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Participles with the suffix enne or nn. Rules for spelling words with the suffix -enn

Active present participles written with the following suffixes:

1) -ush- (-yush-). These suffixes have participles that were formed from verbs of the 1st conjugation: melting (melting), laughing (laughing), painting (grinding), swaying (swaying), bubbling (bubbling).

2) -ash- (-box-). These suffixes are written in participles, which were formed from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: pleading (pray), stinging (sting), dependent (depend), etc.

Exceptions are participles building And squeamish which are formed from verbs rest on And disdain. And in communion future suffix -yush- is added to the stem, but is simplified, so the letter yu falls out.

Active past participles in suffixes -vsh- have the same vowel as the verb in the past tense (or in the infinitive - before the suffix -th), from which the participle is formed: iron - ironed - ironed, hope - hoped - hoped, glued - glued - glued.

Note. Sometimes the meaning of a word depends on one vowel in a suffix: exhausted(to become weak - to lose strength) and exhausted(to weaken - to deprive of strength).

Suffixes of passive participles.

IN passive past participles the following suffixes are written:

1) Suffix -nn-, if the verb from which the participle is derived has a past tense form before the suffix -l vowels a, e, i: exchanged - exchanged, drew - drawn, offended - offended.

2) Suffix -enn-, -yonn- are written in participles in cases where the verb from which the participle is formed is in the past tense singular. m.r. has a vowel -And- before the suffix -l: stroked - ironed, groomed - groomed, traveled - groomed.

Spelling: spelling participle suffixes(formation of active participles of the present and past tense, passive participles of the present and past tense).

Formation of active present participles

Active present participles are formed from the stem of imperfective present tense verbs using suffixes -ushch (-yushch) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffixes -ashch (-box) from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: play - the one who plays, writes - the one who writes, shaves - the one who shaves, builds - the one who builds, shouts - the one who screams, sees - the one who sees.

Formation of active past participles

Active past participles are formed from the stem of the indefinite form using suffixes -vsh- (-sh-). Suffix -vsh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a vowel: read - read, laugh - laughed . In this case, the suffix of the indefinite form is preserved before -vsh- just like in the past tense of the verb before -l: see - saw - having seen, melt - melted - melted.

Suffix -sh- used if the stem of the indefinite form ends in a consonant, as, for example, in all verbs ending in -whose. In this case, there is an alternation h/g, k. By using -sh- participles are formed from verbs ending -ti(in this case, alternations are also possible).

Formation of present passive participles

Present passive participles are formed from the present tense stem of transitive imperfective verbs using suffixes -eat- (-om-) from verbs of the 1st conjugation and suffix -them- from verbs of the 2nd conjugation: lead - led, respect - respected, see - visible, store - stored . You need to remember the participle with the suffix -them-- movable (in the meaning of “impelled”: “driven by a feeling of remorse”; also used in relation to property that can be moved). This participle is not formed from the verb move (I conjugation), and from an obsolete verb "move" .

Many transitive verbs have passive present participles Not are formed (for example, take, wait, reap, write, wash, pour, beat, drink etc.). At the same time, there are several passive participles formed from intransitive verbs: preceded, guided, controlled .

Passive present participles should not be confused with verbal adjectives with suffixes -eat-, -im-(fossil, permissible, incomparable, invincible, inextinguishable). Such adjectives can be formed from intransitive verbs (dependent, inexhaustible, waterproof, unceasing, unfading, incombustible) and from perfective verbs (beg - inexorable). Most of them are not used without the prefix Not-(imperturbable, unbearable, invisible, innumerable, inexhaustible). Features that are indicated by verbal adjectives are constant and do not occur over time (unlike features indicated by participles).

Formation of passive past participles

Passive past participles are formed from the bases of the indefinite form of transitive verbs using suffixes -nn-, -enn- (-yonn-), -t- (read, seen, decided, understood ).

Using a suffix -nn- -at, -yat. In this case, the verb suffix -A- or -I- preserved before the participle suffix - nn-(sow - sown, knead - mixed).

