Presentation on the topic "radiation". Presentation - Radiation and life

Radioactivity has appeared on earth since its formation, and man throughout the history of the development of his civilization has been under the influence of natural sources of radiation. The Earth is exposed to background radiation, the sources of which are radiation from the Sun, cosmic radiation, and radiation from radioactive elements lying in the Earth.

• Radioactivity has appeared on earth since its formation, and man throughout the history of the development of his civilization has been under the influence of natural sources of radiation. The Earth is exposed to background radiation, the sources of which are radiation from the Sun, cosmic radiation, and radiation from radioactive elements lying in the Earth.

• Radioactive radiation.

Ionizing radiation (IR) existed on Earth long before the origin of life on it and was present in space before the emergence of the Earth itself.

• Ionizing radiation (IR) existed on Earth long before the origin of life on it and was present in space before the emergence of the Earth itself.
• The damaging effects of ionizing radiation were first noted in 1878 in Saxony (Germany). 75% of iron ore miners were diagnosed with lung cancer.
• It turned out that the rock is characterized by a high uranium content. The cause of the diseases was the radioactive gas radon, which accumulated in the air of poorly ventilated mines.

• Radon is the most common source of radiation.
• It is an invisible, tasteless, odorless, heavy gas (7.5 times heavier than air). It is released from the earth's crust everywhere. Its concentration indoors is usually 8 times higher than outdoors. The best protection against it is good ventilation of basements and living rooms. Other sources of radon in residential areas are water and natural gas. When water is boiled, radon evaporates, but in raw water there is much more of it. The main danger is if it enters the lungs with water vapor. Most often this happens in the bathroom when taking a hot shower. Under the ground, radon mixes with natural gas and, when burned in cookers, heating and other heating devices, enters the premises. The annual dose to humans from natural sources is approximately
• 30-100 mrem (0.03-0.1 rem).

Reducing indoor radon exposure. A person receives most of this dose from radionuclides that enter his body through inhalation of air, especially in unventilated areas.

• Reducing indoor radon exposure. A person receives most of this dose from radionuclides that enter his body through inhalation of air, especially in unventilated areas.
• Biological protection measures include: exercise, hardening, good and nutritious nutrition.
• At the same time, abuse of alcohol, nicotine, and drugs depletes the nervous system and, therefore, reduces the body’s resistance to AI.

• 0.003-0.3 rem

• 0.01-0.1 rem

• 1 µrem

• 0.02-0.1 mrem

• 18-35 mrem

• Watching TV
• At a distance of 2 meters

• Accommodation near a nuclear power plant.
• Irradiation per year

• Flight in space
• By ship within 1 hour

• "X-ray" of teeth

• "X-ray" Chest
• cells

• The sensitivity of individual organs to radioactive radiation varies.

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Presentation on the topic: Radiation

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RADIOACTIVITY (from Latin radio - emit rays and activus - effective), the spontaneous transformation of unstable atomic nuclei into the nuclei of other elements, accompanied by the emission of particles or g-quanta. 4 types of radioactivity are known: alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission of atomic nuclei, proton radioactivity (two-proton and two-neutron radioactivity have been predicted, but have not yet been observed). Radioactivity is characterized by an exponential decrease in the average number of nuclei over time. Radioactivity was first discovered by A. Becquerel in 1896. RADIOACTIVITY (from Latin radio - emit rays and activus - effective), the spontaneous transformation of unstable atomic nuclei into the nuclei of other elements, accompanied by the emission of particles or g-quanta. 4 types of radioactivity are known: alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission of atomic nuclei, proton radioactivity (two-proton and two-neutron radioactivity have been predicted, but have not yet been observed). Radioactivity is characterized by an exponential decrease in the average number of nuclei over time. Radioactivity was first discovered by A. Becquerel in 1896.

