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English nouns with the suffix tion sion. Noun suffixes in English

Confusion may arise (both are often called word endings, “word endings”), and the English terminology in this matter is slightly different from Russian. So let's start with the basic concepts.

The ending is an inflectional morpheme. It changes the form of the word, but not its meaning, and at the same time carries a grammatical load:

pencil - pencil s(the ending indicates plural)
work - work ed(the ending indicates the past tense)

The suffix, in turn, is a word-forming morpheme. Suffixes in English create new words, either changing the meaning of the original one, or transforming one part of speech into another:

red-redd ish(red - reddish)
teach - teach er(teach - teacher)

There are very few endings in English - these are -s (-es), -ed and -ing. There are a huge number of suffixes in English. In this article we will consider only the most common ones.

Noun suffixes

Suffixes of professions and activities (-er, -ent, -ess)

The suffix -er is perhaps the most common and productive for denoting “doers.” With it you can form a noun from almost any verb.

write > writer - write > writer
bake > baker - oven > baker
paint > painter - draw > artist

Majority modern words, denoting the performer of the action, are formed precisely with his help. This also applies to inanimate objects.

printer - printer
scanner - scanner

Many have the suffix -or:

doctor - doctor
tailor - tailor
actor - actor

The suffix in English -ist often denotes activities related to science and medicine:

scientist - scientist
dentist - dentist
biologist - biologist

It also denotes an adherent of any views and beliefs:

pacifist - pacifist
communist - communist
realist - realist

Other suffixes in English for words of Latin and Greek origin:

Suffix -ian:

musician - musician
librarian - librarian
mathematician - mathematician

Suffix -ent:

student - student
resident - resident, resident
agent - agent

Suffix -ant:

informant - informant
assistant - assistant
confidant - trusted person

The suffix -ess is one of the few "feminine" suffixes in English:

waitress - waitress
actress - actress
princess - princess

Suffixes of process, action, phenomenon (-ment, -ion, -ism)

The suffix in English -ment is needed when forming verbal nouns and means an action or its result:

movement - movement
entertainment - entertainment
concealment - concealment

The suffix -ion also means an action, a process, or the result of that process:

revolution - revolution
isolation - isolation
restriction - restriction

The suffix -ism denotes a system of views and beliefs:

racism - racism
communism - communism
pacifism - pacifism

Suffixes of state, quality, property (-ance / -ence, -dom, -hood, -ity, -ness, -ship, -th)

The suffix -ance/-ence on a noun generally corresponds to the suffix -ant/-ent on an adjective:

different - difference (different - difference)
important - importance (important - importance)
independent - independence (independent - independence)

The suffixes in English -hood and -ship mean a person’s condition associated with his age, social relationships, and sometimes activities; or a group of people united by this condition.

childhood - childhood
motherhood - motherhood
priesthood - clergy
friendship - friendship
internship - internship, internship

The suffix -dom means states and properties of a broader meaning:

freedom - freedom
wisdom - wisdom
martyrdom - martyrdom

The suffix in English -ness means the possession of some quality and is used to form nouns from adjectives:

kindness - kindness
usefulness - usefulness
vastness - vastness

The suffix -th more often means physical properties:

strength - strength
length - length
warmth - warmth

The suffix -ity means property, quality, and is common for words of Latin origin:

brevity - brevity
velocity - speed
purity - purity

Adjective suffixes

The suffix in English -ful means having a quality (and is related adjective full- "full"):

beautiful - beautiful
useful - useful

The suffix -less is the opposite in meaning to the previous one and means lack of quality:

careless - carefree
harmless - harmless

The suffix -able, -ible characterizes the property or availability for any action:

edible - edible
portable - portable, portable
admirable - admirable

The suffixes -ic and -al mean “relating to, associated with something”:

heroic - heroic
mythic - mythical
cultural - cultural
musical - musical

The suffix -ous also carries the characteristic:

dangerous - dangerous
nutritious - nutritious

The suffix in English -ish has several meanings:

expresses similarity (in terms of appearance, behavior)

girlish - girlish
childich - childish, childish
foolish - stupid

weakens the meaning of the adjective

reddish - reddish
narrowish - narrowish

means nationality, language or belonging to a country

English - English
Swedish - Swedish

The suffix -ive means having a property, ability:

attractive - attractive
sedative - sedative

The English suffix -y is used to form many simple adjectives:

rainy - rainy
dirty - dirty
sunny - sunny

Verb suffixes

Verb suffixes are not so diverse and almost all have the meaning “to do something” or “to become something.”