Using a suffix -enn- (yonn-) Passive past participles are formed from verbs in -it, -et. In this case, the verb suffix -And- or -e- cut off ( seal - sealed, see - seen, offend - offended, ask - asked ). Participle suffixes -enn- (-yonn-) also used to form participles from verbs with a consonant as a stem (verbs with -whose: captivate - captivated, save - saved ; verbs with endings -ti: bring - brought, weave - intertwined ).

Table “Spelling of participle suffixes”

You looked at the Russian language notes. Continuation of the topic “Communion is” in the following notes:

In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren study the topic “Suffixes of real and passive participles.” Let’s take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.

Communion

What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes between linguists have not subsided. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If you look at the history of its origin, you can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it looks more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), and their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a common decision.

Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation differently. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya classifies the participle as a verbal form, and V. V. Babaytseva - as an independent part of speech. But both textbooks say that it is still not clear to which category it should be classified.

Valid

Before considering the suffixes of active and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups according to meaning. The first is called real. They received this name due to their purpose: to name the signs of objects that themselves perform an action.

Consider an example: “The wind blowing from the sea was furious.”

As we can see, the wind blew independently from the sea, without resorting to anyone’s help and without being subject to any influence. It is these forms that are called real.

Another example: “The dog guarding the house was a large breed.”

The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle “guarded” belongs to the category of active ones.

Passive

The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform the action, but are subject to it.

Let's look at an example: “The parents, called to school by the teacher, were worried.”

In this sentence we see the participle “called out.” It was formed from the verb “to call.” Let’s make sure that the parents did not decide to come to school on their own, but at the request of the teacher. We see that it is not they themselves who perform the action, it is performed on them. That is why such participles are classified as passive. That is, parents seem to “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.

Suffixes of active and passive present participles

Now that we have understood the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own word formation characteristics.

The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense the following are distinguished: -ushch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, all of them are valid. For the passive they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: attracted, persecuted, condemned.

In the active present participle, all suffixes have special spelling features.

If you don't know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or fighting? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - to fight. Let's determine its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -ushch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write -yush. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.

The table helps you remember the suffixes of active and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if a rule suddenly slips out of your head.

Suffixes of active and passive past participles

Now, having examined the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can move on to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.

In the past tense, the suffixes -вш and -ш are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.

The passives have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, pinned.

And again the table will help us remember the suffixes of active and passive participles.

With the first category everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Let's consider the word “offended.” It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But that's not true. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.

In this example, the stem of the verb “offend” ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.

Let's take another example: "dressed up." And again, remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ti or -ch, then in this case we will only use the suffix -enn.

We will do the same in the words “baked” (bake), “brought” (bring), “asked” (ask).

Quests

In Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when suffixes of active and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you understand it more fully.

First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then you should give the task to form participles of different grades and tenses from them.

For example:

prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (actual, present tense), stabbing (actual, past tense);
speak (2 sp.) - speaker (actual, present tense), speaker (actual, past tense);
shave (1 sp., ex.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaved (actual, past tense), shaved (suffering, past tense);
offend (2 sp., ex.) - offended (sufferer, present tense), offended (sufferer, past tense).

The following suffixes are written in the present participles:

1) -ush-(-yush-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the first conjugation: boron- yush-yush (fight), bubbly-yush-y (bubble), sway-yush-yy (sway), shallow-yy (grind), half-yy (shower), creeping (spread) ), tha-yush-y (melt);

2) -ash-(-box-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the second conjugation: breath- ash-yash (breathe), sting-yash-y (sting), hang-yash-y (depend), glue-yash-y (glue), molly-yash-y (pray), praise-yash-y (praise ).

Note 1. The verbs brezzhit and zizhetsya have the participles gnaw and zizhetsya.

In passive participles of the present tense (they are formed only from transitive verbs of the imperfect form) suffixes are written:

Note. The participle movable is formed from the obsolete verb move.

