Hazardous substances Emergency chemical hazardous substances (list of bad things)

Objective of the lesson: 1. To get acquainted with the main types of hazardous substances and their classification according to the degree of danger to humans 2. To achieve mastery of the concept of “Hazardous substance”; 3.Learn to identify signs of poisoning; 4.Improve knowledge in the field of personal safety in Everyday life and maintaining your health.

Answer: 4;3;5;6 Situational task: Your friend grabbed the wire of a turned-on tape recorder with his hand, and he was hit electric shock. The wire remained in his hand. Select your further actions from the proposed options and determine their order: 1. Grab the wire and tear it out of the hands of a friend. 2. Come up and see how he feels. 3. Turn off the lighting in the electrical panel. 4. Pull the wire out of the socket using a dry wooden stick. 5. Call an ambulance. 6. Call your parents (neighbors). Situational task: Your friend grabbed the wire of a turned-on tape recorder with his hand, and he received an electric shock. The wire remained in his hand. Select your further actions from the proposed options and determine their order: 1. Grab the wire and tear it out of the hands of a friend. 2. Come up and see how he feels. 3. Turn off the lighting in the electrical panel. 4. Pull the wire out of the socket using a dry wooden stick. 5. Call an ambulance. 6. Call your parents (neighbors).

Classification of hazardous substances Degree of hazardEffect on humans Explanatory note 1. SafeDo not have no inscription 2.Relatively safeHarm when contacted with certain parts of the body Use with caution 3.FlammableAct under certain conditions Prohibited for use near an open flame 4.PoisonousCauses poisoning "POISON"

Most hazardous substances: 1. Natural gas (gas stoves); 2.Medicines and medical devices (tablets, mixtures, ointments, thermometers, alcoholic liquids); 3. Household chemicals (synthetic and detergents, varnishes, paints, solvents, aerosols, acetone, kerosene); 4. Food products (poisonous plants, mushrooms, poor quality food products, canned food with expired expiration dates)

Signs of poisoning: 1. Lethargy throughout the body; 2. Colic in the abdomen; 3. Dizziness; 4.Vomiting; 5. Intestinal disorder; 6. Chills. 1. Lethargy throughout the body; 2. Colic in the abdomen; 3. Dizziness; 4.Vomiting; 5. Intestinal disorder; 6. Chills. At the first signs of poisoning, immediately tell your parents or other adults (neighbors, relatives, teachers).

Memo “How to handle household chemicals and other hazardous substances” Never use unfamiliar drugs if there are no adults nearby; Do not drink liquids from unfamiliar bottles and cans; Do not use matches near liquids with a strong odor; Store hazardous substances in closed with markings in locked cabinets out of the reach of children; Be careful with gas appliances; Monitor the expiration date and storage rules of food products; After working with chemicals, be sure to wash your hands.

Lifestyle lesson 5th grade

Household chemicals

Relatively

safe

Flammable

Soap, washing powders,

pastes, ink, mascara, cosmetics.

Varnishes, paints, solvents,

household products for treating plants and fighting insects.

Dangerous

for eyes and skin

Poisonous

Chemicals, strong

preparations for the control of insects and rodents

stain removers, engine fuel, methyl alcohol.

Whitening,

disinfectants.

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Relatively safe

There is no inscription on their packaging indicating the degree of danger of use. These are soaps, cleaning and washing powders, pastes, inks, mascara, cosmetics.

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Hazardous to eyes and skin

Their packaging contains warning labels such as: "Keep out of contact with eyes." These are bleaching and disinfectants.

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Flammable

On containers with such substances it is written: “Flammable”, “Do not store, do not spray near fire”. These are preparations in aerosol packaging, varnishes, paints, solvents, household products for treating plants and fighting insects.

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Poisonous

On their packaging the inscriptions: “Poison!”, “Poisonous!” These are chemicals for industrial and laboratory use, potent preparations for controlling field pests, for protecting plants in large areas, some types of stain removers, fuel for engines, methyl alcohol.

Lead and other heavy metals (copper, zinc, manganese, iron, cobalt, molybdenum), hazardous to health, are contained in paints and are part of products made of polymer materials.

