Pavel Vladimirovich Likhachev Novik-class destroyers in the USSR Navy. Pavel Vladimirovich Likhachev Novik-class destroyers in the USSR Navy Destroyer Shaumyan
The series of destroyer leaders of the “Project 1” type consisted of 3 units - “Leningrad”, “Moscow” and “Kharkov”. "Leningrad" was built at the Leningrad shipyard No. 190 and accepted into service with the Baltic Fleet in 1936. "Moscow" and "Kharkov" were built at the Nikolaev shipyard No. 198 and in 1938 included in the Black Sea Fleet. The destroyers "Moscow" and "Kharkov" were lost in 1941 and 1943. respectively. Leningrad was sunk in 1958 after being shot as a target. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 2 thousand tons, full displacement - 2.6 thousand tons; length – 122 m, width – 11.7 m; draft – 4.2 m; speed – 40 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 3 steam boilers; power – 66 thousand hp; fuel reserve - 613 tons of oil; cruising range - 2.1 thousand miles; crew – 250 people. Armament: 5x1 - 130 mm guns; 2x1 – 76 mm anti-aircraft guns; 6x1 – 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; 4-6x1 – 12.7 mm machine guns; 2x4 – 533 mm torpedo tubes; 2 onboard bomb launchers; 76 min; 12 depth charges.
The series of destroyer leaders of the Project 38 type consisted of 3 units - Minsk, Baku and Tbilisi. The destroyer "Minsk" was built at the Leningrad shipyard No. 190 and commissioned by the Baltic Fleet in 1938. The destroyer "Baku" was laid down at the plant No. 199 of Komsomolsk-on-Amur as "Kyiv". In 1938, it was renamed "Sergo Ordzhonikidze" and accepted into service with the Pacific Fleet, and in 1940 it received the name "Baku". The destroyer "Tbilisi" (Tiflis) was built at plant No. 199 and commissioned by the Pacific Fleet in 1940. "Minsk" was sunk in 1958 as a target, "Baku" was decommissioned in 1963, and "Tbilisi" in 1964 g. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 1.9 thousand tons, full displacement - 2.5 - 2.7 thousand tons; length – 122 m, width – 11.7 m; draft – 4.1 m; speed – 40 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 3 steam boilers; power – 66 thousand hp; fuel reserve - 621 tons of oil; cruising range - 2.1 thousand miles; crew - 250 - 310 people. Armament: 5x1 - 130 mm guns; 3x1 – 76 mm anti-aircraft guns; 4-8x1 – 37 mm anti-aircraft gun; 4-6x1 – 12.7 mm machine guns; 2x4 – 533 mm torpedo tubes; 2 onboard bomb launchers; 76 min; 36 depth charges.
The ship was built at the Italian shipyard OTO by order of the USSR and enlisted in the Black Sea Fleet in 1939. The destroyer was lost in 1942. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement – 2.8 thousand tons, total displacement – 4.2 thousand tons .; length – 133 m, width – 13.7 m; draft – 4.2 m; speed - 42.7 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 4 steam boilers; power – 110 thousand hp; fuel reserve – 1.1 thousand tons of oil; cruising range - 5 thousand miles; crew – 250 people. Armament: 3x2 - 130 mm guns; 1x2 – 76 mm anti-aircraft gun; 6x1 – 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; 6x1 – 12.7 mm machine guns; 3x3 – 533 mm torpedo tubes; 2 onboard bomb launchers; 110 min.
The destroyer "Novik" was built at the Putilov plant in St. Petersburg and commissioned into service in the Baltic Fleet in 1913. In 1926, the ship was renamed "Yakov Sverdlov". In 1929, the destroyer underwent rearmament. The ship was lost in 1941. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement – 1.7 thousand tons, full displacement – 1.9 thousand tons; length – 100.2 m, width – 9.5 m; draft – 3.5 m; speed - 32 knots; power plants - 3 steam turbine units and 6 steam boilers; power – 36 thousand hp; fuel reserve - 410 tons of oil; cruising range - 1.8 thousand miles; crew - 170 people. Armament: 4x1 - 102 mm guns; 1x1 – 76 mm anti-aircraft gun; 1x1 – 45 mm anti-aircraft gun; 4x1 – 12.7 mm machine gun; 3x3 – 450 mm torpedo tubes; 2 bomb releasers; 58 min; 8 depth charges.
From the first series of Novik-class destroyers, 6 units took part in the war (“Frunze” (Bystry), “Volodarsky” (Winner), “Uritsky” (Zabiyaka), “Engels” (Desna), “Artem” (Azard), "Stalin" (Samson). The destroyer "Frunze" was built at the Kherson plant of A. Vaddon and accepted into the Black Sea Fleet in 1915. The remaining ships were built at the St. Petersburg Metal Plant and were introduced into the Baltic Fleet in 1915-1916. The ships underwent modernization in 1923-1927, the second in 1938-1941. The destroyers “Frunze”, “Volodarsky”, “Engels” and “Artem” were lost in 1941. “Uritsky” was decommissioned in 1951, and “Stalin” » sunk during testing of nuclear weapons in 1956. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 1.2 thousand tons, total displacement - 1.7 thousand tons; length - 98 m, width - 9.8 m; draft - 3 - 3.4 m; speed - 31 - 35 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 4 - 5 steam boilers; power - 23 - 30 thousand hp; fuel supply - 350 - 390 tons of oil; – 1.6 – 1.8 thousand miles; crew - 150 - 180 people. Armament: 4x1 - 102 mm guns; 1-2x1 – 76 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1 - 45 mm or 2x1 - 37 mm or 2x1 20 mm anti-aircraft guns; 2-4x1 – 12.7 mm machine gun; 3x3 – 457 mm torpedo tubes; 2 bomb releasers; 10 - 12 depth charges; 80 min.
From the second series of Novik-class destroyers, 6 units took part in the war: Lenin (Captain Izylmetyev), Voikov (Lieutenant Ilyin), Karl Liebknecht (Captain Belli), Valerian Kuibyshev (Captain Kern), Karl Marx" (Izyaslav), "Kalinin" (Pryamislav). All ships served in the Baltic Fleet. The destroyer "Karl Marx" was built at the Becker and Co. plant and commissioned in 1917. The remaining ships were built at the Putilov plant. “Lenin” and “Voikov” have been in operation since 1916, and “Valerian Kuibyshev”, “Kalinin” and “Karl Liebknecht” since 1927-1928. The destroyers Lenin, Kalinin and Karl Marx were lost in 1941, the rest were decommissioned in 1955-1956. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 1.4 thousand tons, full displacement - 1.6 thousand tons; length – 98 – 107 m, width – 9.3 – 9.5 m; draft - 3.2 - 4.1 m; speed – 31 – 35 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 4 steam boilers; power – 30.5 – 32.7 thousand hp; fuel reserve - 350 - 390 tons of oil; cruising range - 1.7 - 1.8 thousand miles; crew - 150 - 180 people. Armament: 4x1 - 102 mm guns; 1x1 - 76.2 mm anti-aircraft gun or 4x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft gun or 2x1 - 45 mm and 2x1-mm anti-aircraft gun; 2-4x1 – 12.7 mm machine gun; 3x3 – 457 mm torpedo tubes; 2 bomb releasers; 46 depth charges; 80 - 100 min.
From the third series of Novik-class destroyers, 4 units took part in the war: “Dzerzhinsky” (Kaliakria), “Nezamozhnik” (Zante), “Zheleznyakov” (Corfu), “Shaumyan” (Levkas). The ships were built for the Black Sea Fleet at the Russud and Naval factories in Nikolaev. The destroyer "Dzerzhinsky" entered service in 1917, "Nezamozhnik" - in 1923, and "Zheleznyakov" and "Shaumyan" in 1925. The destroyers "Dzerzhinsky" and "Shaumyan" were lost in 1942, "Nezamozhnik" was decommissioned in 1949, and “Zheleznyakov” - in 1953. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 1.5 thousand tons, full displacement - 1.8 thousand tons; length – 93 m, width – 9 m; draft – 3.2 m; speed – 27.5 – 33 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 5 steam boilers; power - 22.5 - 29 thousand hp; fuel reserve - 410 tons of oil; cruising range - 1.5 - 2 thousand miles; crew - 140 - 170 people. Armament: 4x1 - 102 mm guns; 2x1 - 76.2 mm anti-aircraft guns or 2x1 - 45 mm and 5x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; 4x1 – 12.7 mm machine gun; 4x3 – 457 mm torpedo tubes; 2 bomb releasers; 8 depth charges; 60 - 80 min.