In active past participles before the suffix -vsh- the same vowel that comes before the suffix is written -l- in a past tense verb (or before a suffix -th in the infinitive): cle i-vsh-y (glue-l, glue-t), cherishing (cherishing l, cherishing), hoping (hoped, hoped).

Note 1. Participles from verbs like to become weak - to become weak differ in vowels e, and before the suffix -vsh-; Wed: exhausted e gone("lost strength") and became exhausted and whooped("deprived someone of power") [For spelling e, and in similar verbs, see section 1.11.3, paragraph 3].

Note 2. In gerunds before suffixes -in-, -lice- the vowel that comes before the past tense verb is also preserved. -l- -th); Wed: get well e-in (recovered, get well), heard in (heard, heard), akimbo (put akimbo, put akimbo).
The following suffixes are written in passive past participles:

Note 1. Participles with suffix -enn-(-yonn-) are formed from a few, ancient in origin, verbs in whose and on here, here. Regarding verbs it, then, from a historical point of view, passive participles are produced using the same suffix -nn-, as from verbs at, at, at. In the Old Russian language, when forming participles from verbs in it before a vowel And a combination appeared je, while j caused corresponding changes in the consonants in front of it. As a result, alternations arose d - g (walk - walked), s - w (wear - worn), z - g (freeze - frozen), v - vl (catch - caught), b - bl (dolve - dugout), p - pl (buy - purchased), m - ml (break out - broken out) etc. Subject to the same consent (j) and changed in e. As a result of re-decomposition (i.e. changing the boundaries between morphemes) in modern Russian, participles from verbs have it are distinguished instead of two original suffixes ( -e-- indefinite suffix and -nn-- participle suffix) one -enn-.

Note 2. Participles are formed from the verb to burn and its derivatives using the suffix -yonn-; Wed: LJ burnt, lit, scorched, scorched, scorched, set on fire, scorched, scorched, scorched(but: burn enny).

Note 3. They differ in the spelling of participles from prefix formations of verbs weigh - hang, knead - stir, roll - swing and under. From verbs to it participles are formed using a suffix -enn-, and from verbs to at(yat)- participles with suffix -nn-(at the same time verbal suffixes -e-, -i- are saved); compare:

hang up hung, hung, hung, hung etc. are formed from the corresponding verbs in it: to hang- “close with a curtain” (The tightly curtained window did not let in any light); hang- “to hang, to put on something” ( hinged door); give short weight- “to deceive when buying, to underweight”; weight it- “divide by weight”;

hang up anna, hung, hung, hung and others are formed from verbs in at: to hang up- "hang throughout the entire space" (All the walls were hung with bunches of herbs); hang- "hang in large quantities" (Various posters were hung in the corridors); hang around- “to hang on all sides, to hang everywhere” (Ships hung with colorful flags look festive); hang up- “hang in different places” (In summer, well-hanged laundry dries quickly- sometimes in combination with the word linen there is also the participle hung, but the first option is preferable). Participles on annay have the meaning “placed in large numbers throughout the entire space”, in other cases the participles end in established;

knead mixed, mixed, stirred, mixed and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb months it- “muddle, stir” ( knead dough) - kneading mix, mix, mix, mix;

knead annay, mixed up, crazy, mixed up and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb to interfere - “to turn over, shake in a circular motion with the help of something” ( stir the tea with a spoon)- knead stir, mix, stir, mix; compare: Mix it well enny cement mortar has high strength; My friend was involved in this unpleasant story.;

pump out enny, pumped out- participles from the corresponding verbs vykat come (from the barn bike) and deflate at (from an oil tank);

shot shot, shot, shot, shot, shot through etc. - participles from the corresponding verbs in to shoot: to shoot, to shoot, to shoot, to shoot down, to shoot through;

shot yanny, fired, shot, shot, shot (machine gun), shot- participles from the corresponding verbs in yat: shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot("adjust aiming"), execution yat; compare: The landing party, suddenly fired upon by the enemy, managed to get ashore; The shell casings fired around indicated a heated battle; A gun that has been sighted does not misfire; The shot predator was no longer scary.

