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Large stable dlt. External stone lithotripsy (dlt, dovl, ruddk)

A major statesman of the Peter the Great era and an opponent of the “Bironovism”. On the site of house No. 21 there was a stone two-story cab driver's house, which was colloquially called “Volynsky”. A small cheap hotel (house number 23), the so-called Volkovsky rooms, was built nearby in 1836. It is known that M. I. Glinka and M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin stayed here. In 1907, the courtyard plot along Bolshaya Konyushennaya, Volynsky Lane, named after the former owner of the land, and the embankment of the Moika River was bought by the Guards Economic Society.

The ceremonial laying of the first stage took place on July 18, 1908. The most modern technologies at that time were used in the construction of the building. Thus, the foundation of the building is made in the form of a solid concrete “pillow” 80 centimeters thick, lying at a depth of 3.4 meters, that is, below the freezing point of the soil. A single reinforced concrete frame of columns, beams and girders is built on it. The main structures were erected in a record five months for a building of this size. The interior space was not divided into separate floors by ceilings; on the contrary, the sales area was designed as an atrium. A triple transparent coating of glass with a metal mesh fused into it was used as a lampshade. Light penetrated into the central hall through panoramic display cases located along the perimeter of the shopping galleries, supported only by reinforced concrete columns three floors high. The passion for Russian classicism common to the architecture of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century was clearly manifested in this building: starting with order columns and pilasters and ending with the elegant spire of the rotunda, covered with smalt cladding made by the workshop of V. A. Frolov.

The opened department store began to be called the “Guards Housekeeper”, since officers of the Guards regiments enjoyed discounts here. Its popularity forced many nearby stores to close because they could not stand the competition.

Literature

A. N. Petrov, E. A. Borisova, A. P. Naumenko and others; Ch. ed. G. N. Buldakov 4th ed. / Architectural monuments of Leningrad. - L.: Stroyizdat, Leningrad branch, 1976. - P. 446. - 574 p.

Notes

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See what "DLT" is in other dictionaries:

DLT- Divnogorsk forestry technical school education and science, technical. DLT House of Leningrad trade department store St. Petersburg DLT dose-limiting toxicity of honey ... Dictionary of abbreviations and abbreviations

DLT- House of Leningrad Trade... Dictionary of Russian abbreviations

Frontal frontal dementia (FLD)- Primary degenerative form of dementia of the frontal type, heterogeneous etiology. In this case, type I DLT is distinguished, characterized by involvement of the basal ganglia of the brain in the process, and type II DLT in the form of Pick’s disease (see). With DLT II, except... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary in psychology and pedagogy

House of Leningrad Trade- DLT in May 2012 ... Wikipedia

"House of Leningrad Trade"- (“DLT”). “House of Leningrad Trade” (“DLT”). Saint Petersburg. “House of Leningrad Trade” (“DLT”) (Zhelyabova Street, 2123), trading company and department store; specializes in the sale of goods for children. Opened in 1927 on the 10th anniversary... ... Encyclopedic reference book "St. Petersburg"

House of Leningrad Trade- (“DLT”) (Zhelyabova Street, 21 23), trading company and department store; specializes in the sale of goods for children. Opened in 1927 on the 10th anniversary October Revolution as the House of Leningrad Cooperation (DLK; there is a memorial plaque at the entrance). In 1930... ... St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

Andreeva, Lyudmila Nikolaevna- Director of the Trading Company "Frunzensky" since 2003; born May 10, 1943 in Ufa; in 1968 she graduated from the Leningrad Institute of Soviet Trade named after. F. Engels with a degree in economics; Since 1960 she worked as a salesperson, then... Large biographical encyclopedia

Department stores- department stores, large stores that sell almost all groups of non-food products, and in many cases also food products. U. first appeared in France in the mid-19th century. and received wide... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

PARK- FLOAT, flutter, start fluttering. To flutter, to flutter somewhere, for something, to fly, to fly. To flutter, to flutter, to flutter too much or for a long time. Parking Wed. dlt. flutter ·finish. action under ch. Dictionary Dalia... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

External beam radiation therapy (external beam therapy) destroys cancer cells using radiation directed by a linear accelerator. The most common type of external radiotherapy is the use of high-energy X-rays - photon beams, or less commonly - protons or electrons. Radiation therapy destroys malignant cells in the treated area.

Treatment is carried out in the radiotherapy department using equipment that resembles a large X-ray machine. In most cases, a linear accelerator is used, which uses electricity to create radiation.

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During therapy there is no contact with the equipment, the patient does not feel any pain. There may be some discomfort or pain from side effects later on. Before starting therapy, the physician discusses with the patient the potential short- and long-term adverse effects of treatment. Most are temporary and in most cases are well controlled with medication.

Doctors use a range of tests, including X-rays, CT scans, MRIs or PET scans, to plan and monitor treatment. A high dose of radiation to the tumor is planned. It is important that this zone includes the area around the tumor. This increases the effectiveness of therapy. Doctors try to reduce the dose of radiation therapy to surrounding healthy tissue to reduce the risk of possible unwanted effects.

How does external beam radiotherapy work?

Radiation therapy damages the DNA of tumor cells, the genetic code that determines how the body's cells behave. During treatment, either direct DNA damage occurs or charged particles are created - free radicals, which destroy the genetic code.

Malignant cells stop growing and die when the carrier of genetic information is damaged. The body breaks them down and gets rid of waste. Healthy cells in the treatment area may also be damaged, but they usually have a high ability to heal themselves.

Fractions in external beam radiotherapy

Radiotherapy aimed at destroying cancer and possibly healing the body is called radical or curative. The full dose of radiation is usually divided into smaller fractions. This allows healthy cells to recover between treatments. Thus, factions are a series of sessions.

External radiation aimed at relieving the symptoms of cancer is called palliative radiation. This type of therapy requires a smaller number of fractions; sometimes one treatment is enough. Palliative therapy is accompanied by a reduced number of undesirable consequences.

