-payments associated with the deterioration of the solvency of borrowers. Home Credit Bank, Svyaznoy Bank, Vostochny Express, BystroBank, Post Bank, Raiffeisen Bank and many other credit organizations offer various programs for resolving the problem of further loan servicing.

As one of the tools that help Orient Express customers, a deferment on the main body of the loan for up to 3 months is used. However, this measure is designed for borrowers on strictly defined types of loans and no more than twice for the entire term of the loan.

Post Bank also offers its conscientious borrowers to revise the terms of the contract for more acceptable ones. Post Bank considers borrowers' applications submitted in writing, provided that the borrower was characterized as a responsible and conscientious payer. Post Bank implements an individual approach to each situation, offering various tools to resolve a financial issue.

Raiffeisen Bank, like Post Bank, provides for a loan deferral for a period of not more than 6 months, subject to maintaining payments on the principal debt, with the possibility of extending the loan term.

Good reasons for delay

Under the following circumstances, customers can expect to renegotiate credit terms and provide deferred payments:

1. In case of loss of earnings and dismissal from the main place of employment. Lenders considering an appeal will be interested in the reason for dismissal.
2. Illness and forthcoming significant expenses for treatment for yourself and close relatives.
3. Loss of the breadwinner who was dependent on the client.
4. Change of region of residence.
5. Loss of property during a natural disaster or theft.
6. Maternity leave or vacation up to 1.5 years.

In addition, each credit institution has an internal list of clients and their credit histories, based on which reliable clients are provided with more flexible conditions, because in the bank-client relationship, much depends on the degree of trust.

Grounds for refusal

With a high degree of probability, the bank refuses the following borrowers:

1. Individuals with damaged credit history.
2. If, after issuing a loan, the client has made less than 3 monthly payments.
3. If less than 3 months are left before the loan expiration date.
4. Borrowers who applied for a deferral on the basis of false information, the provision of false documents indicating a deterioration in solvency.

Thus, the refusal of the bank will be affected not only by the circumstances that caused financial difficulties, but also by the reputation of the borrower. The loan agreement may or may not contain provisions for the possibility of deferment. In any case, the bank will make the final decision, taking into account the best option for both parties.

Ways to get a deferral

In the banking environment, the following options for revising lending conditions are available:

• rescheduling;
• changing the terms of the loan (or restructuring);
• re-issuance of a loan with more affordable repayment terms (or refinancing).

For clients whose material difficulties are of a temporary nature, a delay in loan payments is more preferable. Suspension of loan repayment will allow the client to find a new source of income and continue to pay the required amount in a timely manner in accordance with the changed schedule.

Revision of the maturity

This variant is known as "credit holidays on the body of the loan." The borrower is released from principal payments while interest continues to accrue. Deferred payment entails an increase in the amount of payment after the end of the vacation period - by the end of the period. Most often, the lender allows you to defer payments for up to 6 months.

The following types of credit holidays should be distinguished:

1. Credit holidays with the transfer of repayment of the principal debt.
2. Interest deferral, also known as interest holiday.
3. Full credit holidays.

Each of the options differs in the degree of profitability for the borrower and lender. However, any of the above measures will help in solving the problem of paying off credit obligations.

Credit holidays

Holidays in the body of the loan mean a delay in payment of the principal debt. During a certain period, the borrower pays only interest for the use of land funds. As a result of using this type of deferment, the loan term and the amount of overpayment increase, since interest continues to be paid during the holidays. Such installment of loan payments is more profitable at the beginning if the loan is taken on the terms of a differentiated payment. With an annuity payment, a large proportion of the payment at the beginning of the term is interest. This method will not bring adequate relief of the financial burden and will even be unprofitable for the borrower due to the need to continue paying amounts to service interest.

A much rarer type of deferral is interest-based credit holidays. The borrower is given a chance not to pay interest on the used funds of the bank, while making payments towards repayment of the principal debt. As a result, the body of the loan is repaid, and the overpayment of interest becomes less due to the deferment provided. Each specific bank will individually decide the issue, based on its own domestic policy and the possibility of assigning one or another type of deferment.

Postponement of payments on principal and interest, the so-called. full vacation, provided for a short period of time - no more than 3 months.