Note 4. In a stable combination of arrows yang sparrow adjective is written with one n[For spelling n and n in adjectives and participles, see section 1.12.2].

NN written in passive past participles:
N written in verbal adjectives:

Note. The distinction between passive participles and verbal adjectives in some cases is carried out not only by the presence or absence of prefixes and dependent words, but also by meaning. For example, in the phrases t O captive oven and more fat signs denoted by words t oh captive and more fat, of different properties: in the first case, the verbal meaning is preserved (there is a time limit), i.e. the definition is expressed by a participle; in the second case, the sign is called constant (cf. also: tople new milk, ghee), i.e. the definition is expressed by an adjective.

The semantic difference is also observed in the following sentences: While wounded, the commander still gave orders(the word being introduces a temporary meaning into the form wounded, thereby enhancing its verbality). - Soldiers appeared at the edge of the forest, carrying out dead and wounded comrades.(the sign is indicated by an adjective).

In short passive participles, unlike full participles, it is written n, in short verbal adjectives, as in denominal adjectives, is written nn:

Note 1. Some verbal adjectives are written in short form with n(if they are formed from prefixed verbs, which makes them similar to participles): Her eyes were teary(cf.: crying nn eyes); His coat was worn out(vilify nn oh coat).

Note 2. In nouns and adverbs formed from participles and verbal adjectives, so much is written n, how many of them were in the producing base: bring up nn ik (educated), chosen one (chosen), priest ik (sacred), appointed ik (installed)[hint text = "On the formation of the word protege, see section 1.7.3, note 1], var nik (boiled), smoked ost (smoked), martyr (martyr), ice cream ( from the adjective ice cream n oe - freeze); organized about entering (organized), confused about answering (confused), looking surprised (surprised).

The following suffixes are written in the present participles:

Usch- (-yush-), if participles are formed from verbs of the first conjugation: bor -shushing (struggle), bubbling (bubbling), swaying (swaying), grinding (grinding), floating (pouring), creeping ( creeping), melting (melting).

Ash- (-yash-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the second conjugation: breathe -ash-y (breathe), sting-y (sting), hover-y (depend), glu-y (glue), be-y-y (beg), praise-y ( praise).

Note 1. Verbs breezy and zizhditsya have participles dawning and building.

Note 2. From the verbs torment and measure two forms are formed:tormenting, measuring(neutral) and tormenting, measuring(colloquial)

In passive participles of the present tense (they are formed only from transitive verbs of the imperfect form) suffixes are written:

I eat- (less often -om-), if the participles are formed from verbs of the first conjugation: organize -em-y (organize), hesitant (hesitate), check-emy (check), led (lead), attracted (attracted), carried ( carry);

Im-, if participles are formed from verbs of II conjugation: type -im-y (see), dependent-im (depend), glue-im (glue), hear-im (hear)

Note. Communion movable derived from an obsolete verb move .

In active past participles, before the suffix -вш- the same vowel is written that comes before the suffix -л- in the past tense verb (or before the suffix -т in the infinitive): kle i-vsh-y (glue-l, glue-t), cherishing (cherishing l, cherishing), hoping (hoped, hoped).

Note 1. Participles from verbs like to become weak - to become weak differ in vowels e, and before the suffix-vsh-; Wed: exhausted e gone("lost strength") and exhausted and whooped("depriving someone of power") .

Note 2. In gerunds before suffixes-e- , -vsh- the vowel that comes before the past tense verb is also preserved.-l- -t); Wed: get well e-in (recovered, get well), heard in (heard, heard), akimbo (put akimbo, put akimbo).