Cosmetic preparations may also contain heavy metals. For example, powder - zinc oxide, eye shadow - aluminum powder

Glues, new furniture, synthetic carpeting, some textiles and disinfectants can release fumes of another very dangerous chemical - formaldehyde , which can cause cancer.

How to make your life safer

1. Do not use lead paint

2. Use paints that do not contain organic solvents

3. Give preference to safe products made from natural fibers

4. Try to use chemicals instead simple traditional cleaning products

5. Use the same products for disinfection (destroying pathogenic bacteria) in the bathroom, toilet, and kitchen

6. When buying cosmetic products, pay attention to their composition indicated on the label.

7. Grow as many plants as possible at home

Food poisoning

• Products should only be consumed if you are sure of their freshness or after hot processing.
• It is better to store them in a cool, dark place, i.e. in a refrigerator.
• Food should be consumed immediately after preparation, and before the next use it should be either very cool or boiled.

How to prevent food poisoning

1. Always wash your hands before preparing food; Wash utensils with hot soapy water after cooking meat and fish. 2. Do not defrost meat at room temperature. Defrost it gradually in the refrigerator or quickly in the microwave, and cook immediately. 3. Avoid raw pickled foods and

raw meat

, fish or eggs. Prepare all such foods thoroughly.

• 4. Avoid eating food that looks spoiled or smells bad, or food that comes from bulging or cracked cans. 5. Keep the refrigerator at 3°C. Never eat cooked meat or dairy products that have been out of the refrigerator for more than two hours Rules for taking medications:
• Each medicine has its own tricks and rules for taking it.
• If it is not specifically stated in the recipe, what to drink with it
• this medicine

, wash it down with half a glass of water. The water should be boiled and at room temperature.

Never chew the tablets unless specifically instructed to do so.

It has long been known that mercury, and especially its vapors, are poisonous, and that you should not take or collect mercury with your hands (the vapors easily penetrate the skin).

Remember

If you accidentally break a thermometer or find mercury somewhere in the basement or on the street, leave this place and tell an adult.

Spilled mercury from a thermometer can penetrate into floor crevices, be absorbed by carpets, sharply (4-6 times) exceed the concentration of harmful vapors in the room and cause diseases of the respiratory system and nervous system.

Do not throw spilled mercury and its cleaning products down the drain: your toilet will become hazardous to your health.

Blankets and carpets contaminated with mercury are not recommended for use for a year until the remaining fumes have disappeared .

Pesticides – these are chemicals that exhibit toxic (biocidal) properties.

Evolution and progress have not rid humanity of hazardous substances used in industry and agriculture. Approximately 8.5 million chemical compounds not found in natural habitats have been invented to date. Most of them are synthesized from petroleum products. Approximately 500 chemical substances used by humans in economic activities are recognized as toxic substances. Those of them that, when released into the air or soil, cause extreme harm to health, infect and poison the body, are called hazardous chemical substances.

List of emergency chemical hazardous substances

The main damaging factors and effects on the human body are given in a separate card for a chemically hazardous substance.

Where is Akhov found?

The most common hazardous substances are found in the following places:

1. At oil refining enterprises.
2. In warehouses. In workshops with refrigeration equipment running on ammonia.
3. Engineering structures designed to clean water supply and sewerage systems where chlorine is still used.

In the process of destruction or deformation of the containers in which these poisons were located, or in the event of the release of hazardous chemicals into the atmosphere, their penetration into human body through the respiratory, digestive, skin and mucous membranes.

The main characteristic of these substances is that they have a relative density. If the density of a toxic substance is less than one, then it will have a high dissipation rate because the air will be heavier. In cases where the density exceeds 1, such hazardous substances are able to remain below, near the ground, longer.

According to danger, they are divided into 4 classes:

1. Possessing extreme danger. Even a small amount can cause the death of a living creature. This is mercury, ethyleneimine.
2. Highly dangerous. This class includes arsenic-containing substances, fluorine, and hydrocyanic acid.
3. Moderately dangerous
4. Possessing a slight danger to environment. For example, acetone.

The process of localizing and eliminating leaks of hazardous chemicals

Types and effects of toxic compounds

The clinical picture will depend on what type of substances are released into the environment. They are divided into asphyxiating and generally poisonous, as well as with a cauterizing effect. In addition, there are neurotropic poisons. They have a destructive effect on nervous system person. These are carbon disulfide and organophosphorus compounds.