External beam radiotherapy course

In the process of preparing a course of treatment, the doctor takes into account the type of cancer, its location, previously completed or planned treatment, general condition health. Those. Radiation therapy is individualized.

A course aimed at treating oncology usually lasts from 1 to 6 weeks, but can be longer. The doctor will tell you exactly about the duration.

Many people are prescribed treatment on weekdays, with a break on weekends. Other modes are possible - 3 times a week or 2 times, including on weekends.

Depending on the type of cancer and its location, the doctor selects the type of radiation therapy. This can be conformal, intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), image-guided radiation therapy (igrt), 4-dimensional radiation therapy (4D-RT), stereotactic radiotherapy, proton therapy.

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External beam radiotherapy planning

Before treatment begins, the radiation oncology team undertakes careful planning. This means working to determine the required volume of radiation and treatment area. Because Cancer cells can sometimes spread into tissues near the tumor; this area will also be included in the treatment area by the doctor. In addition, allowance will be made for possible movement of the tumor during treatment due to breathing or movement of body organs.

This preparation ensures that the tumor receives the prescribed dose of radiation, while healthy tissue receives less radiation. The area of the body that is exposed to external radiation is called the radiation therapy field. Some healthy tissue immediately around the tumor will be exposed to the same dose of radiation, but doctors will try to reduce the risk of unwanted effects from the therapy as much as possible.

The planning stages depend on the type of cancer and its location. The doctor takes into account the type of malignant tumor, its location, size; how close it is to radiation-sensitive structures; how deeply the radiation should penetrate into the body; general health and medical history.

Sometimes more than one meeting is required during the preparation process. This depends on the size and location of the tumor. It is important to ask all the questions you have. The more the patient understands the treatment, the better he will cope with it.

Radiotherapy planning

The appointment process can take anywhere from 15 minutes to two hours. A CT, MRI or PET scan is performed and visualizes the tumor and the structures around it. Markers can be placed on the skin to record the exact position of the tumor.

The radiation oncologist modifies the body size and shape of the planned treatment area. Sometimes additional steps are needed to get a clearer picture of body structures:

A dye injection is given to visualize the kidneys.
Special wires are used that are placed around the tumor.
A liquid dye is given to visualize the bladder.
When planning external beam radiation therapy to the chest, barium fluid is prescribed to provide clearer images of the esophagus and stomach.

During the preparation process, doctors can use tiny tattoos to record the exact area of treatment - 2 or 3 permanent marks. Signs can also be applied using indelible ink in the form of small crosses. Over time they begin to wear off.

If treatment is expected in the head or neck area, a special mask may be needed to ensure immobility during the treatment process. The forms are used in the process of arm or leg therapy. Masks and uniforms are made individually.

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Conformal radiotherapy

This type of radiation is also called 3D conformal radiation therapy or 3DCRT. It is used very often.

With conformal radiation therapy, a specialized computed tomograph is used in the planning process, and less often other types are used - MRI, for example. This provides visualization of the treatment area in three dimensions - width, height and depth.

CT scans are performed in the radiation therapy department. An MRI or PET scan may also be performed instead of a CT scan.
A computer program then creates beams of radiation that closely match the shape of the tumor. Doctors make sure that the malignancy gets into the treatment area, trying to avoid affecting healthy tissue as much as possible. This reduces the risk side effects.

Marks may be applied to the skin to indicate desired area. During treatment, plastic molds can be used (for limbs, for breast cancer) and masks for head or neck cancer. They provide immobility during radiotherapy.

With conformal radiation therapy, a small amount of healthy tissue is exposed to radiation. Therefore, the risk of negative consequences of treatment is lower. As with any external irradiation, side effects occur only in the treatment area.

IMRT – intensity modulated radiation therapy

This is a type of conformal radiation therapy that produces beams of radiation that closely match the shape of the tumor.

IMRT can be performed using a standard linear accelerator. It has a device called a multi-leaf collimator. The collimator consists of thin lead plates that can move independently. They create a shape that exactly matches the treatment area. The drive plates are able to move as the accelerator moves around the patient, creating a beam of radiation directed at the tumor as the accelerator rotates. This means that IMRT radiation therapy delivers high doses of radiation to the tumor and reduced doses to healthy tissue.

Each beam of radiation is divided into many small ones that can change intensity. This makes it possible to deliver different doses of radiation.

In addition, IMRT can create a B-shaped (concave) area at the edge of the radiation treatment field. This avoids high radiation doses to structures that may be damaged during therapy. Which reduces the risk of long-term side effects. This is very useful in areas such as the head and neck area - preventing damage to the spinal cord or salivary glands.

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Preparation

The planning process includes several stages:

The patient undergoes a CT scan. An MRI or PET scan may also be performed.
Using the images obtained, the team of doctors plans treatment. Advanced computerized calculations are used to determine the dose that will best match the shape of the tumor. The planning process itself may take longer than with other types of radiation therapy.
The processing area can be marked using special signs. Masks and molds are also used to ensure immobility during treatment.

IMRT can be performed using a linear accelerator or tomotherapy.

Tomotherapy is a specific brand of radiation therapy equipment that has a built-in scanner. It combines intensity-modulated IMRT with an image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) unit. The treatment procedure takes 15 minutes or more.

Volume modulated arc radiation therapy (VMAT)

VMAT is a new type of IMRT technique. Radiotherapy equipment rotates around the patient during treatment. The intensity of the radiation beam is constantly changing. Advantages of the technique:

high accuracy;
short treatment periods;
use of a lower total dose of radiation.

Indications for the use of IMRT radiotherapy

Clinical trials are currently underway on the use of IMRT in the treatment of other types of malignant tumors, including breast cancer and head and neck cancer. IMRT is a standard form of treatment for some types of cancer.

During intensity modulated radiation therapy, a very small amount of healthy tissue is exposed to the treatment area. Thus, the risk of negative consequences is quite low. But, unfortunately, they still exist. As with any other external radiotherapy, side effects affect only the treated area.