Remember those moments in Russian lessons when you were asked to parse a word, identifying its prefix, root, suffix and ending? Perhaps this event only caused you headaches, but do not worry, in English everything will be different. Let's not analyze the entire morphological analysis at once, but consider only suffixes in the English language, which have many interesting features.

A suffix or simply a suffix of the English language is a morpheme for word formation in English , which usually comes after the root. In simple words, a suffix is one or more letters, thanks to which a word can change its part of speech, for example from a verb to a noun:

Or take on a different meaning altogether:

There are no specific rules regarding suffixes in English. That is, you cannot take one suffix, which, say, forms nouns, and use it with all words in a row. Suffixes are not always added to words that look similar or have the same letters at the root. However, a certain logic shines through in their use, and by knowing suffixes and their functions, you can learn to form words intuitively.

As mentioned earlier, English suffixes, like Russian ones, follow immediately after the root:

After suffixes there may be an ending:

The suffix may change if the word is used in the plural:

Having dealt with the peculiarities of the location and use of suffixes in a word, let’s move on to their types.

Suffixes in English: types

Suffixes can be used to form almost all independent parts of speech. Based on this, they are divided into 5 categories:

Noun suffixes
Verb suffixes
Adjective suffixes
Adverb suffixes
Numeral suffixes

Let's look at each group separately. Please note that there are very, very many suffixes in the English language, and therefore we will consider only the most used of them.

Noun suffixes

The group of suffixes for forming nouns is perhaps the most voluminous. These include:

-er / -or:

participate in the formation of inanimate nouns from verbs. Table for clarity:

and also in the formation of nouns expressing the person who does what the verb denotes. To make it clearer, let's look at examples:

Often these suffixes are used to form words denoting professions:

-ess (-ress):

A couple of these professions can be used together with the suffix -ess (-ress), perhaps the only feminine suffix used in English:

In addition to professions, the following nouns can be modified using a suffix:

-ee– a suffix that is used to show the person to whom the action is directed, that is, this suffix is the opposite of the suffixes -er and -or:

-ian– another suffix with which you can express the type of activity. Words are formed from nouns, examples:

Suffixes perform the same functions:

-ent/-ant:

-ist is usually used with professions related to the scientific field:

And with music:

Although this suffix is often found in nouns that express supporters of certain views and their perception of the world. In this case, the English suffix performs the same function as the Russian suffix -ist, forming almost identical words:

-ism– another English suffix that is similar to Russian -ism. It denotes concepts associated with ideological trends and beliefs of a person:

-ion- an interesting suffix, thanks to which you can once again Confirm your knowledge of English. The fact is that all words that end in “-tion” in Russian use the suffix -ion in English. See for yourself:

If the suffix is preceded by a double s, then instead of words starting with “-tsia”, you can safely select words starting with “-iya”:

expression

aggression

commission

mission

percussion (percussion)

depression

Just like that, you just increased your vocabulary by several hundred words.

-ment– a suffix expressing processes and results. As a rule, it is formed from verbs:

-ence / -ance– suffixes that form nouns similar to the meaning of adjectives with the suffixes -ent / -ant:

-dom denotes abstract concepts, states, possessions:

-hood– suffix of nouns that imply the stages of life and state of a person or group of people:

—ship usually used with nouns that show a group of people related by a state or action:

-age expresses collective concepts, facts, actions:

-ness– a suffix that forms nouns from adjectives denoting qualities:

-th, typically used to express physical characteristics:

—ity– properties, qualities, abstract concepts. Often formed from adjectives:

Separately, it is worth considering diminutive suffixes in English. It is often said that they simply do not exist in the English language. Actually this is not true. Yes, they are very rare. However, there are quite a lot of them and it is worth knowing them to avoid misunderstandings. Diminutives include:

-let:

—ling:

However, be careful when using the two above-mentioned suffixes, because sometimes their meaning can change from positive to negative, and your comment may be regarded as ridicule:

-kin:

-ock:

-ule:

-cule:

-ette:

-y with a double consonant before it:

-ie:

-rel:

Verb suffixes

Although verb suffixes in English are found quite often in speech, they are not particularly diverse. So, verbs include:

-en:

-ate:

-ify:

—size(-ise):

Adjective suffixes

Adjectives have slightly more suffixes:

-full, shows the possession of quality:

—less– lack of quality:

—able / -ible show possibility, property, suitability:

—al / -is form adjectives from nouns:

—ish can express similarity of behavior or species, nationality, as well as a weak degree:

—ous shows the characteristics of a noun:

—ive expresses ability, property. Formed using verbs and nouns.

-y– to form short adjectives with different meanings:

Adverb suffixes

Everything is much simpler, because there are only four suffixes for their formation:

-ly, adverbs are formed from adjectives:

-wise expresses a way or direction. Most often formed from a noun or adjective:

-ward(s) / way(s) show directions:

-ty expresses tens:

It is worth noting that, unlike Russian, English suffixes, as a rule, are not used in one word at the same time. That is, if in Russian you can use one, two or several suffixes at once, in English you can only use one. In addition, some functions of suffixes can be performed by prefixes in English or so-called prefixes. So, for example, many diminutive suffixes can be replaced with the prefix mini- (mini-). Therefore, choose the option that you like best or that more accurately conveys the meaning.

We hope that now you do not have any questions regarding suffixes in English. Yes, English suffixes quite a lot, and therefore it will be quite difficult to remember them at once. Instead, study a few suffixes a day and reinforce what you've learned through exercises and writing sentences or lists of words with specific suffixes. In addition, when reading, try to pay attention to the formation of words, note for yourself which suffix is used in a particular case and what function it performs. Return to this page periodically to review the material.

There are several suffixes in the English language that tend to cause spelling difficulties. Why? Because they sound the same. Compare noun suffixes «– ance» And «– ence» .

import ance/ɪmˈpɔː(r)t(ə)ns / intellig ence/ɪnˈtelɪdʒ(ə)ns/

As can be seen from the examples, their pronunciation is the same - / (ə) ns/ .

What do the suffixes –ance and –ence mean?

Both suffixes are used to form nouns indicating quality or condition. For example,

ignorance (ignorance, ignorance, lack of information) And emergence (appearance, emergence, rise)

Nouns with suffixes – ance And – ence formed from verbs (to perform – performance) and from adjectives (intelligent – intelligence)

Why does the problem of choice arise?

The problem is explained by the fact that in English most suffixes are in unstressed position, so the vowel sound in both suffixes (— ance/ — ence) reduced and pronounced — / ə / .

What suffix to choose in writing?

Of course, if you don't know how to spell a word, you should look up its spelling in a dictionary. But there are a few simple rules that will help you navigate the spelling of words.

Suffix "-ance»

If a noun is formed from a verb that ends in «- y», «- ure», «- ear» , then the noun should be written with the suffix «– ance» .

Verb	Noun
appl y	appli ance(device, device)
compl y	compli ance(agreement, acceptance)
var y	vari ance(divergence, fluctuation)
ass ure	assur ance(assurance, guarantee. self-confidence)
end ure	endur ance (endurance, strength, duration)
ins ure	insur ance (pageinsurance, guarantee)
app ear	appear ance(appearance, occurrence)
cl ear	clear ance (cleaning, clearing)
forb ear	forbear ance(endurance, restraint, long-suffering)

If the verb from which the noun is formed ends in «– ate» , then the noun will usually have the suffix «– ance» . For example,

If the stem of the word ends with a letter "With", which is pronounced like / k/ or by letter « g» , which is pronounced like « g» , then the noun will end with «- ance» :

arro g ance (arrogance, arrogance)

signify c ance (importance, importance)

Unfortunately, the above rules are not universal and most nouns have to be memorized. Here are the most common words:

Abund ance

Accept ance

Acquaint ance

Assist ance

Circumst ance

Disturb ance

Fragr ance

Guid ance

Ignore ance

Inherit ance

Mainten ance

Perform ance

Resembl ance

Resist ance

Utter ance

Vengea nce

Suffix"-ence"

If a noun is formed from a verb ending in «- here» , you should write the suffix «- ence» .