The series of destroyers of the "Gnevny" type (Project 7) consisted of 28 units and were distributed among the fleets as follows: Northern Fleet - 5 units ("Terrible", "Gromky", "Thundering", "Swift", "Crushing"), Baltic – 5 units (“Wrathful”, “Threatening”, “Proud”, “Guarding”, “Sharp-witted”), Black Sea – 6 units (“Cheerful”, “Fast”, “Brisk”, “Ruthless”, “Impeccable”, “Vigilant”), Pacific – 12 units (“Frisky”, “Efficient”, “Striking”, “Zealous”, “Sharp”, “Zealous”, “Decisive”, “Jealous”, “Furious”, “Record”, "Rare", "Reasonable"). The destroyers were built at shipyards No. 35, No. 189, No. 190, No. 198, No. 199, No. 200 and No. 202 and commissioned in 1938-1942. In 1941-1943. nine ships were lost. The destroyers “Rezky”, “Rekordny”, “Retivy” and “Resolute” were transferred to China in 1955. The remaining ships were decommissioned in 1953-1965. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 1.7 thousand tons, full displacement - 2 thousand tons; length – 112.5 m, width – 10.2 m; draft – 4 m; speed – 38 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 3 steam boilers; power – 54 thousand hp; fuel reserve - 535 tons of oil; cruising range - 2.7 thousand miles; crew – 200 people. Armament: 4x1 - 130 mm guns; 2x1 - 76.2 mm anti-aircraft guns or 2x1 - 45 mm anti-aircraft guns; or 4x1 – 37-mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1 – 12.7 mm machine gun; 2x3 – 533 mm torpedo tubes; 2 bomb launchers; 10 depth charges; 56 – 95 min.
The series of destroyers of the "Storozhevoy" type (Project 7U) consisted of 18 units and were distributed among the fleets as follows: Baltic - 13 units ("Storozhevoy", "Stokiy", "Strashny", "Strong", "Brave", "Strict" , “Fast”, “Fierce”, “Stately”, “Slender”, “Nice”, “Severe”, “Angry”, Black Sea - 5 units (“Perfect”, “Free”, “Capable”, “Intelligent”, "Smart") The destroyers were built at shipyards No. 189, No. 190, No. 198, No. 200 and were commissioned in 1940-1942. In 1941-1943, the remaining destroyers were decommissioned in 1958-1966. characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 2.3 thousand tons, total - 2.5 thousand tons; length - 112.5 m, width - 10.2 m; speed - 38 knots. power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 4 steam boilers; power - 54 - 60 thousand hp; fuel capacity - 470 tons; cruising range - 1.8 thousand miles; crew - 270 people. ×1 - 130 mm guns; 2-3x1 - 76.2 mm anti-aircraft guns, 3x1 - 45 mm anti-aircraft guns or 4-7x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; 4x1 – 12.7 mm machine gun; 2x3 – 533 mm torpedo tubes; 2 bomb launchers; 10 depth charges; 56 – 95 min.
The destroyer was built at the Nikolaev plant No. 200 and commissioned by the Black Sea Fleet in 1945. The ship was decommissioned in 1958. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 2 thousand tons, total displacement - 2.8 thousand tons; length – 111 m, width – 11 m; draft – 4.3 m; speed - 37 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 4 steam boilers; power – 54 thousand hp; fuel reserve – 1.1 thousand tons of oil; cruising range - 3 thousand miles; crew - 276 people. Armament: 2x2 - 130 mm guns; 1x2 – 76 mm anti-aircraft gun: 6x1 – 37 mm anti-aircraft guns; 4x1 – 12.7 mm machine gun; 2x4 – 533 mm torpedo tubes; 2 bomb releasers; 22 depth charges; 60 min.
The destroyer was built at the Leningrad plant No. 190 and commissioned by the Baltic Fleet in 1941. Since 1944, the ship was mothballed, decommissioned in 1953. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 1.6 thousand tons, total displacement - 2 thousand. T.; length – 113.5 m, width – 10.2 m; draft – 4 m; speed - 42 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine units and 4 steam boilers; power – 70 thousand hp; fuel reserve - 372 tons of oil; cruising range - 1.4 thousand miles; crew – 260 people. Armament: 3x1 - 130 mm guns; 4x1 - 45 mm anti-aircraft gun; 1x2 and 2x1 – 12.7 mm machine gun; 2x4 – 533 mm torpedo tubes; 2 bomb releasers; 10 depth charges; 60 min.
Here the war began simultaneously, as well as along the entire western border. But here its course was noticeably different from the events in the Baltic.
At 3:15 am on June 22, 1941, German aircraft carried out raids on Sevastopol, Odessa, and Izmail. A number of settlements on the banks of the Danube were subjected to artillery shelling. As in the Baltic, the fleet did not suffer any losses on the first day of the war. The forces of the Hitlerite coalition deployed southwest of the Soviet border were in many ways inferior to the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, and at sea the superiority of the Black Sea Fleet over "half a dozen Romanian destroyers" was simply overwhelming. Already in the first weeks of the war, the front line advanced tens of kilometers into the interior of Romania. And only in July, under the threat of tank wedges of the German army “hanging” from northwestern Ukraine, the Soviet armies began to retreat to Kyiv and Odessa.
“Noviki” at the beginning of the war constituted the 1st division of destroyers of the Black Sea Fleet. It included: “Nezamozhnik”, “Frunze”, “Zheleznyakov” (formerly “Petrovsky”), “Dzerzhinsky” and “Shaumyan”.
At the beginning of the war, the Nazi fleet did not have ships in the Black Sea. The Romanian fleet consisted of 4 destroyers, 3 destroyers, and one submarine. 3 torpedo boats, 3 gunboats and two minelayers. Almost all the ships of the Romanian fleet were outdated, and the combat readiness of the personnel was very low. Bulgaria declared war on the Soviet Union symbolically, but in reality the Bulgarian troops did not participate in any hostilities.
Already in the first days of the war, the Black Sea Fleet, taking advantage of its absolute superiority, tried to conduct combat operations more decisively. This almost immediately led to disaster when, during the first raid on the Romanian port of Constanta, one of the best ships of the Black Sea Fleet, the leader "Moscow", was blown up and sank on a minefield.
"Shaumyan" on a hike">
On the second day of the war, June 23, the destroyer "Shaumyan", accompanied by a minesweeper, went out to lay mines in the Sulin area, and was attacked by three bombers on the way back. Since the Shaumyan’s anti-aircraft armament consisted only of a single 76.2 mm anti-aircraft gun and a pair of machine guns (the author did not find information about the possible strengthening of the ship’s air defense in the pre-war years), it was only by chance that the bombs fell 60 meters behind the stern of the ship. But even so, the force of the hydraulic shock was enough to cause all three stern 102-mm guns to fail.
The situation on the Southwestern Front began to deteriorate rapidly by the end of July. By August, Soviet troops had abandoned almost the entire western half of Ukraine. The battles took place for Kyiv, for the Dnieper region. On August 10, the troops of the coastal army were cut off from the main forces in the Odessa region. The heroic defense of Odessa began.
To support the Primorsky Army, on August 6, 1941, a detachment of ships of the North-Western region was formed. These included “Unlocked” and “Shaumyan”. From the very first days of the defense of Odessa, the main point of application of forces for both attackers and defenders was the area of the village of Grigoryevka. Possession of it allowed long-range artillery to take the Odessa port under fire and interrupt the transport links of the besieged city. The first attacks on Grigoryevka were repulsed by soldiers of the 1st Marine Regiment, with the support of naval guns. The enemy was driven north with heavy losses.
The situation worsened again with the start of a new assault on Odessa on August 20 by the German-Romanian army. On this day, Ochakov was abandoned, the evacuation of whose garrison on the night of August 21 was covered by "Nezamozhnik". In this regard, on August 22, the Odessa detachment was reinforced by the arriving cruiser "Red Crimea". He was accompanied by the destroyers Frunze and Dzerzhinsky. On the same day, Frunze shelled enemy positions near the villages of Chabanka and Sverdlovka. During it, 140 shells were fired. On August 23, the cruiser Chervona Ukraine arrives in Odessa, immediately adding the “voices” of its 15 130 mm guns to the front-line cannonade. But, despite the huge losses, the Romanian units, after a short respite, resumed the offensive along the entire arc of the defensive positions of the Odessa defensive region. By August 28, the situation began to become dangerous again and required further reinforcement of the detachment of ships in the North-Western region.
On this day, parts of the eastern defense sector are supported by the cruiser Leader, destroyers Smyshlyny, Frunze, Shaumyan and the gunboat Red Georgia under the overall command of Rear Admiral D.D. Vdovichenko.