Restructuring

Debt restructuring is another option for resolving the situation with servicing a loan in the face of deteriorating customer solvency. The client applies to the bank for a review of the basic terms of the loan, giving strong arguments and offering a structured repayment plan, taking into account the personal financial situation. The lender, in turn, can provide a recalculation of the contributions, increasing the term of the credit line. Thus, the borrower will have to pay the principal on the loan and interest on its servicing for a longer period of time, which will lead to a reduction in the financial burden.

Refinancing

One of the popular ways to solve a problem with a loan debt is to refinance credit obligations. Many banks use this service in order to attract customers of other organizations to serve in their bank, providing more attractive repayment terms. The essence of refinancing is refinancing, or obtaining a new loan to repay an existing loan with changing conditions in favor of the client. As a result, the borrower can expect:

1. To increase the loan term.
2. Reducing interest rates for maintenance.
3. Reduced monthly payment.

Variants of schemes for the implementation of the refinancing program depend only on the banks themselves. For individual customers, the bank provides individual programs on-lending, not available in standard offers. A new loan agreement is concluded, under the terms of which the client undertakes to repay the existing loan in another bank and switch to repaying new financial obligations. You should be careful when concluding a new contract, you need to familiarize yourself with the details of the loan. Delay on a new loan may lead to termination of the agreement and the requirement of the bank to repay the debt in full ahead of schedule.

The procedure for issuing a deferment

Unlike unauthorized delay, the absence of payment on time in accordance with the repayment schedule can be agreed with the bank, which means that penalties for non-payment of the loan will not be applied.

Liability for non-payments

In the event of a payment delay of no more than 2-5 days, the borrower will be charged a fine or block the card. If the client was still unable to contribute funds to the account of the monthly payment and stopped all payments, an appeal to the court by the creditor will follow. If the financial situation is really serious and in the near future it will not be possible to pay the debt, you must urgently contact the bank - the sooner, the less consequences the defaulter will expect.

Sequencing

Following a simple sequence, the borrower will be able to resolve the issue with further debt servicing, avoiding serious troubles associated with bank charges and a damaged credit history:

1. A client who finds himself in a difficult situation applies to a bank branch and reports in writing about the problems that have arisen with the repayment of the loan.
2. The application is supported by documents, certificates, indicating a deterioration in solvency (illness, job loss, other reasons).
3. If the agreement with the creditor contains a clause on the possibility of applying a deferral, further actions are regulated in accordance with the agreement.
4. In the absence of provisions in the document describing the possibility of deferment, credit organisation will resolve the issue individually, based on its policy, taking into account the real financial situation of the client and the extent to which the reasons for the deterioration in solvency are valid.
5. In the absence of special claims against the client, the bank may offer to resolve the issue through restructuring.
6. With a positive consideration of the application, a new contract is signed, the terms of which are softer.
7. After signing a new agreement, the borrower switches to new lending conditions, revising the term for using borrowed funds, as well as the amount of the monthly payment.

These measures will allow the borrower, despite the gravity of the situation, to maintain a good credit history, which will further facilitate lending on new bank offers after the execution of the current contract. Even if there is practically no hope of receiving a deferment, a written request for a deferral must be made in any case: with further attempts by the bank to recover the debt from the borrower through the court, the client will be able to provide documentary evidence that he took timely steps to resolve the issue with payments.

Deferred payment is an arrangement under which the buyer repays the debt to the seller some time after the actual transfer of the goods to him. Depending on the terms of the agreement, payment is made in a lump sum or in several partial payments. The seller can apply an interest rate to the price (which will turn the transaction into a commodity credit) or refuse additional charges.

Deferred payment as a marketing tool

The use of deferred payments is one of the most common marketing tools. Customers are attracted by the concept itself, the ability to pick up the product and start using it immediately, without spending anything. The implementation of a deferred payment program in stores selling expensive goods, such as cars, is especially relevant: often the client is simply not able to pay the full amount immediately, but has reason to believe that he will be able to pay off the debt to the seller by a certain date. The opportunity to use deferred payment can be provided only to a privileged (regular) client or any buyer - this aspect remains at the discretion of the firm's marketers. An alternative option for marketing conditions is to provide preferred customers with preferential terms (minimum interest rate) compared to ordinary customers.

Classification process

A company that decides to use deferred payment to attract customers is faced with a number of questions, the main one being: how to determine which customers are trustworthy and which are not? A secondary question: what is the criterion for dividing buyers into privileged and others?