A separate group of hazardous substances includes metabolic poisons.

• Having alkylating activity
• Destroying the normal metabolic process

These substances have a toxic effect on the body when they get inside along with food and water, get on the skin and when their particles are inhaled.

The action of each poison is specific:

• ammonia (the characteristic smell of this colorless gas is familiar to many) causes signs of suffocation, coughing, cardiac arrhythmia, increased pulsation rates, redness of the skin and mucous membranes, their itching, tearing of the eyes, frostbite of the skin, and the appearance of burn blisters;
• chlorine (yellow-green gas with a characteristic odor) causes sharp pain in the chest, excessive lacrimation, vomiting, dry cough and impaired coordination of movements;
• hydrogen sulfide (a colorless gas with a specific odor) produces headache, fear of light, lacrimation, vomiting and nausea, taste of metal in the mouth, cold sweating.

In addition to the above, substances such as sulfur dioxide, methyl mercaptan, acrylic acid nitrile, hydrocyanic acid, benzene, hydrogen bromide and others are often found.

Visually detectable signs of chemical contamination of the area

1. The appearance of a cloud that grows for no apparent reason.
2. Foreign odors leading to suffocation.
3. Malaise, up to loss of consciousness.
4. Rapid withering of vegetation.
5. Death of small animals and birds.

If such signs occur, you should use a gas mask and take cover in a place where it is difficult for air from the environment to enter. Eliminate existing gaps in the shelter, close the ventilation. You should also turn off household appliances. Wearing glasses, for example, sunglasses, will protect the mucous membranes of the eyes. The respiratory organs can be protected with cotton-gauze bandages. It's better to have them in your arsenal!

In the event that accidental poisoning with chemically hazardous substances occurs, for example, due to chlorine emissions, the victims are evacuated as quickly as possible to fresh air, to a place where the wind direction is opposite to the source of injury.

First aid when dispatching hazardous substances

Emergency chemical hazardous substances cards, as well as detailed first aid for emergency poisoning with hazardous chemical substances is presented separately for each type of substance in the table above; clicking on its name will additionally be presented Chemical properties and characteristics of hazardous chemical substances.

It should be remembered that in case of ammonia poisoning, artificial respiration is contraindicated, and it matters in what position the victim is transported (strictly in a supine position).

In case of hydrogen sulfide poisoning, urgent washing of the face and eyes with clean water is indicated. In any case, all poisoned persons must be taken to the nearest emergency room. Severe inhalation exposure to agents can lead to toxic, rapidly progressive pulmonary edema, incompatible with life.

Accurately determine the presence of hazardous substances in water, soil, food products will help, which are equipped with medical and veterinary stations. To determine the composition of air, professional gas analyzers are needed.

Today, chemically hazardous substances are used in large quantities in household, agricultural, and industrial areas. All of them are highly toxic and pose a threat to people and nature. Next, we will consider the most common chemically hazardous substances.

Nature of the threat

Emergency chemically hazardous substances (HAS) are used in production, processing, transport and other needs. When they leak, air, water, animals, people, plants, and soil become infected. In the event of an accident involving hazardous chemicals at an enterprise, a threat to the lives of not only people located directly within its boundaries is created. Toxic compounds that can quickly travel with the wind can create a damage zone of tens of kilometers. In Russia, disasters occur every year resulting in the release of chemically hazardous substances. Moreover, with the development of industry and technology, the threat only increases.

Hazardous chemicals and objects: general information

The largest reserves of toxic compounds are concentrated in oil refining, metallurgical, defense, meat and dairy enterprises, Food Industry. Chemical and pharmaceutical plants contain large quantities of hazardous substances. Toxic compounds are present at trade and warehouse bases, at housing and communal services enterprises, in various joint-stock companies, and at cold storage plants. The most common hazardous chemicals are:

• Hydrocyanic acid.
• Benzene.
• Sulfur dioxide (sulfur dioxide).
• Ammonia.
• Hydrogen fluoride and hydrogen bromide.
• Methyl mercaptan.
• Hydrogen sulfide.

Processing Features

At normal conditions Chemically hazardous substances in most cases have a gaseous or liquid state. But during production, use, processing, and storage, gaseous compounds are transformed. By compression they are brought into a liquid state. Due to this transformation, the volume of hazardous chemicals is significantly reduced.