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RADIOACTIVE WASTE, various materials and products, biological objects, etc., which contain radionuclides in high concentrations and are not subject to further use. The most radioactive waste - spent nuclear fuel - is kept in temporary storage facilities (usually with forced cooling) from several days to tens of years before reprocessing in order to reduce activity. Violation of storage conditions can have catastrophic consequences. Gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, purified from highly active impurities, is discharged into the atmosphere or water bodies. High-level liquid radioactive waste is stored in the form of salt concentrates in special tanks in the surface layers of the earth, above the groundwater level. Solid radioactive waste is cemented, bituminized, vitrified, etc. and buried in stainless steel containers: for tens of years - in trenches and other shallow engineering structures, for hundreds of years - in underground workings, salt layers, at the bottom of the oceans. There are still no reliable, absolutely safe methods of disposal for radioactive waste due to the corrosive destruction of containers. RADIOACTIVE WASTE, various materials and products, biological objects, etc., which contain radionuclides in high concentrations and are not subject to further use. The most radioactive waste - spent nuclear fuel - is kept in temporary storage facilities (usually with forced cooling) from several days to tens of years before reprocessing in order to reduce activity. Violation of storage conditions can have catastrophic consequences. Gaseous and liquid radioactive waste, purified from highly active impurities, is discharged into the atmosphere or water bodies. High-level liquid radioactive waste is stored in the form of salt concentrates in special tanks in the surface layers of the earth, above the groundwater level. Solid radioactive waste is cemented, bituminized, vitrified, etc. and buried in stainless steel containers: for tens of years - in trenches and other shallow engineering structures, for hundreds of years - in underground workings, salt layers, at the bottom of the oceans. There are still no reliable, absolutely safe methods of disposal for radioactive waste due to the corrosive destruction of containers.

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The population, as already mentioned, receives the bulk of the radiation dose from natural sources. Most of them are simply impossible to avoid. The population, as already mentioned, receives the bulk of the radiation dose from natural sources. Most of them are simply impossible to avoid. A person is exposed to two types of radiation: external and internal. Radiation doses vary greatly and depend mainly on where people live. Terrestrial sources of radiation together account for more than 5/6 of the annual effective equivalent dose received by the population. In concrete numbers it looks something like this. Irradiation of terrestrial origin: internal - 1.325, external - 0.35 mSv/year; of cosmic origin: internal - 0.015, external - 0.3 mSv/year. External exposure Internal exposure

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Over the past decades, people have been intensively studying the problems of nuclear physics. He created hundreds of artificial radionuclides, learned to use the capabilities of the atom in a wide variety of industries - in medicine, in the production of electrical and thermal energy, in the manufacture of luminous watch dials, many instruments, in the search for minerals and in military affairs. All this, naturally, leads to additional exposure of people. In most cases, the doses are small, but sometimes man-made sources are many thousands of times more intense than natural ones. Over the past decades, people have been intensively studying the problems of nuclear physics. He created hundreds of artificial radionuclides, learned to use the capabilities of the atom in a wide variety of industries - in medicine, in the production of electrical and thermal energy, in the manufacture of luminous watch dials, many instruments, in the search for minerals and in military affairs. All this, naturally, leads to additional exposure of people. In most cases, the doses are small, but sometimes man-made sources are many thousands of times more intense than natural ones. Household appliances Uranium mines and processing plants Nuclear explosions Nuclear energy

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Units of physical quantities”, which provide for the mandatory use of the International SI System. Units of physical quantities”, which provide for the mandatory use of the International SI System. In table Table 1 shows some derived units used in the field of ionizing radiation and radiation safety. The relationships between systemic and non-systemic units of activity and radiation doses that were supposed to be withdrawn from use since January 1, 1990 (roentgen, rad, rem, curie) are also given. However, the need for significant costs, as well as economic difficulties in the country, did not allow a timely transition to SI units, although some household dosimeters are already calibrated in new measurements (bek-vrel, eivert