If the client has a long-term relationship with the seller or a positive credit history, he can count on getting the opportunity to defer payment. If a client applies to an organization for a purchase for the first time, he will probably have to go through a solvency assessment procedure and put up with a fairly high interest rate, because in such ways the seller company is trying to compensate for the significant risk of default.

Installment: are there any "pitfalls"?

An installment offer is becoming more and more relevant - a gradual payment without accruing interest. This service is offered by many trading companies selling electronics and furniture. Despite the doubts of buyers, the installment plan does not really imply an overpayment. The mechanism is as follows: a bank that provides an installment plan for a product actually gives a loan with interest, however, the absolute value of the interest is equal to the discount that the trading company makes to the client. Interest and discount cancel each other out, as a result of which the client pays the price that appears on the price tag. If the client does not make periodic payments or makes them late, with installments, as with a loan, penalties and fines are charged on the outstanding balance.

Common deferred payment scheme

Most often, trading firms use the following scheme: the client receives the goods, after which he may not pay anything for six months, because interest is not charged. Six months later, the buyer must decide whether to repay the entire amount immediately without interest or pay in installments, but with interest. If the buyer prefers the second option, interest continues to accrue until the debt is repaid in full.

Colleagues and not only Interested and simply bored! a question to all of you, those who have ever participated in the negotiations or at least were simply present:
1. Is deferred payment a necessity or something that all buyers are already accustomed to?
2. In your opinion, to what extent is this part of the trading conditions integral to standard/primary negotiations? or is it still necessary to approach the provision of this TU scrupulously?
3. Is it worth it to increase the deferred payment, simply because time has passed and it is necessary to "update" the specifications?

Based on my not so long experience (8 years), I am increasingly coming to the conclusion that, as a rule, deferred payment is a "standard" trading condition that is not appreciated, but taken for granted. moreover, when the question of granting one or extending the period is asked during the negotiations, there are no reasons / justifications.
What was most surprising during the period of work with the "grocery market" is that independent retailers require TP to provide a deferment, even if the minimum order amount is 1000 rubles. well, the TP without hesitation tries to sell this idea to his line manager, and so on throughout the chain ... and after a certain period of time, the management of the supplier company begins to fight for a reduction in DSO and credit days ..

I will be grateful for your competent and not very, but OPINION!
Thanks.

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How to avoid doubtful and bad debts

There are several ways to prevent or minimize bad debts.

Prepayment

If there is a risk of problems with the buyer, it is better to conclude an agreement with him on an advance payment basis. Moreover, the prepayment in this case must be 100%. Then you, as a supplier, will not have problems with debts.

Security in the form of a pledge, surety, bank guarantee

Counter debt (accounts payable)

When there is a counter-debt, it is possible to ship products relatively calmly without prepayment, without security and other safety nets. If there are accounts payable and accounts receivable arise, there is always the opportunity to cover them by offsetting.

Letter of credit

This is a rather exotic option, although undeservedly forgotten. A letter of credit is one of the forms of non-cash payments, the meaning of which is as follows: when both parties to the contract (for example, deliveries) do not trust each other (that is, the supplier does not trust the buyer, because he is afraid that he will not pay, and the buyer is afraid to make an advance payment, because I’m not sure that the supplier will make the shipment to him), the problem can be solved by a third independent party represented by the bank (issuing bank).

In this case, the bank opens a letter of credit: part Money the buyer's current account is transferred to a special account in this bank, and the buyer no longer has the right to dispose of this money for a certain period of time. The bank then informs the supplier that the money is "reserved" for him in a separate account and this money will be transferred to him as soon as he submits documents confirming the shipment.

Unfortunately, this service is not very popular. Probably because it's not cheap. But from a financial and civil point of view, this is a good option for preventing debt accumulation.

Methods of internal control of receivables

It must be said right away that there are no universal methods for controlling receivables. Everything is very specific, and much depends on the activities of the enterprise, its scale, the amounts that pass, customers, the market in which the enterprise operates. There are too many factors to consider. However, several important factors can be taken into account.

Planned level of accounts receivable

The maximum allowable amount of receivables is determined by calculation. It is expressed in absolute terms and/or as a percentage of revenue.

We are talking about the amount of debt that the company can afford without serious damage to financial and economic activities. This size is best set in a fixed amount, that is, in rubles. Additionally, you can set it as a percentage of revenue.