For example,

If the verb ends in «- er» , which is under stress, then the noun formed from it should have a suffix «- ence» :

Suffx «- ence» also written in nouns if the verb stem ends in « cid», « fid», « sid», « vid» . For example,

Сonfid ence

Evid ence

Incid ence

Resid ence

If the stem of a noun ends in "With", which is pronounced like / s/ or on « g» , which is pronounced like / dʒ/ , the suffix should be written in words «- ence» :

Adolesc ence

Innoc ence

Intellig ence

Lic ence

But not all words fall under these rules. Here is a list of the most common words with the suffix «- ence» :

Abs ence

Afflu ence

Audi ence

Benevol ence

Compet ence

Consci ence

Consequ ence

Conveni ence

Depend ence

Differ ence

Eloqu ence

Excell ence

Experi ence

Influ ence

Obedi ence

Pati ence

Preceded ence

Sequ ence

Sil ence

Viol ence

So, we introduced you to the rules for using noun suffixes - «- ance» And «- ence» . Although English spelling is replete with "underwater reefs", we hope that this publication will help you write correctly. Good luck!

The English sentence is like an impenetrable forest, we took a wrong turn, and now we are lost among unfamiliar words. How can you avoid getting into trouble and correctly determine which part of speech is in front of you? Suffixes to the rescue! We have prepared useful material especially for you, thanks to which you will distinguish these mysterious parts of speech. Understanding the meanings of common affixes will help you understand the meanings of new words you come across. Let's go

So, by suffix we mean a letter or group of letters that is typically found at the end of a word in English. Thanks to this element, amazing metamorphoses occur, so a completely new one is formed from the original word, and sometimes the part of speech changes. Let's look at an example, the verb to create (create), by adding the suffix - or we get the noun creat or(creator). Let's construct an adjective in a similar way, but this time we choose the suffix - ive:creat ive(creative).

Since practicing and creating vocabulary is a useful task, we suggest paying attention to three important features:

First, sometimes adding a suffix changes the spelling of the root or stem. The word ends with a vowel -y, and is preceded by a consonant - y replace with - i. Here's an example:

verb to justify y(to justify) > adjective justif i able (justified);
adjective ugl y(ugly) > noun ugl i ness (ugliness).

Also, if by the way with a dumb word - e an affix is added at the end, then this vowel is simply falls out. For example:

verb to us e(use) > adjective usable(practical);
verb to adore e(adore) > adjective adorable(charming).

NOTA BENE: As with all rules of the English language, spelling, of course, has its exceptions. Therefore, if controversial questions arise, feel free to consult the dictionary.

Secondly, not all suffixes can be added to all roots, these are the owners of affixes, and there’s nothing you can do about it. For example:

beauty y(beauty) + - ful > beautiful(beautiful);
ugl y(ugly) + - ness > ugliness(ugliness).

But the words beauty or ugliful are not in the dictionary, since they do not exist in the language at all, period.

Thirdly, some suffixes have more than one meaning. How greedy! You all know the affix - er used comparatively: bright > bright er(brighter). However, the same suffix also means a person living in a specific place: London (London) > Londoner (resident of London).

Verb suffixes in English

An English verb, like any verb, means the state or action of an object or thing. The verb suffix is quite unpretentious and has the following meanings: happen, become, do or create.

NOTA BENE: Many verbs with the suffix - size, can also end with - ise. For example: real size& real ise(realize) or patron size& patron ise(take care). Two options occur, however, the verb suffix is - ise will use British. While - size use more Americans.

TABLE: VERB SUFFIXES

SUFFIX	MEANING	EXAMPLES
ate	become happen	regulate ["regjəleɪt] - regulate eradicate [ɪ"rædɪkeɪt] - exterminate enunciate [ɪ"nʌn(t)sɪeɪt] - to expound repudiate - to reject evaporate [ɪ"væp(ə)reɪt] - evaporate
en	become happen	harden ["hɑ:d(ə)n] - harden soften ["sɔf(ə)n] - soften enlighten [ɪn"laɪt(ə)n] - to enlighten strengthen ["streŋθ(ə)n] - strengthen loosen ["lu:s(ə)n] - loosen
size / ise	become happen	civilise ["sɪv(ə)laɪz] - to civilize humanize ["hju:mənaɪz] - soften economise [ɪ"kɔnəmaɪz] - save utilize ["ju:tɪlaɪz] - spend valorize ["væl(ə)raɪz] - increase prices
ify/fy	do create become	satisfy ["sætɪsfaɪ] - to satisfy rectify ["rektɪfaɪ] - to correct terrify ["terɪfaɪ] - to terrify exemplify [ɪk"semplɪfaɪ] - illustrate clarify ["klærɪfaɪ] - clarify