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Medical procedures and treatment methods associated with the use of radioactivity make the main contribution to the dose received by humans from man-made sources. Radiation is used for both diagnosis and treatment. One of the most common devices is the X-ray machine. Radiation therapy is the main way to fight cancer. Of course, radiation in medicine is aimed at healing the patient. In developed countries, there are from 300 to 900 examinations per 1000 inhabitants. Medical procedures and treatment methods associated with the use of radioactivity make the main contribution to the dose received by humans from man-made sources. Radiation is used for both diagnosis and treatment. One of the most common devices is the X-ray machine. Radiation therapy is the main way to fight cancer. Of course, radiation in medicine is aimed at healing the patient. In developed countries, there are from 300 to 900 examinations per 1000 inhabitants. Other applications

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According to some scientists, radioactive radiation in small doses not only does not harm the body, but has a beneficial stimulating effect on it. Adherents of this point of view believe that small doses of radiation, always present in the external environment of background radiation, played an important role in the development and improvement of life forms existing on Earth, including man himself. According to some scientists, radioactive radiation in small doses not only does not harm the body, but has a beneficial stimulating effect on it. Adherents of this point of view believe that small doses of radiation, always present in the external environment of background radiation, played an important role in the development and improvement of life forms existing on Earth, including man himself.

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A feature of radioactive contamination of an area is a relatively rapid decrease in the level of radiation (degree of contamination). It is generally accepted that the level of radiation 7 hours after the explosion decreases by about 10 times, after 49 hours by 100 times, etc. A feature of radioactive contamination of the area is a relatively rapid decrease in the level of radiation (degree of contamination). It is generally accepted that the radiation level decreases by about 10 times 7 hours after the explosion, 100 times after 49 hours, etc. For protection in hazardous areas, it is necessary to use protective structures - shelters, radiation shelters, basements, cellars. To protect the respiratory system, personal protective equipment is used - respirators, anti-dust fabric masks, cotton-gauze bandages, and when they are not available, a gas mask. The skin is covered with special rubberized suits, overalls, raincoats, and a little more detail

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Radiation is truly dangerous: in large doses it leads to damage to tissues and living cells; in small doses it causes cancer and promotes genetic changes. Radiation is truly dangerous: in large doses it leads to damage to tissues and living cells; in small doses it causes cancer and promotes genetic changes. However, it is not the sources of radiation that are most talked about that pose the danger. Radiation associated with the development of nuclear energy is only a small fraction; a person receives the largest dose from natural sources - from the use of X-rays in medicine, during an airplane flight, from coal burned in countless quantities by various boiler houses and thermal power plants, etc. .d.

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Biological effect of radioactive isotopes Larisa Valentinovna Kulichkova is a physics teacher of the highest qualification category. MKOU gymnasium No. 259 ZATO city of Fokino, Primorsky Krai

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Nuclear energy is the source of everything that exists. Radioactivity is a natural phenomenon, regardless of whether scientists discovered it or not. Soil, sediment, rocks, and water are radioactive. The sun and stars shine thanks to nuclear reactions occurring in their depths. The discovery of this phenomenon led to its use. Now there is not a single industry without its use - medicine, technology, energy, space, the discovery of new elementary particles, this includes nuclear weapons, nuclear waste, nuclear power plants.

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Radioactive radiation has a strong biological effect on the tissues of a living organism. Excited atoms and ions have strong chemical activity, so new chemical compounds appear in the cells of the body that are alien to a healthy body. Under the influence of ionizing radiation, complex molecules and elements of cellular structures are destroyed. In the human body, the process of hematopoiesis is disrupted, leading to an imbalance of white and red blood cells. A person becomes ill with leukemia, or so-called radiation sickness. Large doses of radiation lead to death.

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Glossary of terms: Ionizing radiation Radiation dose Exposure dose Quality of irradiation Effective equivalent dose Critical organs Radioprotectors Nuclear ionizing radiation 1) Alpha radiation; 2) Beta radiation; 3) X-ray and gamma radiation; 4) Neutron flux; 5) Proton flow.