Toxicity characteristics

Categories such as maximum permissible concentration and toxodose are used as indicators of the harmfulness of compounds. The maximum norm is a volume whose daily exposure over a long period of time does not provoke diseases or any changes in the human body. The maximum permissible concentration is not used in hazard assessment emergency situation, since in an emergency the duration of the toxic effect of hazardous chemicals is quite limited. Toxodose is a certain amount of a compound that can cause a toxic effect.

Chlorine

Under normal conditions, this compound is a yellow-green gas with an irritating, pungent odor. Its mass is approximately 2.5 times greater than that of air. Because of this, chlorine accumulates in tunnels, wells, basements and lowlands. This compound is consumed annually in the amount of 40 million tons. Chlorine is transported and stored in steel containers and railway tanks under pressure. When it leaks, acrid smoke is formed, which is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Maximum permissible content of the compound in the air:

• 1 mg/m 3 - in the workshop of the enterprise.
• 0.1 mg/m 3 - single maximum concentration.
• 0.03 mg/m 3 - average daily concentration.

Exposure to chlorine for 30-60 minutes at a concentration of 100-200 mg/m3 is considered life-threatening.

Ammonia

Under normal conditions, this compound appears as a colorless gas. Ammonia has a pungent odor and is light in weight (twice lighter than air). When released into the atmosphere, it forms smoke and explosive mixtures. Ammonia is highly soluble in water. The global production of this compound annually amounts to 90 million tons. Ammonia is transported in a liquefied state in containers under pressure. MPC in the air:

• The maximum single and average daily concentration is 0.2 mg/m3.
• In the workshop of the enterprise - 20 mg/m 3.

A threat to life is created at a concentration in the air of 500 mg/m3. In such cases, there is a high probability of death from poisoning.

Hydrocyanic acid

This clear and colorless liquid has an intoxicating odor, similar to the aroma of almonds. At normal temperature it is highly volatile. Drops hydrocyanic acid evaporate quickly: in winter in an hour, in summer - in 5 minutes. MPC in the air is 0.01 mg/m 3. At a concentration of 80 mg/m3, poisoning occurs.

Hydrogen sulfide

This colorless gas has an unpleasant and very pungent odor. Hydrogen sulfide is twice as heavy as air. During accidents, it accumulates in lowlands, first floors of buildings, tunnels, and basements. Hydrogen sulfide greatly pollutes water. When inhaled, the compound affects the mucous membranes and also has a negative effect on the skin. Among the first signs of poisoning include headache, photophobia, lacrimation and burning in the eyes, cold sweat, vomiting and nausea, as well as a metallic taste in the mouth.

Features of the disaster

As a rule, during an emergency with the destruction of a container, the pressure is reduced to atmospheric pressure. As a result, hazardous chemicals boil and are released as an aerosol, vapor or gas. The cloud formed directly when the container is damaged is called primary. The dangerous chemicals contained in it spread over a fairly large distance. The remaining volume of liquid spreads over the surface. Gradually the compounds also evaporate. Gaseous hazardous chemicals released into the atmosphere form a secondary cloud of damage. It spreads over shorter distances.

Affected areas

These are areas that are contaminated with harmful compounds in concentrations that pose a threat to human life. The depth of the affected area (the distance over which air with hazardous substances will spread) will depend on the level of hazardous substances. Wind speed is also important. So, at flows of 1 m/s the cloud will move away from the emergency site by 5-7 km, at 2 m/s - by 10-14 km, at 3 m/s - by 16-21 km. As air and soil temperatures rise, the evaporation of toxic compounds increases. This, in turn, helps to increase the concentration of substances. The type (shape) of the infection zone also depends on the air flow. So, at 0.5 m/sec it looks like a circle, 0.6-1 m/sec - like a semicircle, 1.1 m/sec - like a sector with a right (90 degrees) angle, 2 m/sec and more - as a sector with an angle of 45 degrees.

Features of damage to populated areas

It must be said that structures and buildings in the city heat up faster from the sun than in rural areas. In this regard, in large populated areas there is intense air movement. This contributes to the fact that hazardous substances penetrate into dead ends, basements, courtyards, and the first floors of houses, creating high concentrations there that pose a serious threat to the population.