Image Guided Radiation Therapy IGRT

IGRT is a type of conformal radiation therapy that has the ability to form radiation beams around the tumor area.

IGRT uses X-rays and scans similar to CT scans before and during radiation therapy. X-rays and scans are used to visualize the size, shape and location of the tumor, as well as surrounding tissue and bones.

The planning process is aimed at providing a high dose of radiation to the tumor. It is important that the treatment area includes the area surrounding the malignant tumor. This increases the effectiveness of treatment. A low dose of radiation to surrounding healthy tissue is planned to reduce the likelihood of negative effects.

Types of image-guided radiation therapy

In some areas of the body, tumors may change location with each treatment. An example would be the prostate gland, which moves depending on whether the bladder is full or empty. Therefore, there is a risk that the tumor will not reach the treatment area. Some types of IGRT allow you to scan before each radiation treatment session.

Such an example is 4D-RT - 4-dimensional radiation therapy makes it possible to scan during treatment and make sure that the tumor is in the treatment area. This equipment can be adjusted to any changes in the position of the tumor during radiotherapy.

Some 4D CT scans may turn off automatically if the tumor moves beyond the radiation treatment area. This type of radiotherapy is very useful in treating cancer in areas of movement, such as radiation to the lungs. Radiation is sent once the tumor returns to a certain position, which can be seen during the scan.

Advantages and possible disadvantages of IGRT

With image-guided radiation therapy, doctors are able to deliver radiation with high precision. The effectiveness of therapy increases, both for the purpose of cure and for the purpose of controlling the disease. The risk of undesirable consequences is also reduced. The disadvantage is that the planning process takes longer. In addition, the duration of each session also increases.

IGRT planning

This process includes several stages:

A patient undergoes a CT scan in the radiation therapy department. It could also be an MRI or PET scan.
A computer program designs the radiation process so that the beams precisely match the shape of the tumor. Doctors make sure that the affected area is completely included in the treatment zone and that healthy tissue receives as little impact as possible. This reduces the risk of side effects.
Radiation oncologists may mark the treatment area. Plastic molds or masks are also used to keep the patient immobile.

Small metal tags may be placed inside or around the tumor. During an X-ray or CT scan, the doctor uses a needle to insert a gold bead or rod. These markers can be seen using x-rays or scanning; this technique guarantees high accuracy of treatment.

IGRT is usually given using a standard linear accelerator, specially adapted and with specific computer programs.

Some types of IGRT are carried out using specially designed equipment - Cyber Knife. It has a robotic arm that moves around the patient, delivering radiation from different points.

IGRT can also be performed through tomotherapy. It combines a CT scanner and external radiotherapy equipment. Part of the machine has the ability to rotate around the patient while scanning with a CT scan and deliver radiation to a specific localized area.

The treatment procedure takes from 15 to 45 minutes.

IGRT provides less exposure to healthy tissue than other types of radiation therapy. Therefore, the risk of side effects is reduced. However, they still occur and develop in the field of processing.

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Stereotactic radiotherapy (SBRT)

This is a technique in which radiation is delivered to the tumor from many different directions, ensuring high precision. Thus, the malignant formation receives the maximum dose of radiation, and the surrounding tissues receive a low dose, which reduces the likelihood of undesirable consequences of treatment. Typically three to eight procedures are performed.

Stereotactic radiation therapy is used to treat brain tumors, as well as small malignant tumors in organs such as:

lungs;
liver (for primary and secondary cancer);
lymph nodes;
spinal cord.

In clinical trials, stereotactic radiotherapy is also being used for other types of oncology.

Planning

A patient in the radiation therapy department undergoes a CT scan. An MRI or PET scan may also be performed.
A computer program generates beams of radiation that will exactly match the shape of the tumor.
Doctors can mark the skin to pinpoint the area to be treated. Special forms and masks are also used to ensure immobility during the session. Metal markers can be used to ensure very precise treatment.

Various equipment can be used to perform stereotactic radiotherapy. The most commonly used is a linear accelerator. The procedure lasts 15-45 minutes.

Treatment with a cyber knife

CyberKnife has a robotic arm that moves during treatment, delivering doses of radiation from different directions. At the same time, regular scanning is carried out, and the scan results are sent to the computer. This allows doctors to precisely target the radiation to the tumor if it moves, for example during exhalation.

The treatment procedure can take from thirty minutes to four hours, the duration is determined by the type of cancer and its position in the body. Treatment can be carried out at one time, or it can be divided into parts with short breaks.

Radiosurgery

Radiosurgery is a type of stereotactic radiation therapy. It provides highly precise treatment with extremely high doses of radiation over 1-5 sessions. Used for certain types of brain tumors. Clinical trials of radiosurgery for the treatment of prostate cancer are currently underway.

High precision reduces the risk of damage to healthy tissue. That's why side effects less compared to other types of radiation therapy.

Questions to ask your doctor about external beam radiation therapy:

How often will I need to visit the clinic for treatment?
How long will the course last?
How long does each procedure take?
Will there be image-guided radiation therapy?
Will conformal radiotherapy be recommended?
Will intensity modulated radiation therapy be prescribed?
How can I find out the exact processing area?
Will the treatment area be marked on the body?
Will the markings on the skin be permanent?
How long after planning will the first radiation procedure be performed?

The House of Leningrad Trade (DLT) is the largest department store in St. Petersburg, located on Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street, building 21-23.
In the 18th century, the site on which the building was built belonged to A.P. Volynsky, a large statesman Peter's era and the opponent of "Bironovism".

Under the Sheremetevs, the former yard of Volynsky was divided into two sections - houses No. 21 and 23 on Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street. On the corner of this street and Volynsky Lane, since the 18th century there was a stone two-story house, colloquially called Volynkin (less often Volynsky). It was a cabman's yard, the carriages from which stood in search of clients on Bolshaya and Malaya Konyushennaya streets.