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Sources of ionizing radiation Natural ore deposits with alpha or beta activity (thorium-232, uranium-238, uranium-235, radium -226, radon-222, potassium-40, rubidium-87); Cosmic radiation from stars (streams of fast charged particles and gamma rays) Artificial Isotopes isolated by man; Instruments, devices that use radioactive isotopes; Household appliances (computers, possibly cell phones, microwave ovens, etc.)

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Different radioactive substances penetrate the human body in different ways. It depends on the chemical properties of the radioactive element. Radioactive substances can enter the body with food and water; through the digestive organs they spread throughout the body. Radioactive particles from the air can enter the lungs during breathing. In this case we talk about internal irradiation. In addition, a person may be exposed to external radiation from a radiation source that is located outside his body. The liquidators of the Chernobyl accident were mainly exposed to external irradiation. "Radiation Entrance Gate"

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The effects of radiation on human tissues and organs, susceptibility to ionizing radiation.

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Ionizing radiation, when exposed to living organisms, primarily leads to the ionization of water molecules, which are always present in living tissues, and molecules of various protein substances. At the same time, free radicals are formed in living tissues - strong oxidizing agents that are highly toxic and change the course of life processes. If a person is systematically exposed to even a very small dose of radiation or radioactive substances are deposited in his body, chronic radiation sickness may develop.

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CLASSIFICATION OF POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES OF RADIATION OF PEOPLE Radiation effects of irradiation of people Somatic (consequences of exposure to radiation affecting the irradiated person himself, and not his offspring) acute radiation sickness chronic radiation sickness local radiation damage (radiation burn, eye cataracts, damage to germ cells) Somatic-stochastic ( difficult to detect, since they are insignificant and have a long latent period, measured in tens of years after irradiation) reduction in life expectancy malignant changes in the blood forming cells tumors of various organs and cells Genetic (congenital deformities resulting from mutations, changes in hereditary properties and other disorders in sexual cellular structures of irradiated people)

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What radiation can lead to Even small doses of radiation are not harmless and their effect on the body and health of future generations has not been fully studied. However, it can be assumed that radiation can cause, first of all, gene and chromosomal mutations, which can subsequently lead to the manifestation of recessive mutations.

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Radon and its decay products make a significant contribution to human exposure. The main source of this radioactive noble gas is the earth's crust. Penetrating through cracks and crevices in the foundation, floor and walls, radon lingers indoors. Another source of indoor radon is building materials (concrete, brick, etc.) Radon can also enter homes with water (especially if it comes from artesian wells), when burning natural gas, etc. Radon is 7.5 times heavier than air. A person receives the bulk of the radiation dose from radon while in a closed, unventilated room; With prolonged intake of radon and its products into the human body, the risk of lung cancer increases manifold; invisible, tasteless, odorless, heavy gas

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Radiation can cause severe effects occurring within hours or days, and long-term effects occurring over years or decades. The harm caused to the human body depends on the dose of radiation. The dose, in turn, is determined by two circumstances: the radiation power (the amount of radiation emitted by the source per hour); duration of exposure. The higher the radiation dose, the more serious the consequences. A person who receives a very large dose in a short period of time will likely die within a few hours. What can radiation lead to?

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• What can the effects of radiation on humans lead to? The effect of radiation on humans is called irradiation. The basis of this effect is the transfer of radiation energy to the cells of the body. Radiation can cause metabolic disorders, infectious complications, leukemia and malignant tumors, radiation infertility, radiation cataracts, radiation burns, and radiation sickness. The effects of radiation have a stronger effect on dividing cells, and therefore radiation is much more dangerous for children than for adults.