While conducting a counter-battery fight, the Frunze receives a retaliatory hit from a large-caliber projectile. Despite the surface hole at the junction of the side and deck, the engine room was not damaged. Shrapnel killed one and wounded four sailors, including the ship's commander P.A. Bobrovnikova.
The situation near Odessa continued to become complicated, and to help the garrison of the besieged city, the first large tactical landing during the Great Patriotic War was conceived and carried out. The site of the village of Grigoryevka was chosen as the area for its holding. The leadership of the landing force was entrusted to the squadron commander, Rear Admiral Vladimirsky. Direct command of the detachment of landing ships was exercised by the commander of the cruiser brigade, Captain 1st Rank S.G. Gorshkov. The 3rd Black Sea Marine Regiment (3,000 people) was prepared for the landing, loading it onto ships began at 7 a.m. on September 21 in the area of the Cossack Bay of Sevastopol. The formation put to sea, heading for Odessa at 13:40.
"Frunze" left Sevastopol at six o'clock in the morning on the same day. On it, Rear Admiral Vladimirsky went to Odessa to coordinate actions with the commander of the Odessa defensive region (OOP). Together with him was the Deputy Chief of Staff of the OOP, Captain 1st Rank S.N. Ivanov, who had all the staff documentation for the landing operation.
The destroyer "Frunze" goes to sea">
The death of the destroyer "Frunze".">
At 14:00, while in the area of the Tendrovskaya Spit, the signalmen discovered and then identified the burning gunboat "Red Armenia". Having come to the aid of the ship, which had already been hit by an air bomb, the destroyer repelled a repeated attack by a German bomber, and lowering the boat, began rescuing people floating in the water. But almost immediately the rescue work had to be interrupted due to the outbreak of a new raid. The destroyer, picking up speed, turned sharply into the sea and went in a zigzag, dodging the bombs of nine bombers.
Despite fierce anti-aircraft fire and maneuvering, one of the German dive bombers managed to hit the destroyer's forecastle area. The navigation bridge was partially destroyed, on which many died or were wounded, including Rear Admiral Vladimirsky and the ship’s commander V.N. Eroshenko. After dressing, the latter personally took the helm, replacing the incapacitated helmsman.
The ship's air defenses quickly weakened, and the dive bomber attacks continued. The next bomb hit the stern of the destroyer near the fourth gun. The ship shook violently, and then it abruptly began to sink with its stern. The right engine, engine telegraph and steering were out of order. "Frunze" slowly described the circulation.
In the engine and tiller rooms, in the aft cockpit, emergency crews fought fiercely for their lives and the life of their ship. With enormous difficulty they managed to put the right machine into operation.
But as soon as the team managed to bring the destroyer to a shallow place in the Tendrovskaya Spit area, another raid began. The Frunze, which had almost run out of ammunition for anti-aircraft guns, received further damage and ran aground. The same fate befell the tug OP-2 that approached it. Some of the sailors reached the Tendrovskaya Spit by swimming, others, who remained on the half-sunken OP-2, were picked up by a torpedo boat at 17:30. 110 people from the Frunze team were saved, about 50 died.
The entire unequal duel lasted about two hours. Further management of the operation was entrusted to Captain 1st Rank S.G. Gorshkov.
But. Despite everything. on the night of September 22, the landing ships arrived safely in the designated area. On the morning of September 22, troops of the Odessa defensive region, with the support of naval artillery, went on the offensive in the eastern sector. The combined strike of ground forces, aviation and amphibious assault ended in the defeat of two enemy infantry divisions. The enemy lost about 6 thousand soldiers and officers and left a bridgehead from which they fired at the city and the nearest fairways. Ships and vessels were able to enter and leave the port without fear of targeted artillery fire.
The defense of Odessa stabilized until the evacuation of the city, carried out in the first half of October 1941. During the period October 1-15, 1941, up to 80 thousand soldiers and commanders of the Primorsky Army and the Odessa Naval Base, 15 thousand residents, and a large amount of military equipment and cargo were evacuated from Odessa by ship. "Noviks" - Black Sea troops during this period actively participated in convoy operations.
In the south of the country, the defense of Odessa continued with the defense of Sevastopol. As a result of the heroism and duration of the defense of Sevastopol, unparalleled in history, a group of three hundred thousand of the fascist army was tied up for eight months.
For the defense of the city, a permanent naval artillery support detachment was created, which included the cruisers "Chervopa Ukraine", "Red Crimea", "Red Caucasus", the destroyers "Bodriy", "Nezamozhnik", "Shaumyan", "Zheleznyakov" and "Dzerzhinsky" . The detachment was headed by the chief of staff of the squadron, Captain 1st Rank V.A. Andreev.
In the last days of 1941, in the days when Sevastopol repelled the December assault by the forces of the Red Army and the Red Army in the period from December 26, 1941 to January 2, 1942, the Kerch-Feodosia landing operation was carried out - one of the largest naval landing operations of the Great Patriotic War. Its goal was the liberation of the Kerch Peninsula and the creation of a springboard for the action of our troops to lift the blockade of Sevastopol and liberate Crimea. The main landing point was the Feodosia port, whose berths allowed the mooring of warships with troops and heavy equipment. Captain 1st Rank N.E. was appointed commander of the landing detachment. Bass.
On the evening of December 28, a naval support detachment under the command of Captain 1st Rank V.A. left Novorossiysk. Andreev, consisting of the cruisers "Red Caucasus" and "Red Crimea", the destroyers "Shaumyan", "Nezamozhnik" and "Zheleznyakov" with the transport "Kuban", on board which was an advanced landing detachment consisting of more than 5,000 soldiers.
On December 29, at 3:00 a.m., the naval support detachment approached Feodosia and formed a wake column. The destroyer "Shaumyan" was leading the way. After 40 minutes, the ships set on a combat course and, reducing speed to 6 knots, opened fire on the port of Feodosia and the village of Sarygol. The destroyers "Zheleznyakov" and "Shaumyan" fired illumination shells at the port and enemy defense centers. At 4:40 a.m., the Shaumyan (330 paratroopers) was the first of the large ships to enter the Feodosia port. Following him, “Zheleznyakov” (287 paratroopers) and “Nezamozhnik” (289 paratroopers) entered the harbor. “Shaumyan”, under enemy fire, approached the Broad Pier and began landing troops, which lasted only 20 minutes. At the same time, the destroyer fired at enemy firing points. The mainmast on it was shot down by an enemy shell. After the landing, "Shaumyan" went to the roadstead and from there continued to fire at enemy batteries.
Commander of the destroyer "Frunze" captain-lieutenant submarine. Bobrovnikov">
The destroyer Nezamozhnik also came under heavy enemy fire when entering the harbor. In an effort to get the ship out of the fire, the commander of the destroyer, when approaching the pier, ordered to increase speed, and the ship hit the wall with its bow, severely damaging the stem above the waterline. On the initiative of the boatswain, midshipman A.G. Egorov's landing force landed directly from the forecastle in just 16 minutes. Then the “Nezamozhnik” went to the outer roadstead and at 9:15 a.m. received orders to proceed to Novorossiysk. On the “Zheleznyakov”, seven sailors died during the landing operation when a mortar shell exploded in the ship’s wardroom. The first landing was completed by 11:30 a.m. on December 19, 1941. During the landing, the destroyer "Shaumyan" expended 168 shells, "Zheleznyakov" 151, "Nezamozhnik" 168.
On January 25, 1942, "Shaumyan" and "Zheleznyakov" took part in a landing operation in the area of the village of Sudak. 1942 was coming - the year of the most stubborn struggle and the heaviest losses in all the years of the war. And yet, on the entire huge front, from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, there were three of the most terrible, bloodiest places of battle in all four years of the war: near Leningrad, near Kharkov... And in the Crimea!
The second defense of Sevastopol became as much a page of Russia’s glory as the first defense. But, as the classic of Marxism-Leninism wrote: “the bravest, most devoted fighters will be defeated if they are poorly armed.” In the first half of 1942, German aviation was able to operate on the sea communications of Sevastopol so effectively that every flight to the besieged city turned into a game with death. Unlike Leningrad, Sevastopol was unable to maintain its “Road of Life”. The fortress slowly faded away due to lack of gasoline, shells and food.
At this time, from January to June 1942, our fleet veterans made a total of 15 voyages to besieged Sevastopol. Each such flight was not just a military campaign, but a breakthrough through enemy minefields under the constant threat of attack from submarines, torpedo boats, and aircraft. "Noviki", along with other ships, time after time came out to provide artillery support to the troops of the Sevastopol defensive region. On April 3, 1942, the Shaumyan was lost as a result of a navigation error.