A small cheap hotel (house number 23), the so-called Volkovsky rooms, was built nearby in 1836. It is known that M. I. Glinka and M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin stayed here. The hotel belonged to the official Alexander Volkov, after whose name the hotel was called “Volkovsky rooms”. On the Moika side there were “family” baths, and in the courtyard there were “people’s” baths. They caused dampness on the walls of the nearby French-German Church, which required covering the ground with a layer of clay and the drain walls and floors with lead.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the site of house No. 21 belonged to the merchants G. Fröhlich and A. Frankfeldt. With them, there were carriage and dray carts, Banukhin's (later Kudryavtsev's) tavern, trading shops, including a sausage shop called “Maria”.

In 1907, the courtyard plot along Bolshaya Konyushennaya, Volynsky Lane and the embankment of the Moika River was purchased by the Guards Economic Society. In the same year, an international architectural competition was announced, as a result of which four out of 25 submitted projects were awarded competitive prizes. However, not a single project satisfied the organizers completely. In July of the same year, E.F. Virrich was appointed chief architect. The work was carried out by the German company Weiss and Freytag.

As the basis for the new project, Wirrich took his own developments and ideas of engineer Joseph Vladimirovich Padlevsky, who had previously collaborated with Wirrich on the design of the Polytechnic Institute building. While the project was being drawn up, the chairman of the Construction Committee (also the chairman of the board of the GEO), Colonel Bolotov, on the advice of Suzor, went abroad to study the experience of building large shopping centers in Paris and Berlin. Later, Virrikh and his assistant, civil engineer S.S. Krichinsky, were seconded there. The latter soon refused to work after a conflict with Virrich. Their dispute in 1908 resulted in the pages of the magazine “Zodchiy”, where Stepan Samoilovich defended the extent of his participation in the project. The architect Boris Yakovlevich Botkin was eventually hired to replace Krichinsky. Another of Virrich’s assistants, architect Nikolai Vasilyevich Vasiliev, contributed to the work. The project, completed in March 1908, was signed by Virrich and Krichinsky.

Initially, the complex of the Guards Economic Society was conceived as a multifunctional structure, including a trading establishment on the corner of Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street and Volynsky Lane (the future DLT itself), an apartment building on the embankment of the Moika River and a residential building for employees between them. But later the scope of the first stage of construction was limited to a corner retail building. In fact, of all the plans, only this building was built.

The ceremonial laying of the first stage took place on July 18, 1908. The most modern technologies at that time were used in the construction of the building.

The first three floors of the shopping complex are covered with wide display windows. The fourth floor was intended for administration. On the fifth and attic floors, as well as in the basement, there were warehouses and workshops. The facades of the building are lined with Radom sandstone. Military and trade emblems, mascarons were created in the workshop of the sculptor V.I. Zhilkin with the participation of the sculptor-model-maker A.E. Gromov, and were made in bronzed ceramics under the direction of the ceramic artist P.K. Vaulin. The portals are made of Kielce marble.

Not all of the part of the building on the side of Volynsky Lane was given over to trade. Only the first floor was dedicated to her. On the third floor there were shoe workshops, on the fourth there was a dining room, and on the second, fifth and sixth there were ordinary apartments.

In 1912-1913, under the leadership of I. L. Balbashevsky, the second stage of the department store was erected - the Small Hall. Initially, the usable area of the building should have been much larger, so in 1912 they demolished the neighboring house on Konyushennaya and added a second, small hall, uniting them with a common facade.

The building was made using the now popular brick-monolithic technology. Load-bearing structures are monolithic, enclosing structures are brick. The interior space was not divided into separate floors by ceilings; on the contrary, the sales area was designed as an atrium.

A triple transparent coating of glass with a metal mesh fused into it was used as a lampshade. Light penetrated into the central hall through panoramic display cases located along the perimeter of the shopping galleries, supported only by reinforced concrete columns three floors high.

The assortment of the trading house was huge. It was sold by the manufacturing, stationery, linen, perfume, household, glass, fruit, confectionery, sausage departments. In addition, the guardsmen traded in weapons, optics, furniture, silver...

In 1891, a cooperative joint-stock company was established, the purpose of which was “to deliver to its consumers the items they need, mainly uniforms, equipment, shoes and linen of very good quality at the lowest possible prices.” All officers of the guards units had the right to join the society, but non-guardsmen could become “annual subscribers” by paying a membership fee. Emperor Alexander III, general of the cavalry and general of the infantry, donated 25 thousand rubles, which became the untouchable capital of the company.

The first military store was opened on the corner of Kirochnaya and Liteiny, in the newly built building of the Officers' Assembly (1898). By calling the share number, buyers could purchase both industrial and food products at favorable “domestic” prices.

Each action was determined strictly according to the instructions. In 1911, they were compiled into an extensive “Collection of Rules of the Guards Economic Society” - a kind of charter issued for official use.

More than six hundred articles of the “Collection of Rules of the Guards Society” regulated every action of employees: “Attendants on elevators are prohibited from lifting servants separately from gentlemen”, “Checks should only be written with a chemical pencil, and not with an ordinary pencil”, “Proceeds should not be counted in the presence of a buyer”, “All sorts of a statement about the clerk’s unkindness or inattention to the buyer entails a mandatory reduction in interest.”

On Konyushennaya daily there were “rows of luxury cars, smart carriages, taxis and just cabs waiting for their owners and riders.” We went to the "guards" and for the sake of curiosity - to gaze at the gilded electric elevators, at the impeccably dressed and polite employees, to drink coffee, sitting in velvet armchairs and looking through the huge windows at Konyushennaya Street.

Steady profits from the store allowed the Guards Society to expand in 1912–1913 — and enlarge the building itself. 9 branches were opened, including in Gatchina, Peterhof, Krasnoye and Tsarskoye Selo.

In 1918, a reorganization took place, during which offices and the First State Department Store were located on the existing premises. On November 3, 1927, the department store was transformed into the “House of Leningrad Cooperation LSPO (Leningrad Council of Consumer Societies),” although it was more often called DLK. At the same time, enterprises producing bread, toys, and soft drinks were located here. In the 1930s, the trading house began to be called the central store “Torgsin”, and since 1935 the current name was assigned to it - “House of Leningrad Trade”.