• How can radiation enter the body? The human body reacts to radiation, not to its source. Those sources of radiation, which are radioactive substances, can enter the body with food and water (through the intestines), through the lungs (during breathing) and, to a small extent, through the skin, as well as during medical radioisotope diagnostics. In this case they talk about internal radiation. In addition, a person may be exposed to external radiation from a radiation source that is located outside his body. Internal radiation is much more dangerous than external radiation.

• Evacuation- a set of measures for the organized removal (withdrawal) from cities of personnel of economic facilities that have ceased their work in an emergency situation, as well as the rest of the population. Evacuees permanently reside in the suburban area until further notice.
• Evacuation is the process of organized independent movement of people directly outside or to a safe zone from premises in which there is a possibility of people being exposed to dangerous factors.

• How to protect yourself from radiation?
• They are protected from the source of radiation by time, distance and substance. Time- due to the fact that the shorter the time spent near the radiation source, the lower the radiation dose received from it. Distance- due to the fact that radiation decreases with distance from the compact source (proportional to the square of the distance). If at a distance of 1 meter from the radiation source the dosimeter records 1000 µR/hour, then at a distance of 5 meters the readings will drop to approximately 40 µR/hour. Substance- you must strive to have as much substance as possible between you and the source of radiation: the more of it and the denser it is, the more of the radiation it will absorb.

PERSONAL RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Respiratory protection equipment includes

• gas masks (filtering and insulating);
• respirators;
• anti-dust fabric masks PTM-1;
• cotton gauze bandages.

Civilian gas mask GP-5

Designed

to protect people from

entry into the respiratory system,

radioactive on the eyes and face,

poisonous and emergency

chemically hazardous substances,

bacterial agents.

Civilian gas mask GP-7

Civilian gas mask GP-7

intended

to protect the respiratory organs, eyes and face of a person from toxic and radioactive substances in the form of vapors and aerosols, bacterial (biological) agents present in the air

Respirators

represent a lightweight means of protecting the respiratory system from harmful gases, vapors, aerosols and dust

types of respirators

1. respirators in which the half mask and filter element simultaneously serve as the front part;

2. respirators that purify the inhaled air in filter cartridges attached to the half mask.

1. anti-dust;

2. gas masks;

3.gas-dust-proof.

By purpose

A cotton-gauze bandage is made as follows:

1.take a piece of gauze 100x50 cm;

2. in the middle part of the piece on an area of ​​30x20 cm

lay an even layer of cotton wool thick

approximately 2 cm;

3. About the cotton-free ends of the gauze (about 30-35 cm)

on both sides cut in the middle with scissors,

forming two pairs of ties;

4. The ties are secured with stitches of thread (sewn).

5.If you have gauze, but no cotton wool, you can make

gauze bandage.

To do this, instead of cotton wool in the middle of the piece

lay 5-6 layers of gauze.

2. SKIN PROTECTION

According to their purpose, skin protection products are divided into

special (service)

henchmen

Medical personal protective equipment

intended to prevent the development of shock, radiation sickness, damage caused by organophosphorus substances, as well as infectious diseases

Individual first aid kit AI-2

1 . analgesic in

syringe tube,

2 radioprotective agent No. 1

3 organophosphorus substances radioprotective agent No. 2

4 antibacterial agent No. 1

5 antibacterial agent No. 2

6 antiemetic.

• The “Kyshtym accident” is a major radiation man-made accident that occurred on September 29, 1957 at the Mayak chemical plant, located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40. Now this city is called Ozersk. The accident is called Kyshtym due to the fact that the city of Ozyorsk was classified and was not on maps until 1990. Kyshtym is the closest city to it.