On April 17, 1942, the Dzerzhinsky and the cruiser Komintern took part in escorting a small convoy from Batumi to Tuapse. The 240th Fighter Aviation Brigade was accepted “with its property” aboard the Comintern and delivered to its destination, as was a tanker with fuel, which is priceless these days. The fighters, apparently, were heading to the front “on their own” (3).
On May 13, the hour of the destroyer "Dzerzhinsky" came. He participated in the transfer of troops of the Primorsky Army from Novorossiysk to the burning Sevastopol, heading there in a group with the cruiser "Red Crimea" and the destroyer "Nezamozhnik". "Dzerzhinsky" was blown up by a mine and sank in 12 hours 27 minutes. In August of the same 1942, the repaired "Nezamozhnik" again took part in the evacuation, this time of Novorossiysk.
After the fall of Crimea and Sevastopol, the front approached the very borders of Georgia, stopping only at Tuapse and the snow-covered high mountain passes of the Caucasus. Squeezed by the war into the south-eastern corner of the Black Sea, suffering serious losses. The Black Sea Fleet finds itself in a position similar to that of the Baltic Fleet, almost similarly locked in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. In September 1942, the fleet launched naval artillery strikes against enemy troop bases in Yalta and Feodosia. "Zheleznyakov" and "Nezamozhnik" again took part in these actions. So, for example, to destroy enemy watercraft in the port of Feodosia on October 13, the destroyer "Nezamozhnik" and the patrol ship "Shkval" left Poti. At 1:42 a.m. on October 14, ships from 57 cables opened fire. Having expended 151 shells on the ships, several explosions and fires were noticed on the shore. The ships fired at the Feodosia port again on December 20, 1942.
Until the decisive turning point in the Great Patriotic War, only light naval forces go to sea.
On February 4, 1943, the Noviki supported a diversionary landing in the South Ozereyka area. The battles on “Malaya Zemlya” near Novorossiysk had already taken place without them - the completely outdated and worn-out Black Sea “noviki” had not been participating in hostilities since the beginning of 1943. They were neither near Novorossiysk in 1943, nor off the Crimean coast in May 1944. In general, after a mediocre raid operation that ended on October 6, 1943 with the death of the three best ships of the Black Sea Fleet led by the leader "Kharkov", until the very end of the war, the actions of Soviet large surface ships in the Black Sea were characterized by extreme passivity. Even in May 1944, during the liberation of Crimea, despite complete superiority over the enemy in all branches of the military. The headquarters does not dare to use the fleet.
At the same time, the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral Oktyabrsky, made a last attempt to use ships of the size “slightly larger than a torpedo boat” off Chersonesus: on May 9, 1944, the cruiser “Red Crimea” was transferred from Batumi to Poti, as well as the destroyers “Nezamozhnik” and “Zheleznyakov” . Obviously, the admiral believed that he would be allowed to risk at least the old ships, but this did not happen either. Headquarters, promising to order large surface ships to act, clearly hesitated in making a decision.
This was the end of the war for the “newcomers” of the Black Sea coast. And three months later, the war itself on the Black Sea ended. Within literally ten weeks, Germany lost control over Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and partially over Hungary and Yugoslavia. Combined with the Allied landing in Normandy, the withdrawal of Finland from the war and the liberation of Belarus, Germany’s defeat in the war became obvious to the whole world.
Armament
Same type ships
Description of design
According to the specifications approved on February 14, 1915, the new destroyers were almost no different in length and width from their predecessors (Daring type): maximum length 93.26 (at the load waterline 92.5 m), maximum width 9.07 m. ( along the upper deck at the midship frame 8.6 m.). The normal displacement increased to 1326 tons, the average draft to 3.2 m, which caused a decrease in the freeboard height by approximately 0.5 m (5.54 at the bow, 2.6 m at the midsection and stern). The theoretical drawing, hull design, location of premises and liquid cargo supplies, composition and design of ship systems are basically the same.
Section of the Ushakov series destroyer
Frame
Unlike the “Daring” type, on the “Levkas” and sisterships there were no side longitudinal bulkheads in the bow boiler room, the side branches of the frames were strengthened (angles 100x65x8 mm, instead of 75x50x6 mm), the outer skin was thickened (keel belt and shearstrake by 1. 5 mm., 1st belt - by 1 mm.), flooring of the upper deck (by 1 mm.), the height of the boiler casing was increased (from 600 to 750 mm.), 4 fire horns were added on the upper deck.
Power plant
The number of boilers is five, the total heating surface is 3094 m 2, the operating steam pressure is 17 atm., the composition of the auxiliary mechanisms is the same, but the boiler fans and the main air-condenser pumps received turbine drives, the design of circulation pumps, water and oil heaters has been improved, the mechanical pipeline layout has been improved - boiler installation.
Two main turbines with a capacity of 14,500 hp each. s., at 630 rpm - direct-acting, improved Parsons system (with an active adjustment wheel). Improvements in electrical equipment affected the current drainage circuit (survivability increased, ease of switching was ensured), electrical fittings (lightweight, reliability increased), and the use of telephones instead of speaking pipes expanded.
Fuel reserves are 165, boiler water 10 and drinking water 10 tons. Total reserves are 330, 25 and 18 tons, respectively.
Armament
On October 2, 1914, in a report to the Minister of the Navy, the Moscow General Staff proposed ordering 8 advanced "Daring" type destroyers with reinforced mine armament (6 three-pipe devices). Artillery weapons were assigned a auxiliary role (2 – 102 mm/60 guns were left on the forecastle and aft bridge). On October 31, the technical council of the GUK agreed with the opinion of the MGSh, but the number of three-tube mine vehicles was reduced to five, replacing the sixth with a third 102-mm gun.
On November 1, the minister familiarized himself with the protocol of the technical council and ordered: “Not to wait for anything, but to build at an accelerated pace the same destroyers with minor improvements that were caused by sailing experience.” Already on November 14, the Moscow General Staff demanded that a 152-mm howitzer be installed on the middle bridge, designed to combat submarines. In August 1915, the possibility of replacing the 152 mm howitzer with a fourth 102 mm gun was considered, but the changes did not end there. On March 21, 1916, the installation of the anti-submarine howitzer was canceled, and on June 21, based on the report of the fleet commander, with reference to the experience of combat clashes, they decided to replace the fifth (stern) torpedo tube with a fourth 102-mm gun with an increase in ammunition from 600 to 800 unitary cartridges.
Thus, the artillery armament should have been: 4 - 102 mm guns, 2 - 40 mm anti-aircraft guns (replaced by 2 - 57 mm guns) and 4 - 7.62 mm machine guns on pedestals.
But, according to the results of tests of the same type destroyer Petrovsky, the anti-aircraft weapons were changed to a 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the Lender system and a 37-mm machine gun of the Maxim system. Mine and torpedo armament included 4 three-tube 450-mm torpedo tubes and 80 mines on the upper deck (overloaded).
Modernization and refurbishment
"Shaumyan" view from the left, from the right side and from above as of 1925.
During the restoration work on the Shaumyan, a direction-finding tower was installed between torpedo tubes No. 3 and No. 4, and a 76-mm anti-aircraft gun of the Lander system was installed at the stern (the fourth 102-mm gun had to be moved to the third).
Since 1926, barrage mines of the 1926 model were introduced into the mine armament - 60 pieces. In addition, the ship was equipped with K-1 paravan guards, and 7.62 mm machine guns were installed on anti-aircraft guns. As a result, the total displacement increased to 1,760 tons.
During a major overhaul in 1928–1930, a second 76-mm Lander anti-aircraft gun was added to the ship, and a gyrocompass and a central artillery post were placed in the bow mine cellar.
Since 1933, anti-submarine weapons were updated; now they included 20 - 30 depth charges BB-1 and BM-1.
In the mid-1930s, the ship's English 9-foot Barr and Struda rangefinder was replaced with a domestic three-meter DM-3. We also installed two types of smoke equipment (DA-1 steam-oil and DA-2 chemical). Since 1935, to set up smoke screens, the destroyer had up to 10 MDS smoke bombs.
Since 1937, the Gradus-K radio direction finder has been installed.
Since 1938, the obsolete 7.62 mm Maxim system machine guns have replaced the 12.7 mm DShK.
In the early 1940s, the ship's anti-aircraft armament was reinforced with two 45-mm 21-K cannons. They were installed on the side of the forecastle, in the area of the bow 102 mm gun.
Construction and testing
1916
On May 23, after the launch of the destroyers “Feodonisi” and “Kerch”, “Levkas” and “Corfu” were laid down on slipway No. 3.