During Soviet times, the building was reconstructed. Escalators and elevators were installed there.

The building of the Leningrad Trade House was badly damaged during the Great Patriotic War. It was restored in 1944-1947. Shortly after the end of the war, the Central Commercial Department Store was opened here. It was possible to purchase goods there without orders or cards. but for money, albeit very large ones. Already on the eve of the first post-war September 1, a school bazaar was held in DLT. On New Year's Eve, the main hall of the department store was decorated with a 10-meter-tall festive tree.

In the 1970s, DLT began to specialize in selling products for children.

Since 2005, Mercury has been reconstructing the building with the goal of opening a premium department store in it, TSUM St. Petersburg, following the example of the Moscow TSUM, which is also owned by this company. The updated DLT opened on September 6, 2012.

The abbreviation DLT was and remains familiar to many far beyond the borders of Leningrad. And not only the abbreviation, but also the huge gray glass building itself on Zhelyabova Street was known to all Leningraders and most guests of our city. In Soviet times, visitors, going “to the center” for shopping, rushed between three large retail outlets — Passage, Gostiny Dvor and DLT.

You could buy everything in Gostinka, but the environment was cramped, rude and stuffy. Passage specialized in goods for women, and DLT specialized in children's goods. Tired but satisfied citizens poured out onto the narrow sidewalk of Zhelyabova Street in the evening, holding in each hand five bags loaded with plastic Pinocchios, Olympic Bears and railways, carnival costumes and winter boots for growth. Among the Leningrad children there is not a single one who has not been bought something at DLT.

House of the Guards Economic Society, 1913.

What was the name of the beloved store when it opened more than a hundred years ago? What does the Officers' Assembly and Voentorg have to do with it? What's unusual about its design? Why is it called DLT and not LDT? Let's figure out what's what and why.

When the trading house we are considering was built more than a hundred years ago, it was least of all intended for children — exclusively “men’s goods” were planned for sale for the capital’s guards garrison. Despite significant payments — rations, travel allowances, housing, for the maintenance of orderlies — the guards never had enough money. Only the lower ranks were on government support, and the officers were paid a salary, on which they had to not only eat and dress, but also lead a rather wasteful lifestyle. The regulations obligated us to rent decent apartments, visit good restaurants — Kuba, Donon, Kontan, Medved (all, by the way, a stone’s throw from Konyushennaya), order expensive champagne, indulge in moderation (but visiting porterhouses, pubs and station buffets were strictly prohibited).

Officers donated monthly to the Officers' Meeting and together made expensive gifts to retiring fellow soldiers. In general, the honor of the uniform implied not only “guards” behavior, but also corresponding expenses. The position was a position, but it was necessary to live somehow, and, after lengthy discussions on the question “is commerce compatible with officer’s honor?”, the Officers’ Assembly decided to supply itself independently.

The first military trade, something like a military distribution center, was opened on the corner of Kirochnaya and Liteiny, in the newly built building of the Officers' Assembly (1898). By calling the share number, buyers could purchase both industrial and food products at favorable “domestic” prices. Soon the useful address became known to the townspeople, and every morning cunning civilians flocked to Liteiny for “meat, livestock and game.” The merchants were indignant: they say, bad competition! But officials decided that the Guards Economic Society pays taxes on the same basis as other commercial and industrial establishments and is free to set prices at their own discretion.

Badge of the Economic Society of Officers of the Guards Corps

The wing of the building on Kirochnaya quickly ceased to accommodate everyone, profits grew like a snowball, and in 1907 the military decided to transfer the business to new rails — to build a huge fashionable department store in the city center no worse than the Parisian “Big Stores.”

It was decided to build on the site where the unfortunate cabinet minister Artemy Volynsky, executed by Anna Ioannovna, lived in the 18th century. The chancellor was not exactly a special patriot, but politically active and proactive, for which he suffered. In 1907, the section from Konyushennaya to Moika was purchased by the Guards Economic Society. On the site of house No. 21 there was a carriage yard — a stone two-story building called the “Volynsky” or “Volynkin” yard. Built in 1836, house No. 23 housed the so-called Volkovsky rooms — a small cheap hotel. M. I. Glinka and M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin stayed here.

Corner of Bolshaya Konyushennaya and Volynsky Lane: Volynkin courtyard and apartment building, N.A. Meltser’s house before the start of construction, photograph of 1907. Yearbook of the OAH, Issue 3, 1908, P.67

Volynkin yard, 1905.

Initially, the complex of the Guards Economic Society was conceived as a multifunctional structure, including a retail establishment on the corner of Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street and Volynsky Lane (the future DLT itself), an apartment building on the embankment of the Moika River and a residential building for employees between them. And the competition, which I’ll tell you about a little later, implied the development of the entire site. But later the scope of the first stage of construction was limited to a corner retail building. In fact, of all the plans, only this building was built.

Left facade on Zhelyabova Street (Bolshaya Konyushennaya), modern view.

House of the Guards Economic Society. Facade along Bolshaya Konyushennaya Street, 1909.

In 1908, they began to build a trading house on Bolshaya Konyushennaya according to Virrikh’s design. Ernest Virrich is known in our city, by and large, for two buildings—this building and the Polytechnic Institute complex. However, he was an experienced and even advanced builder.

Concrete work on the construction of the GEO House, 1908.

He came up with the idea of making the entire structure from reinforced concrete, which was just beginning to be widely used: under the building at a depth of 3.4 m lies a concrete slab 80 cm thick, and then the entire frame is entirely cast from reinforced concrete. For the 1900s, a completely progressive solution, but then a problem arose for the architects: how to dress this skeleton. In this case, we didn’t suffer too much; our style is classicism. Because it's fashionable. And modernity is also fashionable. Let's mix the best of this and that and get something eclectic, beautiful, and practical. Founded on July 18, 1908, the trading house was opened on December 7, 1909.