Conditions for granting a deferred payment (loan) to customers

A company may have a specific deadline - 15 or 30 days, for example. But one term cannot be universal for everyone she works with.

If we are talking about a key or regular client, then for him the period may be longer. After all, he, as a rule, makes large orders and regularly fulfills his obligations.

If a new client appears, in which the company is not yet sure, then it makes sense to revise the term downward. A problematic client needs to set either a minimum period, or even insist on an advance payment.

Employee motivation

It is desirable to develop a system in which the salary of an employee will depend on the age of the receivables.

Procedure for granting deferred payment to customers

The information collected about him plays an important role in making a decision on granting a loan to a client.

You can start by analyzing information from open sources and the information that is requested from buyers. How long have they been on the market? Which of their counterparties can be contacted for feedback? How accurate are they? A lot of valuable information for analysis can be extracted from the company's website.

It is best to personally visit the buyer's office. This will allow you to form an idea of ​​how risky it will be to work with him.

The rule “money in the morning, chairs in the evening” has firmly entered the everyday life of our entrepreneurs at the very beginning of the development of our economy. However, evolutionary transformations both in the economy as a whole and in various industries have somewhat changed the rules for the operation of individual suppliers of goods. More and more buyers (customers) require the receipt of goods by installments or deferred payment. You can understand the counterparties who ask for this delay: all the money is in circulation and it is easier to collect the required amount when the goods have already been sold. Of course, suppliers are not enthusiastic about such work schemes, but they understand that for business development, deferred payment is a powerful tool that allows you to sell more products and increase turnover. So, let's try to deal with this tool, determine its main features, differences, risks for the parties and prospects for protection from unscrupulous competitors.

Many have heard of such a thing as a commercial loan. It is this term in civil law that denotes the terms of the contract under which the shipment of goods (works, services) and payment do not coincide in time. This includes advance payment, prepayment, as well as deferral and installment payments. That is, if the goods arrived today, and payment for it will be conditionally tomorrow, you should know that this is a commercial loan.

I would like to say right away that a commercial loan should not be identified with a financial loan, since these are completely different institutions. Only credit institutions are entitled to provide a financial loan (on the basis of a license from the NBU). A commercial loan does not require separate legal registration from the parties, its conditions are included in the framework of civil law contracts for the performance of work, the provision of services or the sale of goods. Interest for the use of a loan is an essential condition of a financial loan agreement, but for a commercial loan they are voluntary.

The main provisions on a commercial loan are contained in Article 1057 of the Civil Code of Ukraine (hereinafter referred to as the CCU). After reading this article, you will surely pay attention to what it says about the transfer of goods (things) defined by generic characteristics. However, it would be misleading to believe that Art. 1057 of the Civil Code prohibits the provision of credit under agreements involving the transfer of another group of goods (things) with individual characteristics, since a commercial loan applies to absolutely all goods that are not prohibited in circulation.

The sale of goods on credit with a deferred or installment payment, as a kind of commercial loan, is regulated by the article 694 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, the features of which will be discussed below.

It is important to say right away that installment and deferment, although, in fact, are a commercial loan, but, by their nature, are different. In installments, you are given the opportunity to pay for any goods you have chosen and purchased on credit in small amounts of money. In this case, it is supposed to stretch the payment, that is, partial payments according to a strictly established schedule for a certain period of time. These forms of payment are especially popular in small wholesale and retail trade, as it is very convenient and accessible to a huge number of ordinary buyers.

Postponement implies a one-time payment for the goods transferred to the buyer in full and within the period specified by the contract.

Among the legal features of the rim and installment plan, I would single out the following.

Firstly, the price of goods sold on credit is fixed on the date of sale in accordance with Part 2 of Art. 694 GKU. Thus, if the price increases before the final settlement takes place, the seller is not entitled to demand an additional payment from the buyer. An exception may be the case when such a right is expressly provided for by the contract.

Secondly, from the moment of transfer of the goods sold on credit, and until payment for it, the seller has the right to pledge for this goods in accordance with Part 6 of Art. 694 GKU. This means that the buyer has the right to sell or otherwise dispose of the goods only with the consent of the seller. However, this restriction can be abolished if it is specified in the contract.