1917
"Corfu" on the left and "Levkos" on the right before launching. October 1917
Since January, the name of the destroyer has been changed to Levkos.
1918
At the beginning of the year, the completion of the Levkos and the rest of the unfinished ships of the Ushakov series stopped.
In the fall, together with the unfinished destroyers Zante, Corfu and Tserigo, it was transferred to the government of Hetman Skoropadsky. Later transferred to the Directory headed by S. V. Petlyura.
1919
In May it was inspected by a State Administration Committee commission. Readiness is low. The boilers and some of the machinery are prepared for loading, the upper deck is not covered, masts and pipes are missing.
In August, together with unfinished destroyers, they were captured by the Whites, who occupied Nikolaev. Became part of the Black Sea Fleet of the Armed Forces of Southern Russia.
In September, it was examined by a white commission headed by Captain 1st Rank K.K. Rudnikov.
1920
At the end of January, together with the unfinished destroyer Corfu, it was captured in Nikolaev by Soviet troops.
"Levkos" in dry dock during the completion period.
1925
On May 27, during a strong squall, while in the Small Bucket of the plant, he collided with the destroyer Petrovsky, which had broken its mooring lines.
On October 19 he was presented for testing, and on December 9 he was accepted into the treasury. Restoration costs amounted to 1,803,000 rubles.
Service history
Interwar period
1925
On December 10, he entered service, and on December 12, by order of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR No. 1176/252, he was enlisted in the combat personnel of the MSChM.
From 14 to 22 September 1927 year, maneuvers together with MSChM KR "Chervona Ukraine" and "Comintern", 2 KL, ODEM, ODPL, TKA division and SKA division.
1928
At the beginning of the year, as part of the 1st division of the EM, together with the EM "Frunze", "Petrovsky", a training cruise Sevastopol - Novorossiysk - Batum.
From May 27 to June 7, jointly by the Kyrgyz Republic "Chervona Ukraine", EM "Frunze", "Petrovsky" visit to Istanbul (Turkey).
On September 12-13 and 17-19, together with cruisers, EM "Petrovsky", ODPL (5 units), TKA group (7 units), TSCH group (4 units) and GISU, MSChM maneuvers.
From 3 to 14 October 1930 year, Together with the Kyrgyz Republic "Chervona Ukraine" and EM "Nezamozhnik" visit to Istanbul (Turkey), Piraeus (Greece), Messina (Italy).
1931
"Shaumyan" after complete renovation. Late 1920s, early 1930s.
On June 10, he ensured the recovery of submarine No. 16 (formerly AG-21), which sank during exercises as a result of a collision with the Frunze submarine.
From October 10 to 13, together with LC "Paris Commune", KR "Comintern", "Profintern", "Chervona Ukraine", EM "Dzerzhinsky", "Nezamozhnik", "Frunze", 4 CL, MZ, 3 PL, 2 SKA , TKA division (12 units) bilateral MSChM maneuvers.
1932
From August 26 to September 6, together with the KR "Profintern", "Chervona Ukraine", EM "Dzerzhinsky", "Frunze", CL "Red Abkhazia", "Red Adzharistan", "Red Crimea" navigational trip to the Sea of Azov.
1933
"Shaumyan" on a hike. Late 1920s, early 1930s.
During the year, he carried out repairs of mechanisms at the 13th shipyard. 3 boilers, a refrigerator, an electric generator, a turbodynamo, pipelines, telephones, radio stations, cockpits and superstructures were repaired.
From October 17 to November 7 Jointly with the Kyrgyz Republic "Red Caucasus", EM "Petrovsky" visit to Istanbul (Turkey), Piraeus (Greece), Messina (Italy).
November 12 Together with the Kyrgyz Republic "Red Caucasus", EM "Frunze", "Petrovsky" they met the Turkish PH "Izmir" returning with the Soviet delegation from Istanbul to Odessa.
1935
Since January 11, in accordance with the Regulations on the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR, it became part of the destroyer division of the Black Sea Fleet. In the same year, a major renovation was carried out.
"Shaumyan" on a hike. Late 1930s
IN 1936 In 2008, the ship tested the 76.2 mm 34-K anti-aircraft gun and the twin 76.2 mm 39-K anti-aircraft gun.
IN 1939 year, the letters “SHM” (“Shaumyan”) were painted on the sides of the ship.
1940
From October 25 to 31, he participated in the Black Sea Fleet maneuvers on the topic “Fleet operation against enemy bases while simultaneously assisting the army’s flank and ensuring transportation in the eastern part of the Black Sea.”
Participation in World War II
1941
At the beginning of the year, letter designations were replaced with numbers. “Shaumyan” received the number “14”. The first digit indicated the division number, the second – the serial number.
In June he was part of the 1st division of destroyers in Sevastopol.
In July he was stationed in Odessa.
From July 17 to 20, together with the Comintern Kyrgyz Republic, 3 TSch, ensuring the transition of the Danube flotilla from Izmail to Odessa.
On July 23, together with TS “No. 27”, a minefield was laid in the Sulina area (50 mines of the 1926 model). Attacked by German aircraft. The bombs exploded close to the stern, resulting in 3 stern guns being disabled.
Since August, a protective degaussing device has been installed on the destroyer.
On August 6, together with the Comitern cruise ship, the Nezamozhnik ship, the 2nd CL division, the 5th TSCH division, the 2nd TKA brigade, and the SKA detachment, it became part of a detachment of fire support ships in the northwestern region of Odessa.
August 9 Transition from Sevastopol to Odessa with Deputy People's Commissar of the Navy, Vice Admiral Levchenko.
On August 13, together with the EM “Nezamozhnik”, the CL “Red Adzharistan” conducted artillery support fire in the Grigoryevka area from the Sychavka district.
On August 14, together with the Nezamozhnik EM and SKA, they conducted artillery support fire in the Sychavka area.
On August 25, together with the EM "Besposhchadny", "Nezamozhnik", "Frunze", CL "Red Armenia", "Red Georgia", "Red Adzharistan" conducted an artillery shelling of the eastern sector of the defense of Odessa.
On August 27, together with the EM “Bodriy”, “Nezamozhnik”, “Smyshlyny”, CL “Red Armenia”, “Red Georgia”, “Red Adzharistan”, they conducted artillery support fire in the areas of Sverdlovo and Kubanka.
On August 29, together with LGKR "Chervona Ukraine", LR "Tashkent", EM "Smyshlenny", "Frunze" conducted artillery fire to support the troops defending Odessa in the area of the village. Ilyinka, Chebanka.
On August 30, together with LGKR "Chervona Ukraine", LR "Tashkent", EM "Smyshlenny", "Boikiy" conducted artillery fire in support of the troops defending Odessa.
On September 1, he carried out artillery fire to support the troops defending Odessa. While parked in Odessa, the navigating bridge was hit by a shell. 9 people were injured.
On October 2, together with EM "Boikiy", TSCH, 15 SKA provided cover for the passage of ships from Odessa.
On October 7, together with the KR "Comintern", MZ "Syzran", TC "Zemlyak", CL "Red Adzharistan" escorted from Odessa the TR "Bolshevik", "Chekhov", "Zhan Zhores", "Abkhazia" and 2 barges in tow from TFR "Petrash".
October 14, together with LGKR “Chervona Ukraine”, “Red Caucasus”, EM “Bodriy”, “Nezamozhnik”, “Smyshlyny”, “Dzerzhinsky” in Odessa.
October 16 – 17, together with LGKR “Chervona Ukraine”, “Red Caucasus”, EM “Bodriy”, “Nezamozhnik”, “Smyshleny”, TFR “Petrash”, “Kuban”, 4 TSCH, 20 SKA evacuation of troops, as part of a convoy from 17 TR, from Odessa to Sevastopol.
"Shaumyan" with tail number "14". View from the left side as of 1941 - 42.
December 23 – 24, together with EM “Boikiy”, “Sposobny”, MH “Comintern”, “Ostrovsky”, BTSH “Mina”, “Explosion” and TR “Serov”, “Krasnogvardeets”, “Dmitrov”, “Kursk”, "Fabricius", transportation of troops to Sevastopol (a total of 9955 people were transported).
On December 26, together with the LGKR “Red Crimea”, they carried out an artillery shelling of Feodosia. The next day we returned to Novorossiysk.
On December 28 – 29, together with LGKR “Red Crimea”, “Red Caucasus”, EM “Nezamozhnik”, “Zheleznyakov”, TR “Kuban”, landing in the Feodosia port. Damaged (main mast knocked down), 2 killed, 7 wounded (according to other sources, 1 killed, 22 wounded). Received hits from 3 shells and 1 mine, 2 surface holes. Used 168 - 102 mm and 32 - 76 mm shells.