Right facade on Volynsky Lane.

So the building was endowed with a number of classical details: pilasters, various ornaments, cast-iron wreaths, a pediment above the cornice, stylized herms of a rotunda supporting a classic spire. By the way, there was originally a star on the spire. An eight-pointed star.

Eight-pointed star, photograph from 1910.

Well, in Soviet times it was, of course, changed to a five-pointed one, corresponding to the era. And already during the extreme reconstruction, the historical star was returned.

The five-pointed star that crowned the spire before the 2005 reconstruction.

There is an opinion that the facade ultimately turned out to be flat and smooth, and the floor divisions were gigantic, especially since the second and third floors were united by huge arches. The result came out somewhat bare, but the street is narrow, the building is tall, so it doesn’t catch the eye. In my opinion, everything is here in moderation, and it looks very harmonious. Functionally, it is also quite convincing: the atriums are airy, the inside is spacious and light.

There is no small hall on Bolshaya Konyushennaya yet. The first stage of construction was completed, photograph from 1910.

Initially, the usable area of the building should have been much larger, so in 1912 they demolished the neighboring house on Konyushennaya and added a second, small hall, uniting them with a common facade. The building looks like a single whole; you don’t notice the component parts at all. And the modesty of the overall façade looks quite decent. In Europe, however, at that time there was a lot of experimentation in the spirit of modernity, and although these trends creep into the elements here, such a direct “modern-modern” did not happen.

The second stage is under construction - the “small hall”. Photo from 1912.

But let's return to the project competition. 25 projects were submitted to the architectural competition (according to other sources, 26, but the difference of one project is not so significant), but not a single one was accepted in its original form. The jury, headed by the influential German architect Otto Wagner, advised to develop a collective project, which was carried out by Ernest Wierrich, who himself took only fourth place in the competition.

House of the Guards Economic Society. Plan of the 1st floor, 1908.

Many sources, including the official website of DLT, mention that architects Leonty Benois and Pavel Syuzor took part in the design. However, a recognized expert in the field of architecture of the beginning of the century, Boris Mikhailovich Kirikov, in his work “The Architecture of the Leningrad Avant-Garde” does not confirm this in any way. Moreover, this object is not and could not be in the biographies of both architects. Thus, Ernest Virrich was appointed chief builder, Stepan Krichinsky was his deputy, and the creative team also included N.V. Vasiliev, I.V. Padlevsky and B. Ya. Botkin. Consultants on technical issues were N. A. Belelyubsky, N. A. Zhitkevich, V. P. Statsenko, V. A. Shevalev.

At all times, the military's word rarely differed from deeds, and the store, gigantic at that time, was erected in just eight months. The European-style, elegant department store, equipped with the latest technology, opened on December 7, 1909. There was no end to buyers. Military discipline also extended to the style of trade: goods were sold here “in full weight and measure”, at set prices, without bazaar and scams, — in a word, everything was according to the regulations.

Central trading hall, 1910s.

In typical military fashion, each action was determined strictly according to instructions. In 1911, they were compiled into an extensive “Collection of Rules of the Guards Economic Society”—a kind of charter issued for official use.

More than six hundred articles of the “Collection of Rules of the Guards Society” regulated every bodily movement of employees: “Guides on elevators are prohibited from lifting servants separately from gentlemen”, “Checks should only be written with a chemical pencil, and not with an ordinary pencil”, “Proceeds should not be counted in the presence of a buyer”, “All sorts of a statement about the clerk’s unkindness or inattention to the buyer entails a mandatory reduction in interest.”

It is clear that it was no longer possible to drive away the civilians with a stick, and soon there were more bowlers and top hats, as well as ladies’ hats, in the store than officer caps. On Konyushennaya daily there were “rows of luxury cars, smart carriages, taxis and just cabs waiting for their owners and riders.” We went to the "guards" and for the sake of curiosity - to look at the gilded electric elevators, at the impeccably dressed and polite employees, to drink coffee, sitting in velvet chairs and looking through the huge windows at Konyushennaya Street.

Store interior in the 1910s.

Stable profits from the store allowed the Guards Society to “expand” in 1912-1913—and the building itself was enlarged, and branches were opened: 9 branches were opened in Gatchina, Peterhof, Krasnoe and Tsarskoye Selo.

Compared to the cramped shops of the Gostiny Dvor or the crowd of the Passage, the mansions of the Guards Society made a strong impression. And everything was fine until 1917 happened. The prosperity ended a little later, in 1918: a distribution point was located in a nationalized, looted department store. Everything that remained in warehouses at that time, and in the huge “guards” workshops uniforms, shoes and even saddles were sewn from the very opening, was transferred to the Red Army.

A few months later, the Soviet government doubted the correctness of the dispersal of consumer societies, but awkward attempts to organize a new military cooperative to replace the ruined one were not successful. Only in 1927, the now former Guards Store again became a trading establishment, but it was no longer related to military cooperators. The store came under the jurisdiction of the Leningrad Union of Consumer Societies, and after ten years of anarchy, “on the eve of the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution,” on November 3, 1927 it opened for customers as LDK LSPO. And yes, the water was finally pumped out of the basements after the 1924 flood.

On November 3, 1927, the department store was opened as the “House of Leningrad Cooperation LSPO” (LSPO - Leningrad Council of Consumer Societies).

A page of history: there is a colossal shortage of everything in the country; due to huge queues, goods are distributed according to coupons and orders. The right of first refusal is given to shock workers, while “non-shock workers” wait for years for their turn to come to the counter. In two years, a card system will be introduced, dividing citizens into four categories.

“Specialists” (as party workers were called) will, of course, receive the fattest pieces; workers of factories, factories and offices — a modest ration of herring and cereals; “dependents” (unemployed— the sick, the elderly and children) — the minimum so as not to die; and the “disenfranchised” (clergy, former nobles) will truly be deprived of everything. According to the newly created system, they were not entitled to anything: neither butter, nor bread, they could only buy something in the “Torgsin” (“Trade with Foreigners”) stores. In Torgsin, the predecessor of Beryozka, they traded for gold. This was an effective, from the point of view of the authorities, way to extract from the “former” jewelry that still survived after all the purges and nationalizations. A huge Torgsin department was also located in the House of Leningrad Cooperation (DLK), which is how the store was now called. End of page of history.