1. 1. Completed by Irina Viktorovna Topchiy, teacher of health fundamentals at Zaporozhye gymnasium No. 11
2. 2. Radiation has always existed. Radioactive elements have been part of the Earth since the beginning of its existence and continue to be present to the present day. However, the phenomenon of radioactivity itself was discovered only a hundred years ago. Radioactivity is by no means a new phenomenon; the novelty lies only in how people have tried to use it.
3. 3. The term “radiation” comes from the Latin word radius and means “ray”. In the broadest sense of the word, radiation covers all types of radiation existing in nature - radio waves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet and, finally, ionizing radiation. All these types of radiation, having an electromagnetic nature, differ in wavelength, frequency and energy.
4. There are also radiations that are of a different nature and are streams of various particles, for example, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, etc. Every time a barrier appears in the path of radiation, it transfers some or all of its energy to that barrier. And the final effect of radiation depends on how much energy was transferred and absorbed in the body. Everyone knows the pleasure of a bronze tan and the frustration of severe sunburn. It is obvious that overexposure to any type of radiation is fraught with unpleasant consequences.
5. 5. Ionizing radiation is called because radiation, penetrating through any human tissue, causes excitation of atoms. Atomic electrons, remaining “dependent” on the nucleus, pass into a state with increased energy, while the atoms and molecules seem to swell. Accordingly, if it is a living cell, then it can no longer function normally, since its structure is disrupted and becomes defective.
6. 6. In addition, some electrons still “break away” from the nucleus, rushing into other atoms and molecules. At the same time, possessing strong energy, they are also capable of excitation of atoms and the appearance of new ions. This physical phenomenon is called ionization. Thus, changes begin to occur to all matter to varying degrees. Depending on the type of radiation, the main changes that can take place in the human body are distinguished.
7. 7. For example, breaks in DNA and RNA can occur in a living cell, displacement in the biological structure of atoms, thus causing mutation of the organism and the possibility of spreading the consequences to future generations. It is quite difficult to predict exactly how radiation will affect a specific person, but it is known that all human organs have different susceptibility to ionizing radiation.
8. 8. A person is constantly exposed to radiation and does not feel its influence. The danger to humans is the large amount (dose) and nature of radiation.
9. 9. The most susceptible to irradiation are: testes and ovaries, red bone marrow, lungs, stomach, large intestine, thyroid gland, liver, gall bladder. Here are the main damaging factors of the effects of radiation on humans: Alpha particles are positively charged particles, heavy helium nuclei. Beta particles are ordinary electrons. Gamma radiation is similar in electromagnetic nature to ordinary visible light, but it has a much greater ability to penetrate materials.
10. 10. Neutrons are electrically neutral particles; for example, they appear near a working nuclear reactor. X-ray radiation is comparable to gamma radiation, which has lower energy. An example of natural x-ray radiation is our Sun, but the earth's atmosphere reliably provides protection from it.
11. 11. The above particles can destroy or damage many cells, but protection from radiation has been known for a long time. For example, even clothing protects us from alpha radiation, through which electrons do not penetrate into the human body.
12. 12. An aluminum plate with a thickness of more than 6 millimeters can serve as effective protection against beta particles. But in order to protect yourself from gamma particles, you will need special protective screens made of lead or thick concrete slabs.
13. 13. In general, in order to protect yourself from radiation, it is necessary to detect places where it is present. For these purposes, special instruments and measurement methods are used.
14. 14. Radiation, electromagnetic fields of the microwave and EHF ranges, ultrasound and display screens, which have a wide range of radiation - all these factors are widely represented in our everyday life. These include televisions, computers, microwave ovens, cell phones, various ultrasonic devices, etc., as well as living near high-voltage transmission lines, television and relay towers, and objects using radiation materials. Since artificial radiation is increasingly invading the life of mankind in a variety of ways, at least out of a sense of self-preservation, we must detect possible dangers in time and know how to protect ourselves from them.
15. 15.  http://ru.wikipedia.org  http://works.tarefer.ru  http://shell32dll.narod.ru  http://www.spilc.ru  www.atompharm.ru
16. 16. PresentationThe presentation was made by TopchiyTopchiy Irina ViktorovnaIrina Viktorovna teacher of the highest category, teacher-methodologist of Zaporozhye gymnasium No. 11