On December 30, together with the LGKR "Red Crimea", "Red Caucasus" carried out artillery fire to support the landing. Returned to Novorossiysk guarding the Red Crimea LGKR.
1942
On January 14 - 15, together with the LGKR "Red Crimea", the EM "Soobrazitelny", the CL "Red Adzharistan" carried out a landing in the Sudak area.
On January 23, together with the LGKR "Red Crimea", they received 1,576 people of the 544th regiment in Tuapse and moved to Novorossiysk.
On January 24 - 25, together with LGKR "Red Crimea", TSCH "No. 16", 4 SKA landed troops in the Sudak area.
On February 13, together with the Kyrgyz Republic, the Comintern broke through to Sevastopol with troops on board (1034 people in total).
On February 27, together with the LGKR "Red Crimea" and the TR "Rostok", it broke through to Sevastopol with troops on board (664 people in total).
"Shaumyan" with tail number "14". 1941 - 42
On March 1, together with the LGKR "Red Crimea", the EM "Zheleznyakov" supported a false landing in the Alushta area.
On March 11, I arrived in Sevastopol from the Lvov TR. Together with LGKR, “Red Crimea” left Sevastopol.
On March 23, he escorted the TR Vasily Chapaev from Poti to Sevastopol (the TR was sunk by enemy torpedo bombers).
On March 29, he arrived in Sevastopol with the Svaneti TR, the Tashkent LR and the Nezamozhnik EM (replenishment on the ships was only 571 people).
On April 3, I left Novorossiysk for Poti. Due to poor visibility and gross violations of the navigator's service, it jumped onto the rocks in the Gelendzhik area near Cape Tonkiy and, having damaged the bottom, sank. Destroyed by enemy aircraft and storms.
Commanders
| P. A. Evdokimov | 1932 |
| A. I. Zayats | 1933 |
| E. N. Zhukov | 1937 |
| V. N. Eroshenko | 1938 |
On this day, parts of the eastern defense sector are supported by the cruiser Leader, destroyers Smyshlyny, Frunze, Shaumyan and the gunboat Red Georgia under the overall command of Rear Admiral D.D. Vdovichenko.
While conducting a counter-battery fight, the Frunze receives a retaliatory hit from a large-caliber projectile. Despite the surface hole at the junction of the side and deck, the engine room was not damaged. Shrapnel killed one and wounded four sailors, including the ship's commander P.A. Bobrovnikova.
The situation near Odessa continued to become complicated, and to help the garrison of the besieged city, the first large tactical landing during the Great Patriotic War was conceived and carried out. The site of the village of Grigoryevka was chosen as the area for its holding. The leadership of the landing force was entrusted to the squadron commander, Rear Admiral Vladimirsky. Direct command of the detachment of landing ships was exercised by the commander of the cruiser brigade, Captain 1st Rank S.G. Gorshkov. The 3rd Black Sea Marine Regiment (3,000 people) was prepared for the landing, loading it onto ships began at 7 a.m. on September 21 in the area of the Cossack Bay of Sevastopol. The formation put to sea, heading for Odessa at 13:40.
"Frunze" left Sevastopol at six o'clock in the morning on the same day. On it, Rear Admiral Vladimirsky went to Odessa to coordinate actions with the commander of the Odessa defensive region (OOP). Together with him was the Deputy Chief of Staff of the OOP, Captain 1st Rank S.N. Ivanov, who had all the staff documentation for the landing operation.
The destroyer "Frunze" goes to sea
The death of the destroyer "Frunze".
At 14:00, while in the area of the Tendrovskaya Spit, the signalmen discovered and then identified the burning gunboat "Red Armenia". Having come to the aid of the ship, which had already been hit by an air bomb, the destroyer repelled a repeated attack by a German bomber, and lowering the boat, began rescuing people floating in the water. But almost immediately the rescue work had to be interrupted due to the outbreak of a new raid. The destroyer, picking up speed, turned sharply into the sea and went in a zigzag, dodging the bombs of nine bombers.
Despite fierce anti-aircraft fire and maneuvering, one of the German dive bombers managed to hit the destroyer's forecastle area. The navigation bridge was partially destroyed, on which many died or were wounded, including Rear Admiral Vladimirsky and the ship’s commander V.N. Eroshenko. After dressing, the latter personally took the helm, replacing the incapacitated helmsman.
The ship's air defenses quickly weakened, and the dive bomber attacks continued. The next bomb hit the stern of the destroyer near the fourth gun. The ship shook violently, and then it abruptly began to sink with its stern. The right engine, engine telegraph and steering were out of order. "Frunze" slowly described the circulation.
In the engine and tiller rooms, in the aft cockpit, emergency crews fought fiercely for their lives and the life of their ship. With enormous difficulty they managed to put the right machine into operation.
But as soon as the team managed to bring the destroyer to a shallow place in the Tendrovskaya Spit area, another raid began. The Frunze, which had almost run out of ammunition for anti-aircraft guns, received further damage and ran aground. The same fate befell the tug OP-2 that approached it. Some of the sailors reached the Tendrovskaya Spit by swimming, others, who remained on the half-sunken OP-2, were picked up by a torpedo boat at 17:30. 110 people from the Frunze team were saved, about 50 died.
The entire unequal duel lasted about two hours. Further management of the operation was entrusted to Captain 1st Rank S.G. Gorshkov.
But. Despite everything. on the night of September 22, the landing ships arrived safely in the designated area. On the morning of September 22, troops of the Odessa defensive region, with the support of naval artillery, went on the offensive in the eastern sector. The combined strike of ground forces, aviation and amphibious assault ended in the defeat of two enemy infantry divisions. The enemy lost about 6 thousand soldiers and officers and left a bridgehead from which they fired at the city and the nearest fairways. Ships and vessels were able to enter and leave the port without fear of targeted artillery fire.
The defense of Odessa stabilized until the evacuation of the city, carried out in the first half of October 1941. During the period October 1-15, 1941, up to 80 thousand soldiers and commanders of the Primorsky Army and the Odessa Naval Base, 15 thousand residents, and a large amount of military equipment and cargo were evacuated from Odessa by ship. "Noviks" - Black Sea troops during this period actively participated in convoy operations.
In the south of the country, the defense of Odessa continued with the defense of Sevastopol. As a result of the heroism and duration of the defense of Sevastopol, unparalleled in history, a group of three hundred thousand of the fascist army was tied up for eight months.
For the defense of the city, a permanent naval artillery support detachment was created, which included the cruisers "Chervopa Ukraine", "Red Crimea", "Red Caucasus", the destroyers "Bodriy", "Nezamozhnik", "Shaumyan", "Zheleznyakov" and "Dzerzhinsky" . The detachment was headed by the chief of staff of the squadron, Captain 1st Rank V.A. Andreev.
In the last days of 1941, in the days when Sevastopol repelled the December assault by the forces of the Red Army and the Red Army in the period from December 26, 1941 to January 2, 1942, the Kerch-Feodosia landing operation was carried out - one of the largest naval landing operations of the Great Patriotic War. Its goal was the liberation of the Kerch Peninsula and the creation of a springboard for the action of our troops to lift the blockade of Sevastopol and liberate Crimea. The main landing point was the Feodosia port, whose berths allowed the mooring of warships with troops and heavy equipment. Captain 1st Rank N.E. was appointed commander of the landing detachment. Bass.
On the evening of December 28, a naval support detachment under the command of Captain 1st Rank V.A. left Novorossiysk. Andreev, consisting of the cruisers "Red Caucasus" and "Red Crimea", the destroyers "Shaumyan", "Nezamozhnik" and "Zheleznyakov" with the transport "Kuban", on board which was an advanced landing detachment consisting of more than 5,000 soldiers.
On December 29, at 3:00 a.m., the naval support detachment approached Feodosia and formed a wake column. The destroyer "Shaumyan" was leading the way. After 40 minutes, the ships set on a combat course and, reducing speed to 6 knots, opened fire on the port of Feodosia and the village of Sarygol. The destroyers "Zheleznyakov" and "Shaumyan" fired illumination shells at the port and enemy defense centers. At 4:40 a.m., the Shaumyan (330 paratroopers) was the first of the large ships to enter the Feodosia port. Following him, “Zheleznyakov” (287 paratroopers) and “Nezamozhnik” (289 paratroopers) entered the harbor. “Shaumyan”, under enemy fire, approached the Broad Pier and began landing troops, which lasted only 20 minutes. At the same time, the destroyer fired at enemy firing points. The mainmast on it was shot down by an enemy shell. After the landing, "Shaumyan" went to the roadstead and from there continued to fire at enemy batteries.