Photos of that time show both laughter and sin. Here is the shoe department: an assortment of felt boots and galoshes, customers unwind foot wraps. The women, all wearing headscarves and dark coats, hover over the counter. There is almost no money on hand — the goods are sold for cooperative bonds or according to fence books — only to members of the cooperative (remember our Ostap Bender).

In the shoe department of the House of Leningrad Cooperation. 1928 /TsGAKFFD/

“Consumer cooperation” was a fashionable word in the 1920s. The Lensovet Palace of Culture on Petrogradka (it will come to that, I hope) was built specifically for workers of consumer cooperatives, which is why in the conversations of the older generation you can still hear the word “promka”. So, This very “consumer cooperation” sought to somehow saturate the absolutely empty market. On a commission basis, the DLK accepted handicrafts - baskets, paintings, cardboard boxes. Numerous artels that occupied the guards’ workshops sewed outerwear and children’s dresses.

The slogan of that time — “By building cooperation, we are building socialism.” Neither one nor the other was built: in 1935, cooperation in the cities was liquidated, and all property was transferred to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Trade — DLK became a state enterprise. At the same time, organizations that produced bread were located here , toys, soft drinks.

There are urban legends about how it became DLT: they say, in the project it was called LDT, Leningrad House of Trade. But almost the day before the opening, it was renamed the House of Leningrad Trade, because someone thought the initials of Lev Davidovich Trotsky were in the abbreviation “LDT”. I think everyone knows about Stalin, Trotsky, the ice ax and so on. Although DLT turns out quite normally from DLK: we replace the forbidden “cooperation” with the usual “trade”. So the stories are all about DLT — LDT.

Life went on. DLT did not stop working even during the war, distributing the remaining goods from the closed Passage and the Frunzensky department store built before the war on the corner of the Obvodny Canal and Stalin Avenue. DLT workers lived here in the building. Air defense soldiers were on duty at the corner tower.

Trying on a school uniform. 1951

In Soviet times, everything was the same here as everywhere else: socialist competition, fulfillment and overfulfillment of the plan, passing red banners, shortages, queues, trading with cards, Skorokhod and Bolshevichka products, fairs, smiling children, school and New Year's markets, Christmas trees in huge halls, records of the KINO group, construction sets, railways, “Mom, buy this, please!”, twenty-two branches of “Children’s World” around the city. In the 80s, I remember it too, so big and beautiful and somehow fabulous.

Years Soviet power Although they didn’t bring this store the fame it once planned, they made it a local legend. DLT in the life of Leningrad is not a place of abundance, it is a process, a journey. And all Leningrad children made this trip at least once. Repurposing the department store into a store with the largest children's goods department sealed its fate. Amazingly, all the memories of Leningraders about DLT converge on one thing - mothers took their children here for shopping, children went here to chase their dreams.

Soviet Union Magazine, No. 4, 1953, page 40.

Children of the 50s remember the hours spent in front of display cases with German dolls, children of the 60s and 70s remember the huge department of the GDR toy railways, girls of the early 90s remember the unimaginable abundance of Barbies in those days when one doll cost a parent’s entire salary. And everyone remembers some very luxurious New Year’s decorations at DLT, where a Christmas tree bazaar was held in the center of the Great Hall.

Of course, people came here not only with children. Particularly advanced ladies of the 70s will remember, in particular, that in DLT there was a particularly valuable section of women's underwear — there, for example, they often “threw away” lace bras, which, unlike armor sewn from quilted satin, did not stand up like a stake, but resembled female breast. Neither employees of nearby research institutes and academic institutes, nor schoolgirls could resist such a temptation, shouting “Girls, give me ‘nets!’” broad masses of women left their familiar workplaces.

And everything was fine until 1991 happened.

New Year's market. Photo by I. Kurtov. LenTASS. 1982

In 1991, a joint stock company was created, but the department store was not privatized. Trade continued. The interiors remain authentic, albeit shabby. At some point, there were plenty of department stores in Leningrad-Petersburg: each city district had its own. And in the center, Leningraders and guests of our city were still divided between Gostiny Dvor, Passage and DLT. However, only DLT had a special aura.

Appearance malignant neoplasm is considered one of the most serious human ailments. At the same time, timely contact with a specialist can significantly increase the chances of further recovery. Unfortunately, when a cancerous tumor occurs, one drug therapy sometimes it's not enough. We have to turn to more radical and aggressive methods of treatment, which include radiation therapy.

Radiation therapy is classified according to the type of treatment into external beam radiation therapy, contact radiation therapy, and radionuclide radiation therapy.

Let's take a closer look at this treatment method, external beam radiation therapy, in more detail.

External beam radiation therapy, or external beam radiation therapy, is considered one of the leading methods of treating cancer. During a session of such radiotherapy, the radiation source is located at a certain distance from the irradiation site.

External beam radiation therapy differs from other types of radiation therapy in that during the procedure a destructive effect occurs not only on pathologically changed cells, but also on neighboring healthy cells of the body.

For an DLT session, specialized equipment is used that allows you to change the wavelength, while reducing the negative effect of the rays on intact tissue.

External radiotherapy of cancer uses special linear accelerators that direct a stream of ionizing rays to the cancerous tumor.

The devices differ in the principle of influence, and are used for specific purposes, for completely different forms of cancer tumors. For example, one equipment is effective for the treatment of superficial types of cancer, while another is recommended for therapy in the development of neoplasms in internal organs person.

DLT is used in long courses that last from 1 to 2 months. In this case, a single therapy session is carried out in just a few minutes.

External radiotherapy is usually used when the lesion occurs in deeper layers. Radiation therapy is also used for prostate, breast, lung, bladder, cervix, larynx and other malignant diseases.