Noun suffixes in English

A noun denotes some object or thing. The English noun suffix is distinguished by its diversity and includes the following elements: character, quality or condition, process or activity, etc.

NOTA BENE: If the verb ends in - here, but the noun will have a suffix - ence: to interfere > interfere ence(interference). If on - ate, -y, -ure / -ear, then the affix - ance: to devi ate(deviate) > devi ance(deviation); to appl y(apply) > appli ance(device); to cl ear(clear) > clear ance(cleaning).

TABLE: NOUN SUFFIXES

SUFFIX	MEANING	EXAMPLES
ance / ence	state quality action	extravagance [ɪk"strævəgən(t)s] - quirk preference ["pref(ə)r(ə)n(t)s] - preference utterance ["ʌt(ə)r(ə)n(t)s] - pronunciation
acy	state quality	fallacy ["fæləsɪ] - cunning celibacy ["seləbəsɪ] - celibacy
ity/ty	quality characteristic	probity ["prəubətɪ] - honesty royalty ["rɔɪəltɪ] - greatness
ment	state means result	endorsement [ɪn"dɔ:smənt] - approval fragment ["frægmənt] - fragment excitement [ɪk"saɪtmənt] - excitement
al	action process	recital - transfer denial - refusal
dom	state status	boredom ["bɔ:dəm] - melancholy earldom ["ɜ:ldəm] - count's title
ness	state	preparedness - readiness wilderness ["wɪldənəs] - desert
xion / sion / tion	state action	fluxion ["flʌkʃ(ə)n] - change concession - recognition relation - relationship
hood	characteristic interest group current state	womanhood ["wumənhud] - femininity brotherhood ["brʌðəhud] - brotherhood childhood ["tʃaɪldhud] - brotherhood
ship	current state interest group
ship	current state interest group	membership ["membəʃɪp] - membership friendship ["frendʃɪp] - friendship
ist	character	narcissist ["nɑ:sɪsɪst] - “narcissist” novelist ["nɔv(ə)lɪst] - novelist
ee	character	addressee [ædre"si:] - recipient employee [ɪmplɔɪ"i:] - employee
ess	female character	goddess ["gɔdes] - goddess waitress ["weɪtrəs] - waitress
ism	ideology action and result language features	hedonism ["hi:d(ə)nɪz(ə)m] - hedonism exorcism ["skeptɪsɪz(ə)m] - skepticism Americanism [ə"merɪkənɪz(ə)m] - Americanism

Adjective suffixes in English

An adjective is a part of speech that modifies a noun. The main meanings of the suffix include the following: absence or presence of quality, characteristic, ability, opportunity, etc.

TABLE: ADJECTIVE SUFFIXES

SUFFIX	MEANING	EXAMPLES
able / ible	capable possible important	payable ["peɪəbl] - payable edible ["edɪbl] - fit for food fashionable ["fæʃ(ə)nəbl] - secular
al	relating to	autumnal [ɔ:"tʌmn(ə)l] - autumn accidental [æksɪ"dent(ə)l] - random
ic/ical	relating to	metallic - metallic Finnic ["fɪnɪk] - Finnish
esque	related to style manner or image	arabesque [ærə"besk] - decorated picturesque - picturesque
ful	having quality characterizing	masterful ["mɑ:stəf(ə)l] - self-willed woeful ["wəuf(ə)l] - sorrowful
ious / ous	having quality characterizing	cautious ["kɔ:ʃəs] - careful nervous ["nɜ:vəs] - nervous
y	having quality characterizing	sticky ["stɪkɪ] - sticky nerdy ["nɜ:dɪ] - boring
ive	having quality characterizing	palliative ["pælɪətɪv] - softening corrective - corrective
ish	having quality characterizing to some extent	girlish ["gɜ:lɪʃ] - girlish snobbish ["snɔbɪʃ] - snobbish pinkish ["pɪŋkɪʃ] - pinkish
less	lack of quality without anything	skinless ["skɪnləs] - without skin childless ["tʃaɪldləs] - childless

Adverb suffixes in English

An adverb is an irreplaceable part of speech that conveys a sign of a state or action primarily of a verb. The adverb suffix is modest and has only three meanings: direction or direction, characteristic or attribute, relation of one to another.