Thirdly, in case of delay in payment, the seller:

Has the right to withdraw from the contract and demand the return of unpaid goods, and regardless of the delay, at least one day, which corresponds to the provisions of Part 4 of Art. 694 GKU. However, note that this rule applies only to deferment, since it does not apply to installment plans (part 3 of article 695 of the Civil Code);

Charges interest at a rate of 3% per annum on the overdue amount + inflation index for the entire period of delay, i.e. from the day when the goods were to be paid for, and until the day of their actual payment 2 article 625, article 536 of the Civil Code).

It is important to note that the mentioned interest is a kind of sanction for the debtor, so they should not be confused with the accrual of generally accepted interest for using a loan.

Fourthly, the contract may provide for the obligation of the buyer to pay interest on the value that corresponds to the price of the goods sold on credit, starting from the day the goods are transferred, which is expressly provided for in par. 2 hours 5 art. 694 GKU.

By the way, sometimes the seller delays the transfer of goods, for example, because the supplier let him down. Is it fair to demand payment of interest and penalties for late payment? As can be seen from the above norm, interest on the loan is not charged until the goods are transferred to the buyer, which cannot be said about sanctions. Based on this, in order to avoid misunderstandings between the parties, it is worth amending the contract and postponing the payment due due to the short delivery of goods. Otherwise, if the seller delays the shipment for an indecently long period, the buyer can, using the norms of Art. 665 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, unilaterally withdraw from the contract. At the same time, he has the same right in the event that the delivery of not the entire product, but only part of it, is delayed. But then, as a rule, the norms of Art. 670 GKU.

Summing up, we can say that in order to prevent negative consequences when providing a rim (installment plan), it is necessary to very carefully (qualitatively) form the terms of the contract, indicating: the period for which the payment is deferred; determination of the moment of transfer of goods into ownership (date of actual transfer of goods / signing of documents, etc.); the amount of payments for the use of a commodity loan - interest (in the form of interest on the principal amount of the debt or a fixed amount) and determining the procedure for their payment.

However, regardless of the quality of the preparation of the contract, the seller, selling goods on credit, in any case, bears certain risks of non-receipt or incomplete receipt of payment for the goods, the ownership of which passes to the buyer at the time of shipment.

As an additional guarantee of payment for the goods, we would recommend:

- draw up a separate pledge agreement with the buyer, in which the sold property can be the subject of pledge;

- draw up a guarantee agreement with a third party;

- receive a bill of exchange from the buyer.

In addition to these guarantees, it is mandatory before concluding an agreement to check your “future” counterparty for location, quantitative personnel, the presence of a VAT certificate, debts on other payments, the absence of a bankruptcy procedure, the compliance of KVED with its real activities, etc.

Finally!

One effective way to ensure that obligations are met during a deferment or installment plan could be a debt insurance policy. This way of risk management is very developed in Europe. In Ukraine, this way of ensuring the fulfillment of obligations is the exception rather than the rule, since such insurance contracts are rare, which is due to the peculiarities of the insurance business.

On the other hand, for a supplier who is really interested in good buyers, the advice of an experienced insurer would be very useful, since the insurer would check all the supplier's debtors and establish who should set what limits. It is clear that for unreliable partners the limit will be zero, this will make the supplier think about whether it is worth cooperating with such a buyer.

It is clear that after an assessment carried out by an insurance company, which will identify unreliable partners, there is a temptation to refuse to purchase a policy, especially since the tariffs in this type of insurance are quite high - up to 3% of each delivery, however, for assessing the financial condition of the debtor and setting a limit will have to pay separately.

In conclusion, I would like to say that selling goods on credit is always a risk, especially during an unstable economic situation. Therefore, in each individual case, be vigilant, cool and attentive, adhering to the above recommendations.

Regarding the return of goods legal entity, which was not implemented by the customer - a legal entity!

Answer: Each contract provides for the rights and obligations of the parties. If we are talking about a supply (purchase and sale) contract, its main components are the fact of delivery of a quality product and, accordingly, the fact of payment for this product. If these obligations are fulfilled, then the contract is considered fulfilled. If such an agreement provides for the right of a party to return the goods, due to its non-sale by the other party, then in this case the return of the goods is possible. If there are no such restrictions, then such goods cannot be returned. If the reason for the return of goods is the failure to provide certain documents (certificates), then this may only indicate improper fulfillment of the terms of the contract. This may be the basis for going to court with an application for compensation for possible damage caused by these actions (possibly in the amount of unsold goods), but not the fact of returning the goods.