External beam radiation therapy is carried out using 2 methods of irradiation:

static (motionless);
mobile (mobile).

Method 1 is that the patient, to whom a statically located radiation source is directed, is in a specific, stationary position.

Method 2 differs in the movement of the radiation source. It is directed to a malignant neoplasm, and the device, moving around the patient, affects the affected area from all sides.

Types of radiation therapy

At the same time, external beam radiation therapy is also divided into several specific types:

Three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy

The 3D conformal radiation therapy technique is based on three-dimensional volumetric planning. That is, the irradiation zone is extremely close to the parameters of a malignant neoplasm. Before this type of radiation therapy, treatment is planned based on computed tomography data.

Conformal external beam radiation therapy is carried out using linear accelerators equipped with a multi-leaf collimator.

Thanks to the collimator petals moving independently and aligning with the shape of the tumor, damage to the tissues surrounding the tumor is limited.

During the procedure, the patient is on the table in a static and comfortable position. The automated table moves in different planes, moves up and down, and also rotates around its axis. In this case, the motionless patient is given the position necessary for more accurate irradiation only by table movements. This session lasts approximately 10 minutes.

Image-guided radiation therapy

Image-guided radiotherapy involves delivering radiation and taking pictures at short intervals during the session to increase the accuracy of the effect.

The device is equipped with visualization tools, which allows specialists to monitor the condition and location of the tumor. Images taken using computer equipment are compared with images obtained at the modeling stage. This helps during the procedure to carry out the necessary formation and adjustment of the beam of rays, and also allows you to quickly change the patient’s position on a special table in order to increase the accuracy of the radiation and a high degree of protection of surrounding tissues.

Image-guided radiation therapy with intensity modulation

Often, image-guided radiotherapy is combined with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. This technique allows you to quickly and simultaneously change the power and shape of the beam of rays, as well as the angular velocity of rotation of the linear accelerator. The procedure helps to reduce even more effectively negative influence on healthy, undamaged tissues located next to the tumor, and also reduce the total duration of one session to a couple of minutes.

Intensity modulated radiation therapy

Intensity modulated radiotherapy is an innovative technique for delivering high-precision external radiation therapy using special computerized linear accelerators that are able to deliver the required dose of radiation directly to the cancerous tumor or to the area within it.

RTMI guarantees precise matching of the beam shape with the three-dimensional contours of the tumor thanks to modulation and control over radiation doses. In addition, this method allows you to focus the radiation power on certain areas of the tumor, allowing you to reduce the radiation dose to adjacent healthy tissue.

Stereotactic radiotherapy

Stereotactic radiation therapy was specifically designed to treat brain cancer because ionizing radiation is extremely harmful to healthy brain cells surrounding the cancer.

It is used for the most accurate irradiation of tumors that have complex shape and located next to healthy organs and tissues. In this case, the high dose of radiation is limited to the area of the cancerous tumor, and the harmful effects on healthy tissue remain minimal.

After external beam radiation therapy

Despite the fact that modern remote methods are able to somewhat reduce discomfort after the session, it is worth remembering that they still remain radiation exposure. And there are still consequences after radiation therapy:

There are problems with the gastrointestinal tract. A course of DLT may cause intestinal disorders, nausea, constipation or diarrhea.
Troubles associated with the genitourinary system of the body may arise.
In men, there is a decrease in potency and the formation of erectile dysfunction.
General weakness and constant fatigue.
The functioning of the lymphatic system is disrupted, which manifests itself in constant swelling.
Decreased immune strength of the body.
Anemia and platelet formation.
Unstable emotional state and sleep disturbance.

During the course of treatment

The effectiveness of external beam radiation therapy depends on the implementation of certain rules:

During the course of radiation therapy, food should not only be high-calorie, but also nutritious, fresh and varied. Dietary food should include everything essential vitamins and minerals, as well as foods containing sufficient amounts of proteins and carbohydrates. It is necessary to maintain a drinking regime (up to 2 liters of water per day).
Stop smoking and drinking alcohol.
Clothing should not be tight, stiff, or made of artificial or synthetic fabrics. It is advisable to keep the irradiated area uncovered, while the areas of radiation damage should be protected from direct sunlight.
When performing hygiene procedures, do not use soap or aggressive shower gels. While taking a bath, do not forget about the marks on your body.
If itching, hyperhidrosis, redness and burning occur, you should consult a dermatologist.
Follow a clear daily routine. During the DLT course, regular walks in the fresh air are required, physical activity and sufficient sound sleep.

Rehabilitation after radiation therapy

The recovery period begins almost immediately after the course of DLT. The rehabilitation program includes:

complete rest;
healthy sleep of at least 8 hours;
gentle labor regime;
moral and psychological support;
correct and nutritious diet;
taking vitamin-mineral complexes and immunomodulators;
quitting smoking and alcohol.

At this time, not only the correct lifestyle is incredibly important, medical care or adherence to the regime, during this period, the support of relatives and friends is of great importance.

Since the treatment has not yet been completed and there is a need to attend procedures and numerous examinations, the patient is in a stressed and depressed state.

Under the current circumstances, psychologists do not recommend withdrawing into oneself, but advise communicating more with friends and loved ones. Try to maintain the same rhythm of life, do not give up light housework. If you feel a surge of weakness or fatigue, lie down and rest a little. At the same time, if you continue to go to work, ask management to transfer you to an easier job for a certain time. professional activity. But still, it is advisable to take sick days or vacation days during the rehabilitation period.

Effectiveness of radiation therapy

The effectiveness of the method directly depends on the period of development of the disease when treatment was started:

Radiation at stage 1 of cancer can replace surgery.

At later stages of development of a malignant neoplasm, as a rule, an integrated approach to treatment is already necessary.

Remember that the health of your body requires constant attention. After treatment, do not forget to regularly visit specialists for examination. Being under constant supervision of an oncologist, if a relapse occurs, it will be possible to begin treatment in a timely manner and prevent further deterioration of health.

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