Conclusion

So, we have looked at the most common suffixes different parts English speech. Think of the affix as a clue to the meaning of words. As in any detective story, sometimes the clues are visible to the naked eye and are quite obvious. In other cases, they can be confusing or misleading.

In any case, keep in mind that the meanings of words are best determined by examining the context in which they are used. We hope that this article was useful and informative for you.

We wish you success and development in English!

Big and friendly EnglishDom family

Here is material that illuminates SUFFIXES OF ENGLISH ADJECTIVES.

Exercise Rules

Suffix -able (-ible) forms adjectives with the meaning of possibility of implementation or having some quality, most often forms adjectives from verbs, the Russian equivalent of which is adjectives with a suffix -name:

acceptable - acceptable
comfortable - convenient
readable – which can be read, readable (not: readable)
detectable – which can be detected, detectable (not: detectable)
observable – which can be observed (not: observable)

These suffixes represent big problem for language learners. General guidelines for choosing between -able and -ible are given below (there are quite a few exceptions). In some cases, these recommendations do not help, and best way– remember the spelling of these words, placing them in two columns for comparison. Note that there are more adjectives with the suffix -able than with the suffix -ible.

1. if the verb ends in -e, then when adding the suffixes -able, -ible, this letter -e disappears:
to receive – receivable (which can be received)

2. if the verb ends in -v, then when forming an adjective, -y changes to -i:
to rely (to rely on something/someone) – reliable (on which you can rely)

3. only -able can be used after the letter -i:
amiable - friendly
appreciable - tangible

4. only -able can be added to a word that ends in a syllabic -y. Replace the letter -y with -i before adding -able:
to deny – deniable controversial

Suffix - al forms adjectives from nouns with the meaning of similarity, resemblance, possession of some similarity:

additional - additional
accidental - random

Suffixes -an (-inn, -ean) forms adjectives and nouns with the meaning of belonging to a certain nationality, clan.

Arabian - Arabian, Arabic
Georgian - Georgian, Georgian

Suffixes -ant, -ent forms adjectives from verbs with the meaning of property:

observant - observant
relevant – relevant, relevant
current – current, modern;
evident - obvious

1. Derived adjectives and nouns have the suffix -ant, if the noun has the suffix -ance or -anсy:

arrogant - arrogance

2. Derived adjectives and nouns have the suffix -ent if the noun has the suffix -ense or -enсy:

intelligent – intelligence

Suffix -ar forms adjectives from nouns with the meaning of similarity or resemblance:

similar – similar, similar

Suffix -ау forms nouns with the meaning of action, process and result, as well as in borrowings from French and Spanish:

secondary - second
opposite - opposite

Suffix -ate found in adjectives with a variety of meanings:

moderate - moderate, seasoned
adequate – appropriate, adequate

Suffix -ed forms adjectives:

a) with the meaning of any attribute or possession of something: propertied - possessor, possessing property;
b) denoting any shape: arched – curved;
c) denoting character or state: educated - educated.

This suffix is often found in compound adjectives:

many-sided - multilateral
ill-informed - incorrectly informed.

Suffix -en means made of something:

wooden – wooden
golden – golden

Suffix -ese forms adjectives with the meaning of the nationality of geographical names:

Japanese - Japanese
Chinese - Chinese

Suffix -ern forms adjectives from the names of the countries of the world.

North north – northern northern
South south – southern southern
West west – western western
Fast east – eastern east

Suffix -fill forms adjectives with a certain quality:

beautiful – beautiful
wonderful – amazing, amazing

Suffixes -ic, -ical form adjectives from nouns with scientific meaning:

scientific - scientific
electronic - electronic