Commander of the destroyer "Frunze" captain-lieutenant submarine. Bobrovnikov
The destroyer Nezamozhnik also came under heavy enemy fire when entering the harbor. In an effort to get the ship out of the fire, the commander of the destroyer, when approaching the pier, ordered to increase speed, and the ship hit the wall with its bow, severely damaging the stem above the waterline. On the initiative of the boatswain, midshipman A.G. Egorov's landing force landed directly from the forecastle in just 16 minutes. Then the “Nezamozhnik” went to the outer roadstead and at 9:15 a.m. received orders to proceed to Novorossiysk. On the “Zheleznyakov”, seven sailors died during the landing operation when a mortar shell exploded in the ship’s wardroom. The first landing was completed by 11:30 a.m. on December 19, 1941. During the landing, the destroyer "Shaumyan" expended 168 shells, "Zheleznyakov" 151, "Nezamozhnik" 168.
Here the war began simultaneously, as well as along the entire western border. But here its course was noticeably different from the events in the Baltic.
At 3:15 am on June 22, 1941, German aircraft carried out raids on Sevastopol, Odessa, and Izmail. A number of settlements on the banks of the Danube were subjected to artillery shelling. As in the Baltic, the fleet did not suffer any losses on the first day of the war. The forces of the Hitlerite coalition deployed southwest of the Soviet border were in many ways inferior to the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army, and at sea the superiority of the Black Sea Fleet over "half a dozen Romanian destroyers" was simply overwhelming. Already in the first weeks of the war, the front line advanced tens of kilometers into the interior of Romania. And only in July, under the threat of tank wedges of the German army “hanging” from northwestern Ukraine, the Soviet armies began to retreat to Kyiv and Odessa.
“Noviki” at the beginning of the war constituted the 1st division of destroyers of the Black Sea Fleet. It included: “Nezamozhnik”, “Frunze”, “Zheleznyakov” (formerly “Petrovsky”), “Dzerzhinsky” and “Shaumyan”.
At the beginning of the war, the Nazi fleet did not have ships in the Black Sea. The Romanian fleet consisted of 4 destroyers, 3 destroyers, and one submarine. 3 torpedo boats, 3 gunboats and two minelayers. Almost all the ships of the Romanian fleet were outdated, and the combat readiness of the personnel was very low. Bulgaria declared war on the Soviet Union symbolically, but in reality the Bulgarian troops did not participate in any hostilities.
Already in the first days of the war, the Black Sea Fleet, taking advantage of its absolute superiority, tried to conduct combat operations more decisively. This almost immediately led to disaster when, during the first raid on the Romanian port of Constanta, one of the best ships of the Black Sea Fleet, the leader "Moscow", was blown up and sank on a minefield.
"Shaumyan" on a hike
On the second day of the war, June 23, the destroyer "Shaumyan", accompanied by a minesweeper, went out to lay mines in the Sulin area, and was attacked by three bombers on the way back. Since the Shaumyan’s anti-aircraft armament consisted only of a single 76.2 mm anti-aircraft gun and a pair of machine guns (the author did not find information about the possible strengthening of the ship’s air defense in the pre-war years), it was only by chance that the bombs fell 60 meters behind the stern of the ship. But even so, the force of the hydraulic shock was enough to cause all three stern 102-mm guns to fail.
The situation on the Southwestern Front began to deteriorate rapidly by the end of July. By August, Soviet troops had abandoned almost the entire western half of Ukraine. The battles took place for Kyiv, for the Dnieper region. On August 10, the troops of the coastal army were cut off from the main forces in the Odessa region. The heroic defense of Odessa began.
To support the Primorsky Army, on August 6, 1941, a detachment of ships of the North-Western region was formed. These included “Unlocked” and “Shaumyan”. From the very first days of the defense of Odessa, the main point of application of forces for both attackers and defenders was the area of the village of Grigoryevka. Possession of it allowed long-range artillery to take the Odessa port under fire and interrupt the transport links of the besieged city. The first attacks on Grigoryevka were repulsed by soldiers of the 1st Marine Regiment, with the support of naval guns. The enemy was driven north with heavy losses.
The situation worsened again with the start of a new assault on Odessa on August 20 by the German-Romanian army. On this day, Ochakov was abandoned, the evacuation of whose garrison on the night of August 21 was covered by "Nezamozhnik". In this regard, on August 22, the Odessa detachment was reinforced by the arriving cruiser "Red Crimea". He was accompanied by the destroyers Frunze and Dzerzhinsky. On the same day, Frunze shelled enemy positions near the villages of Chabanka and Sverdlovka. During it, 140 shells were fired. On August 23, the cruiser Chervona Ukraine arrives in Odessa, immediately adding the “voices” of its 15 130 mm guns to the front-line cannonade. But, despite the huge losses, the Romanian units, after a short respite, resumed the offensive along the entire arc of the defensive positions of the Odessa defensive region. By August 28, the situation began to become dangerous again and required further reinforcement of the detachment of ships in the North-Western region.
On this day, parts of the eastern defense sector are supported by the cruiser Leader, destroyers Smyshlyny, Frunze, Shaumyan and the gunboat Red Georgia under the overall command of Rear Admiral D.D. Vdovichenko.
While conducting a counter-battery fight, the Frunze receives a retaliatory hit from a large-caliber projectile. Despite the surface hole at the junction of the side and deck, the engine room was not damaged. Shrapnel killed one and wounded four sailors, including the ship's commander P.A. Bobrovnikova.
The situation near Odessa continued to become complicated, and to help the garrison of the besieged city, the first large tactical landing during the Great Patriotic War was conceived and carried out. The site of the village of Grigoryevka was chosen as the area for its holding. The leadership of the landing force was entrusted to the squadron commander, Rear Admiral Vladimirsky. Direct command of the detachment of landing ships was exercised by the commander of the cruiser brigade, Captain 1st Rank S.G. Gorshkov. The 3rd Black Sea Marine Regiment (3,000 people) was prepared for the landing, loading it onto ships began at 7 a.m. on September 21 in the area of the Cossack Bay of Sevastopol. The formation put to sea, heading for Odessa at 13:40.
"Frunze" left Sevastopol at six o'clock in the morning on the same day. On it, Rear Admiral Vladimirsky went to Odessa to coordinate actions with the commander of the Odessa defensive region (OOP). Together with him was the Deputy Chief of Staff of the OOP, Captain 1st Rank S.N. Ivanov, who had all the staff documentation for the landing operation.
The destroyer "Frunze" goes to sea
The death of the destroyer "Frunze".
At 14:00, while in the area of the Tendrovskaya Spit, the signalmen discovered and then identified the burning gunboat "Red Armenia". Having come to the aid of the ship, which had already been hit by an air bomb, the destroyer repelled a repeated attack by a German bomber, and lowering the boat, began rescuing people floating in the water. But almost immediately the rescue work had to be interrupted due to the outbreak of a new raid. The destroyer, picking up speed, turned sharply into the sea and went in a zigzag, dodging the bombs of nine bombers.
Despite fierce anti-aircraft fire and maneuvering, one of the German dive bombers managed to hit the destroyer's forecastle area. The navigation bridge was partially destroyed, on which many died or were wounded, including Rear Admiral Vladimirsky and the ship’s commander V.N. Eroshenko. After dressing, the latter personally took the helm, replacing the incapacitated helmsman.
The ship's air defenses quickly weakened, and the dive bomber attacks continued. The next bomb hit the stern of the destroyer near the fourth gun. The ship shook violently, and then it abruptly began to sink with its stern. The right engine, engine telegraph and steering were out of order. "Frunze" slowly described the circulation.
In the engine and tiller rooms, in the aft cockpit, emergency crews fought fiercely for their lives and the life of their ship. With enormous difficulty they managed to put the right machine into operation.
But as soon as the team managed to bring the destroyer to a shallow place in the Tendrovskaya Spit area, another raid began. The Frunze, which had almost run out of ammunition for anti-aircraft guns, received further damage and ran aground. The same fate befell the tug OP-2 that approached it. Some of the sailors reached the Tendrovskaya Spit by swimming, others, who remained on the half-sunken OP-2, were picked up by a torpedo boat at 17:30. 110 people from the Frunze team were saved, about 50 died.
The entire unequal duel lasted about two hours. Further management of the operation was entrusted to Captain 1st Rank S.G. Gorshkov.