The following suffixes are written in passive past participles:

Нн-, if in the past tense verb there are vowels a, i, e before the suffix -л- (or in the indefinite form before -т): painted-nny (painted, painted), felted-nny (fell out, felt out), infused-nny (insisted, insist), sowed-nny (sowed, sow), exchanged nny (exchanged, exchanged), offended (offended, offended), seen (saw, see);

Enn-, -yonn-, if in the past tense verb before the suffix-l- (or in an indefinite form before-t) there is a vowel and: vyezzh -en-ennyy (go out, go out), grown-up (raised, raised), groomed (groomed, groomed), watered (watered, watered); if participles are formed from a verb to-ch: bake -yonny (bake), save-yonny (save), keen-yonny (carry away); if participles are formed from verbs that have an indefinite form before the suffix-ti there is a consonant: brought -yonny (bring), brought-yonny (bring), sweep-enny (sweep).

Note 1. Participles with the suffix -enn- (-yonn-) are formed from a few, ancient in origin, verbs in -ch and in -zti, -sti. As for verbs starting with -it, from a historical point of view, passive participles are produced from them using the same suffix -nn- as from verbs starting with -am, -yat, -eat. In the Old Russian language, when forming participles from verbs with -it before the vowel, the combination jе appeared, while j caused corresponding changes in the consonants in front of it. As a result, alternations arose d - w (ho walk - walked), s - w (but with it - worn), z - f (Moro zit - frozen), v - ow (howled in it - caught), b - bl (dol beat - dug out), p - pl (ku drink - purchased), m - ml (howled to wash - broken) etc. Under the influence of the same consonant (j) and changed into e. As a result of re-decomposition (i.e. changing the boundaries between morphemes) in modern Russian, participles from verbs ending in -it are distinguished instead of two original suffixes (-e- - a suffix of an indefinite form and -nn- - a participle suffix) - -enn- .

Note 2. Participles are formed from the verb to burn and its derivatives using the suffix -enn-; Wed: LJ burnt, lit, scorched, scorched, scorched, set on fire, scorched, scorched, scorched(but: burn enny) .

Note 3. The spelling of participles differs from the prefix formations of the verbs weigh - hang, knead - interfere, roll - swing and under. From verbs starting with -it, participles are formed using the suffix -enn-, and from verbs starting with -at (-yat) - participles with the suffix -nn- (at the same time, the verbal suffixes -a-, -я- are preserved); Wed: finished hung, hung, hung, hung and others are formed from the corresponding verbs in -it: curtains it- “close with a curtain” ( The tightly curtained window did not let in any light); canopy it- “to hang, to put on something” ( hinged door); body kit it- “to deceive when buying, to underweight”; weight it- “divide by weight”; hang up anna, hung, hung, hung and others are formed from verbs ending in -at: zavesh at- "hang throughout the entire space" ( All the walls were hung with bunches of herbs); hang it at- "hang in large quantities" ( Various posters were hung in the corridors); wrap it around at- "to hang on all sides, to hang everywhere" ( Ships hung with colorful flags look festive); hang it up at- "hang in different places" ( In summer, well-hanged laundry dries quickly- sometimes in combination with the word linen there is also the participle hung, but the first option is preferable). Participles ending in -enny have the meaning “placed in large numbers throughout the entire space”; in other cases, participles end in -enny: implicated th, mixed th, obsessed th, mixed and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb knead - “mash, stir” ( knead the dough) - kneading to mix, mix, knead, mix; mixed up, mixed up, mixed up, mixed up and under. - participles from prefix formations of the verb to interfere - “to turn over, shake in a circular motion with the help of something” ( stir tea with a spoon) - knead stir, mix, stir, mix; compare: Well-mixed cement mortar has high strength; My friend was involved in this unpleasant story.; pump out enny, pumped out- participles from the corresponding verbs vykat it (bike from the barn) and pump out at (oil from a tank); shot shot, shot, shot, shot, shot through etc. - participles from the corresponding verbs in -it: shot to shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot; shot, fired, shot, shot, shot (machine gun), shot- participles from the corresponding verbs starting with -yat: nastrel yat, shoot, shoot, shoot, shoot("adjust specifically"),shoot; compare: The landing party, suddenly fired upon by the enemy, managed to get ashore; The shell casings fired around indicated a heated battle; A gun that has been sighted does not misfire; The shot predator was no longer scary.

Note 4: In stable combination shot sparrow adjective is written with one n

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