But. Despite everything. on the night of September 22, the landing ships arrived safely in the designated area. On the morning of September 22, troops of the Odessa defensive region, with the support of naval artillery, went on the offensive in the eastern sector. The combined strike of ground forces, aviation and amphibious assault ended in the defeat of two enemy infantry divisions. The enemy lost about 6 thousand soldiers and officers and left a bridgehead from which they fired at the city and the nearest fairways. Ships and vessels were able to enter and leave the port without fear of targeted artillery fire.
The defense of Odessa stabilized until the evacuation of the city, carried out in the first half of October 1941. During the period October 1-15, 1941, up to 80 thousand soldiers and commanders of the Primorsky Army and the Odessa Naval Base, 15 thousand residents, and a large amount of military equipment and cargo were evacuated from Odessa by ship. "Noviks" - Black Sea troops during this period actively participated in convoy operations.
In the south of the country, the defense of Odessa continued with the defense of Sevastopol. As a result of the heroism and duration of the defense of Sevastopol, unparalleled in history, a group of three hundred thousand of the fascist army was tied up for eight months.
For the defense of the city, a permanent naval artillery support detachment was created, which included the cruisers "Chervopa Ukraine", "Red Crimea", "Red Caucasus", the destroyers "Bodriy", "Nezamozhnik", "Shaumyan", "Zheleznyakov" and "Dzerzhinsky" . The detachment was headed by the chief of staff of the squadron, Captain 1st Rank V.A. Andreev.
In the last days of 1941, in the days when Sevastopol repelled the December assault by the forces of the Red Army and the Red Army in the period from December 26, 1941 to January 2, 1942, the Kerch-Feodosia landing operation was carried out - one of the largest naval landing operations of the Great Patriotic War. Its goal was the liberation of the Kerch Peninsula and the creation of a springboard for the action of our troops to lift the blockade of Sevastopol and liberate Crimea. The main landing point was the Feodosia port, whose berths allowed the mooring of warships with troops and heavy equipment. Captain 1st Rank N.E. was appointed commander of the landing detachment. Bass.
On the evening of December 28, a naval support detachment under the command of Captain 1st Rank V.A. left Novorossiysk. Andreev, consisting of the cruisers "Red Caucasus" and "Red Crimea", the destroyers "Shaumyan", "Nezamozhnik" and "Zheleznyakov" with the transport "Kuban", on board which was an advanced landing detachment consisting of more than 5,000 soldiers.
On December 29, at 3:00 a.m., the naval support detachment approached Feodosia and formed a wake column. The destroyer "Shaumyan" was leading the way. After 40 minutes, the ships set on a combat course and, reducing speed to 6 knots, opened fire on the port of Feodosia and the village of Sarygol. The destroyers "Zheleznyakov" and "Shaumyan" fired illumination shells at the port and enemy defense centers. At 4:40 a.m., the Shaumyan (330 paratroopers) was the first of the large ships to enter the Feodosia port. Following him, “Zheleznyakov” (287 paratroopers) and “Nezamozhnik” (289 paratroopers) entered the harbor. “Shaumyan”, under enemy fire, approached the Broad Pier and began landing troops, which lasted only 20 minutes. At the same time, the destroyer fired at enemy firing points. The mainmast on it was shot down by an enemy shell. After the landing, "Shaumyan" went to the roadstead and from there continued to fire at enemy batteries.
Commander of the destroyer "Frunze" captain-lieutenant submarine. Bobrovnikov
The destroyer Nezamozhnik also came under heavy enemy fire when entering the harbor. In an effort to get the ship out of the fire, the commander of the destroyer, when approaching the pier, ordered to increase speed, and the ship hit the wall with its bow, severely damaging the stem above the waterline. On the initiative of the boatswain, midshipman A.G. Egorov's landing force landed directly from the forecastle in just 16 minutes. Then the “Nezamozhnik” went to the outer roadstead and at 9:15 a.m. received orders to proceed to Novorossiysk. On the “Zheleznyakov”, seven sailors died during the landing operation when a mortar shell exploded in the ship’s wardroom. The first landing was completed by 11:30 a.m. on December 19, 1941. During the landing, the destroyer "Shaumyan" expended 168 shells, "Zheleznyakov" 151, "Nezamozhnik" 168.
On January 25, 1942, "Shaumyan" and "Zheleznyakov" took part in a landing operation in the area of the village of Sudak. 1942 was coming - the year of the most stubborn struggle and the heaviest losses in all the years of the war. And yet, on the entire huge front, from the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, there were three of the most terrible, bloodiest places of battle in all four years of the war: near Leningrad, near Kharkov... And in the Crimea!
The second defense of Sevastopol became as much a page of Russia’s glory as the first defense. But, as the classic of Marxism-Leninism wrote: “the bravest, most devoted fighters will be defeated if they are poorly armed.” In the first half of 1942, German aviation was able to operate on the sea communications of Sevastopol so effectively that every flight to the besieged city turned into a game with death. Unlike Leningrad, Sevastopol was unable to maintain its “Road of Life”. The fortress slowly faded away due to lack of gasoline, shells and food.
At this time, from January to June 1942, our fleet veterans made a total of 15 voyages to besieged Sevastopol. Each such flight was not just a military campaign, but a breakthrough through enemy minefields under the constant threat of attack from submarines, torpedo boats, and aircraft. "Noviki", along with other ships, time after time came out to provide artillery support to the troops of the Sevastopol defensive region. On April 3, 1942, the Shaumyan was lost as a result of a navigation error.
On April 17, 1942, the Dzerzhinsky and the cruiser Komintern took part in escorting a small convoy from Batumi to Tuapse. The 240th Fighter Aviation Brigade was accepted “with its property” aboard the Comintern and delivered to its destination, as was a tanker with fuel, which is priceless these days. The fighters, apparently, were heading to the front “on their own” (3).
On May 13, the hour of the destroyer "Dzerzhinsky" came. He participated in the transfer of troops of the Primorsky Army from Novorossiysk to the burning Sevastopol, heading there in a group with the cruiser "Red Crimea" and the destroyer "Nezamozhnik". "Dzerzhinsky" was blown up by a mine and sank in 12 hours 27 minutes. In August of the same 1942, the repaired "Nezamozhnik" again took part in the evacuation, this time of Novorossiysk.
After the fall of Crimea and Sevastopol, the front approached the very borders of Georgia, stopping only at Tuapse and the snow-covered high mountain passes of the Caucasus. Squeezed by the war into the south-eastern corner of the Black Sea, suffering serious losses. The Black Sea Fleet finds itself in a position similar to that of the Baltic Fleet, almost similarly locked in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland. In September 1942, the fleet launched naval artillery strikes against enemy troop bases in Yalta and Feodosia. "Zheleznyakov" and "Nezamozhnik" again took part in these actions. So, for example, to destroy enemy watercraft in the port of Feodosia on October 13, the destroyer "Nezamozhnik" and the patrol ship "Shkval" left Poti. At 1:42 a.m. on October 14, ships from 57 cables opened fire. Having expended 151 shells on the ships, several explosions and fires were noticed on the shore. The ships fired at the Feodosia port again on December 20, 1942.
Until the decisive turning point in the Great Patriotic War, only light naval forces go to sea.
On February 4, 1943, the Noviki supported a diversionary landing in the South Ozereyka area. The battles on “Malaya Zemlya” near Novorossiysk had already taken place without them - the completely outdated and worn-out Black Sea “noviki” had not been participating in hostilities since the beginning of 1943. They were neither near Novorossiysk in 1943, nor off the Crimean coast in May 1944. In general, after a mediocre raid operation that ended on October 6, 1943 with the death of the three best ships of the Black Sea Fleet led by the leader "Kharkov", until the very end of the war, the actions of Soviet large surface ships in the Black Sea were characterized by extreme passivity. Even in May 1944, during the liberation of Crimea, despite complete superiority over the enemy in all branches of the military. The headquarters does not dare to use the fleet.
At the same time, the commander of the Black Sea Fleet, Admiral Oktyabrsky, made a last attempt to use ships of the size “slightly larger than a torpedo boat” off Chersonesus: on May 9, 1944, the cruiser “Red Crimea” was transferred from Batumi to Poti, as well as the destroyers “Nezamozhnik” and “Zheleznyakov” . Obviously, the admiral believed that he would be allowed to risk at least the old ships, but this did not happen either. Headquarters, promising to order large surface ships to act, clearly hesitated in making a decision.
This was the end of the war for the “newcomers” of the Black Sea coast. And three months later, the war itself on the Black Sea ended. Within literally ten weeks, Germany lost control over Romania, Bulgaria, Greece and partially over Hungary and Yugoslavia. Combined with the Allied landing in Normandy, the withdrawal of Finland from the war and the liberation of Belarus, Germany’s defeat in the war became obvious to the whole world.
